''Pyrrhura'' (Greek Red/Fire Tail) is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

parrot Parrots, also known as psittacines (), are birds of the roughly 398 species in 92 genera comprising the order Psittaciformes (), found mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. The order is subdivided into three superfamilies: the Psittacoide ...

s in the Arini tribe. They occur in

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

and

subtropical The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones to the north and south of the tropics. Geographically part of the temperate zones of both hemispheres, they cover the middle latitudes from to approximately 35° north a ...

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sou ...

and southern

Central America Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...

(

Panama Panama ( , ; es, link=no, Panamá ), officially the Republic of Panama ( es, República de Panamá), is a transcontinental country spanning the southern part of North America and the northern part of South America. It is bordered by Co ...

and

Costa Rica Costa Rica (, ; ; literally "Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( es, República de Costa Rica), is a country in the Central American region of North America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the no ...

). Most are restricted to humid forest and adjacent habitats, but one species, the

blaze-winged parakeet The blaze-winged parakeet (''Pyrrhura devillei''), more commonly known as the blaze-winged conure in aviculture, is a species of parrot found in wooded habitats in the Pantanal region of Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay. It remains locally fairly ...

, prefers

deciduous In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, ...

or gallery woodland, and another, the

Pfrimer's parakeet Pfrimer's parakeet (''Pyrrhura pfrimeri'') is a non-migratory species within the parrot family ''Psittacidae''. It also is known as Pfrimer's conure, Goias parakeet, and maroon-faced conure. The Pfrimer's parakeet has been qualified as endangere ...

, is restricted to dry regions. Some species are highly

endangered An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching and in ...

. Depending on the species, the total length range from . All have long, pointed tails, a mainly green

plumage Plumage ( "feather") is a layer of feathers that covers a bird and the pattern, colour, and arrangement of those feathers. The pattern and colours of plumage differ between species and subspecies and may vary with age classes. Within species, ...

, and a relatively narrow, dark greyish to white eye-ring. Many have scaly or barred chest-patterns and a whitish, pale grey, buff or reddish ear-patch. They typically move around in small, noisy flocks, flying swiftly at or below

canopy Canopy may refer to: Plants * Canopy (biology), aboveground portion of plant community or crop (including forests) * Canopy (grape), aboveground portion of grapes Religion and ceremonies * Baldachin or canopy of state, typically placed over an ...

level. Once settled in a tree they tend to be silent (especially if aware of danger) and difficult to spot. They nest in a tree-crevice. Some species are popular in

aviculture Aviculture is the practice of keeping and breeding birds, especially of wild birds in captivity. Types There are various reasons that people get involved in aviculture. Some people breed birds to preserve a species. Some people breed parrots ...

, where they are commonly referred to conures instead of parakeets. The

taxonomy Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

of some groups, in particular the ''

Pyrrhura picta The painted parakeet (''Pyrrhura picta''), more commonly known as the painted conure in aviculture, is a species of bird in the family Psittacidae, the true parrots. Its taxonomy is highly complex, and has undergone significant changes in recent ...

'' and the '' P. leucotis'' complexes, has changed significantly in recent years. In late 2008 it was proposed that the members of the ''P. picta'' complex from north-eastern

Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = National seal , national_motto = "Firm and Happy f ...

(the so-called "group 6" in Joseph, 2002) should be considered a

new species A species description is a formal description of a newly discovered species, usually in the form of a scientific paper. Its purpose is to give a clear description of a new species of organism and explain how it differs from species that have be ...

, the Amazon red-fronted parakeet, ''P. parvifrons''. This has yet to receive widespread recognition (e.g., by SACC), and consequently it is not included in the below list.

Species

Ochre-marked parakeet The ochre-marked parakeet (''Pyrrhura cruentata'') is a species of parrot native to Brazil. It is also known as blue-throated parakeet and red-eared conure in English and ''tiriba-grande'', ''tiriba'', ''cara-suja'' and ''fura-mato-grande'' in ...

, ''Pyrrhura cruentata''. *

Maroon-bellied parakeet __NOTOC__ The maroon-bellied parakeet (''Pyrrhura frontalis'') is a small parrot found from southeastern Brazil to north-eastern Argentina, including eastern Paraguay and Uruguay. It is also known as the reddish-bellied parakeet, and in avicu ...

, ''Pyrrhura frontalis''. *

Blaze-winged parakeet The blaze-winged parakeet (''Pyrrhura devillei''), more commonly known as the blaze-winged conure in aviculture, is a species of parrot found in wooded habitats in the Pantanal region of Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay. It remains locally fairly ...

, ''Pyrrhura devillei'' – traditionally a subspecies of ''P. frontalis''. *

Crimson-bellied parakeet The crimson-bellied parakeet (''Pyrrhura perlata''), more commonly known as the crimson-bellied conure in aviculture, is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae. Taxonomy Its taxonomic history is potentially confusing. It was formerly k ...

, ''Pyrrhura perlata'' – formerly ''P. rhodogaster''. * Pearly parakeet, ''Pyrrhura lepida'' – formerly ''P. perlata''. *

Green-cheeked parakeet The green-cheeked parakeet or green-cheeked conure (''Pyrrhura molinae'') is a small parrot of the genus ''Pyrrhura'', which is part of a long-tailed group of the New World parrot subfamily Arinae. The term ''conure'' is often used for this p ...

, ''Pyrrhura molinae''. *

Painted parakeet The painted parakeet (''Pyrrhura picta''), more commonly known as the painted conure in aviculture, is a species of bird in the family Psittacidae, the true parrots. Its taxonomy is highly complex, and has undergone significant changes in recent ...

, ''Pyrrhura picta''. * Sinú parakeet, ''Pyrrhura subandina'' – possibly

extinct Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...

. ** Todd's (Perijá) parakeet, ''Pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps''. ** Azuero parakeet, ''Pyrrhura picta eisenmanni''. * Venezuelan parakeet, ''Pyrrhura emma'' – Formally considered a subspecies of ''P. leucotis''. * Santarém (Hellmayr's) parakeet, ''Pyrrhura amazonum'' – traditionally a subspecies of ''P. picta''. *

Madeira parakeet The Madeira parakeet (''Pyrrhura snethlageae''), also known as the Madeira conure is a species of parrot found in Brazil and Bolivia. It is found in the eastern and central Amazon basin south of the Amazon River and can be found in várzea fore ...

, ''Pyrrhura snethlageae'' * Bonaparte's (Deville's) parakeet, ''Pyrrhura lucianii'' – traditionally a subspecies of ''P. picta''. * Rose-fronted parakeet, ''Pyrrhura roseifrons'' – traditionally a subspecies of ''P. picta''. ** Wavy-breasted parakeet, ''Pyrrhura roseifrons peruviana''. * White-eared (maroon-faced) parakeet, ''Pyrrhura leucotis''. * Grey-breasted parakeet, ''Pyrrhura griseipectus''. *

, ''Pyrrhura pfrimeri'' – traditionally a subspecies of ''P. leucotis''. * Fiery-shouldered parakeet, ''Pyrrhura egregia''. *

Santa Marta parakeet The Santa Marta parakeet (''Pyrrhura viridicata'') is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae. It is endemic to Colombia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. Foraging ...

, ''Pyrrhura viridicata''. *

Maroon-tailed parakeet The maroon-tailed parakeet (''Pyrrhura melanura'') is a species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Taxonomy and systematics ...

, ''Pyrrhura melanura''. * El Oro parakeet, ''Pyrrhura orcesi''. * Black-capped (rock) parakeet, ''Pyrrhura rupicola''. *

White-necked parakeet The white-breasted parakeet (''Pyrrhura albipectus'') or white-necked parakeet is a Vulnerable species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is found in southern Ecuador and possibly in ...

, ''Pyrrhura albipectus''. * Flame-winged (brown-breasted) parakeet, ''Pyrrhura calliptera''. * Red-eared parakeet, ''Pyrrhura hoematotis''. * Rose-headed (rose-crowned) parakeet, ''Pyrrhura rhodocephala''. * Sulphur-winged parakeet, ''Pyrrhura hoffmanni''.

Species photographs

File:Pyrrhura cruentata -pet on a pole -2c.jpg, Blue-throated parakeet (''Pyrrhura cruentata'') File:Maroon-bellied Conure (Pyrrhura frontalis) -on stump.jpg,

(''Pyrrhura frontalis'') File:Two Green-Cheeked Conures.jpeg,

(''Pyrrhura molinae'') File:Pyrrhura perlata -pet-01.jpg,

(''Pyrrhura perlata'') File:Pyrrhura lepida -pet-8.jpg, Pearly parakeet
(''Pyrrhura lepida'') File:Rose-crowned Parakeet.jpg, Rose-crowned parakeet
(''Pyrrhura hoematotis'') File:Pyrrhura hoffmanni -Costa Rica-4-4c.jpg, Sulphur-winged parakeet
(''Pyrrhura hoffmanni'') File:Pyrrhura rupicola -captive-6a.jpg,

Black-capped parakeet The black-capped parakeet (''Pyrrhura rupicola''), also known as the black-capped conure or rock conure in aviculture, is a parrot native to the south-western Amazon Basin and adjacent east Andean slopes in Peru, Bolivia and Brazil. It has a t ...

(''Pyrrhura rupicola'') File:Tiriba-de-testa-vermelha de lado.jpg, Domestic

maroon-bellied parakeet __NOTOC__ The maroon-bellied parakeet (''Pyrrhura frontalis'') is a small parrot found from southeastern Brazil to north-eastern Argentina, including eastern Paraguay and Uruguay. It is also known as the reddish-bellied parakeet, and in avicu ...

(''Pyrrhura frontalis'')

References

* Arndt, T. (2008). ''Anmerkungen zu einigen Pyrrhura-Formen mit der Beschreibung einer neuen Art und zweier neuer Unterarten.'' Papageien 8/2008. * Joseph, L. (2002). ''Geographic variation, taxonomy and distribution of some Amazonian Pyrrhura parakeets.'' Ornitologia Neotropical 13 (4): 337–363. * Juniper, T., and M. Parr (1998). ''A Guide to the Parrots of the World''. Pica Press, East Sussex. * Remsen, J. V., Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 28 Jun. 2007
''A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithologists' Union.''
* Restall, R., C. Rodner, and M. Lentino. (2006). ''Birds of Northern South America - An Identification Guide.''. Christopher Helm, London. * Ribas, C., L. Joseph, and C. Miyaki (2006). ''Molecular systematics and patterns of diversification in Pyrrhura (Psittacidae), with special reference to the picta-leucotis complex.'' Auk 123 (3): 660–680. {{Taxonbar, from=Q568111 Bird genera Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte