''Pyropia'' is a genus of
red algae eaweedin the family
Bangiaceae
Bangiaceae is a family of red algae in the order Bangiales. It contains laver, used to make laverbread, and various species in the genus of ''Pyropia'' are used to make nori.
Genera
Genera accepted in 2018;
* '' Aspalatia'' Ercegovic
* '' B ...
. It is found around the world in intertidal zones and shallow water. The genus has folding frond-like blades which are either red, brown or green. Some ''Pyropia'' species are used to create
nori
Nori is a dried edible seaweed used in Japanese cuisine, made from species of the red algae genus '' Pyropia'', including ''P. yezonesis'' and '' P. tenera''. It has a strong and distinctive flavor, and is often used to wrap rolls of sushi or ...
, and are thus important subjects for aquaculture.
Taxonomy
''Pyropia'' was originally erected by
Jacob Georg Agardh
Jacob Georg Agardh (8 December 1813 in Lund, Sweden – 17 January 1901 in Lund, Sweden) was a Swedish botanist, phycologist, and taxonomist.
He was the son of Carl Adolph Agardh, and from 1854 until 1879 was professor of botany at Lund Univer ...
, a botanist and professor at
Lund University
, motto = Ad utrumque
, mottoeng = Prepared for both
, established =
, type = Public research university
, budget = SEK 9 billion [Porphyra
''Porphyra'' is a genus of coldwater seaweeds that grow in cold, shallow seawater. More specifically, it belongs to red algae phylum of laver species (from which comes laverbread), comprising approximately 70 species.Brodie, J.A. and Irvine, ...]
'', a different genus of red alga. New species of ''Pyropia'' are still being discovered, for example in 2013 research done on New Zealand plants was able to move ''
Pyropia plicata
''Pyropia'' is a genus of red algae eaweedin the family Bangiaceae. It is found around the world in intertidal zones and shallow water. The genus has folding frond-like blades which are either red, brown or green. Some ''Pyropia'' species are us ...
'' from ''Porphyra''.
Description
''Pyropia'' species are red algae with a discoid
holdfast and short stipe. They have folded blades, which are membranous and
monostromatic, coming in red, brown, and dark green colorations. These folded blades may also look like fronds until unfolded. These blades reach up to one meter in length in some species, but are generally around 20 centimeters in diameter.
Distribution
''Pyropia'' grows in intertidal zones and down to 10 meters in some bodies of water based on clarity and substrate.
It grows in large swaths, attaching itself to stones and shells, covering most of the bottom. ''Pyropia'' can be found globally in warm-temperate and extratropical
oolwaters.
Ecology
''Pyropia'' species, which reside in the upper intertidal zone, endure many stresses, including intense direct light, temperature fluctuation, osmotic stress, salinity fluctuation, and desiccation. They are especially able to handle heat stress; some ''Pyropia'' species will halt metabolic systems that are not essential to homeostasis, such as photosynthesis. Other species will use increased lipid production to fight desiccation.
The ability of ''Pyropia'' species to adapt to deal with these stresses makes them heavily studied organisms.
One of the threats to ''Pyropia'' is fungal infections by ''
Alternaria
''Alternaria'' is a genus of Deuteromycetes fungi. All species are known as major plant pathogens. They are also common allergens in humans, growing indoors and causing hay fever or hypersensitivity reactions that sometimes lead to asthma. They ...
'' sp. ZL-1, which has been observed in farming environments on ''Pyropia yezoensis'' ''.'' The fungus kills ''Pyropia'' cells and leaves brown rust-like spots on the outside of the blades.
Use
Within the genus ''Pyropia'' multiple species are used for
nori
Nori is a dried edible seaweed used in Japanese cuisine, made from species of the red algae genus '' Pyropia'', including ''P. yezonesis'' and '' P. tenera''. It has a strong and distinctive flavor, and is often used to wrap rolls of sushi or ...
(edible seaweed), ''Pyropia yezoensis'' and ''P. haitanensis'' being most popular. It is a two-billion-dollar industry with most major growers located in China, Korea, and Japan.
Nori contains substantial amounts of
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in metabolism. It is one of eight B vitamins. It is required by animals, which use it as a cofactor in DNA synthesis, in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. ...
according to a 2014 paper.
However, the
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics is a 501(c)(6) trade association in the United States. With over 112,000 members, the association claims to be the largest organization of food and nutrition professionals. It has registered dietitian n ...
considers this source unreliable for
vegan
Veganism is the practice of abstaining from the use of animal product—particularly in diet—and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals. An individual who follows the diet or philosophy is known as a vegan. ...
s.
Species
* ''
P. abbottiae''
( V.Krishnamurthy) S.C.Lindstrom
* ''
P. acanthophora var. robusta''
M.G.Kavale, M.A.Kazi & N.Sreenadhan
* ''
P. acanthophora''
( E.C.Oliveira & Coll
Coll (; gd, Cola; sco, Coll)Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 31 is an island located west of the Isle of Mull in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. Coll is known for its sandy beaches, which rise to form large sand dunes, for its corncrakes, and ...
) M.C.Oliveira, D.Milstein & E.C.Oliveira
* ''
P. aeodis''
( N.J.Griffin, J.J.Bolton & R.J.Anderson) J.E.Sutherland
* ''
P. bajacaliforniensis''
Aguilar Rosas & Hughey
* ''
P. brumalis''
( Mumford) S.C.Lindstrom
* ''
P. cinnamomea''
( W.A.Nelson) W.A.Nelson
* ''
P. collinsii''
Neefus, T.Bray & A.C.Mathieson
* ''
P. columbiensis''
S.C.Lindstrom
* ''
P. columbina''
( Montagne) W.A.Nelson
* ''
P. conwayae''
( S.C.Lindstrom & K.M.Cole) S.C.Lindstrom
* ''
P. crassa''
( Ueda) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata
* ''
P. dentata''
( Kjellman) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata
* ''
P. denticulata''
( Levring) J.A.Philips & J.E.Sutherland
* ''
P. drachii''
( Feldmann) J.Brodie
* ''
P. elongata''
( Kylin) Neefus & J.Brodie
* ''
P. endiviifolia''
( A.Gepp & Ethel Sarel Gepp, E.Gepp) H.G.Choi & M.S.Hwang
* ''Pyropia fallax, P. fallax''
( S.C.Lindstrom & K.M.Cole) S.C.Lindstrom
* ''Pyropia francisii, P. francisii''
W.A.Nelson & R.D'Archino
* ''Pyropia fucicola, P. fucicola''
( V.Krishnamurthy) S.C.Lindstrom
* ''Pyropia gardneri, P. gardneri''
(G.M.Smith & Hollenberg (phycologist), Hollenberg) S.C.Lindstrom
* ''Pyropia haitanensis, P. haitanensis''
(T.J.Chang & B.F.Zheng) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata
* ''Pyropia hiberna, P. hiberna''
( S.C.Lindstrom & K.M.Cole) S.C.Lindstrom
* ''Pyropia hollenbergii, P. hollenbergii''
(E. Yale Dawson, E.Y.Dawson) J.E.Sutherland, L.E.Aguilar Rosas & R.Aguilar Rosas
* ''Pyropia ishigecola, P. ishigecola''
(A.Miura) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata
* ''Pyropia kanakaensis, P. kanakaensis''
( Mumford) S.C.Lindstrom
* ''Pyropia katadae, P. katadae''
(A.Miura) M.S.Hwang, H.G.Choi, N.Kikuch & M.Miyata
* ''Pyropia kinositae, P. kinositae''
(Y. Yamada (phycologist), Yamada & Tak. Tanaka) N.Kikuchi, M.Miyata, M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi
* ''Pyropia koreana, P. koreana''
(M.S.Hwang & I.K.Lee) M.S.Hwang, H.G.Choi Y.S.Oh & I.K.Lee
* ''Pyropia kuniedae, P. kuniedae''
(Kurogi) M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi
* ''Pyropia kurogii, P. kurogii''
( S.C.Lindstrom) S.C.Lindstrom
* ''Pyropia lacerata, P. lacerata''
(A.Miura) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata
* ''Pyropia lanceolata, P. lanceolata''
(William Albert Setchell, Setchell & Hus (phycologist), Hus) S.C.Lindstrom
* ''Pyropia leucosticta, P. leucosticta''
(Gustave Thuret, Thuret) Neefus & J.Brodie
* ''Pyropia montereyensis, P. montereyensis''
S.C.Lindstrom & Hughey
* ''Pyropia moriensis, P. moriensis''
(Ohmi) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata
* ''Pyropia nereocystis, P. nereocystis''
(C.L.Anderson) S.C.Lindstrom
* ''Pyropia nitida, P. nitida''
L.K.Harden, K.M.Morales & Hughey
* ''Pyropia njordii, P. njordii''
Mols-Mortensen, J.Brodie & Neefus
* ''Pyropia novae-angliae, P. novae-angliae''
T.Bray, Neefus & A.C.Mathieson
* ''Pyropia onoi, P. onoi''
( Ueda) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata
* ''Pyropia orbicularis, P. orbicularis''
M.E.Ramírez, L.Contreras Porcia & M.-L.Guillemin
* ''Pyropia parva, P. parva''
A.Vergés & N.Sánchez
* ''Pyropia peggicovensis, P. peggicovensis''
H.Kucera & G.W.Saunders
* ''Pyropia pendula, P. pendula''
(E.Y.Daywson) J.E.Sutherland, L.E.Aguilar-Rosas & R.Aguilar-Rosas
* ''Pyropia perforata, P. perforata''
(Jacob Georg Agardh, J.Agardh) S.C.Lindstrom
* ''Pyropia plicata, P. plicata''
W.A.Nelson
* ''Pyropia protolanceolata, P. protolanceolata''
S.C.Lindstrom & J.R.Hughey
* ''Pyropia pseudolanceolata, P. pseudolanceolata''
( V.Krishnamurthy) S.C.Lindstrom
* ''Pyropia pseudolinearis, P. pseudolinearis''
( Ueda) N.Kikuchi, M.Miyata, M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi
* ''Pyropia pulchella, P. pulchella''
(Jillian C. Ackland, Ackland, J.A.West, J.L.Scott & Giuseppe C. Zuccarello, Zuccarello) T.J.Farr & J.E.Sutherland
* ''Pyropia pulchra, P. pulchra''
(Hollenberg (phycologist), Hollenberg) S.C.Lindstrom & Hughey
* ''Pyropia rakiura, P. rakiura''
( W.A.Nelson) W.A.Nelson
* ''Pyropia raulaguilarii, P. raulaguilarii''
Mateo-Cid, Mendoza-González & Sentíes
* ''Pyropia saldanhae, P. saldanhae''
(Stegenga, J.J.Bolton & R.J.Anderson) J.E.Sutherland
* ''Pyropia seriata, P. seriata''
( Kjellman) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata
* ''Pyropia spathulata, P. spathulata''
T.Bray, Neefus & A.C.Mathieson
* ''Pyropia spiralis var. amplifolia, P. spiralis var. amplifolia''
( E.C.Oliveira & Coll
Coll (; gd, Cola; sco, Coll)Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 31 is an island located west of the Isle of Mull in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. Coll is known for its sandy beaches, which rise to form large sand dunes, for its corncrakes, and ...
) Freshwater & Kapraun
* ''Pyropia spiralis, P. spiralis''
( E.C.Oliveira & Coll
Coll (; gd, Cola; sco, Coll)Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 31 is an island located west of the Isle of Mull in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. Coll is known for its sandy beaches, which rise to form large sand dunes, for its corncrakes, and ...
) M.C.Oliveira, D.Milstein & E.C.Oliveira
* ''Pyropia stamfordensis, P. stamfordensis''
C.Neefus, T.Bray & A.C.Mathieson
* ''Pyropia suborbiculata, P. suborbiculata''
( Kjellman) J.E.Sutherland, H.G.Choi, M.S. Hwang & W.A.Nelson
* ''Pyropia tanegashimensis, P. tanegashimensis''
(Shinmura) N.Kikuchi & E. Fujiyoshi
* ''Pyropia tenera, P. tenera''
( Kjellman) N.Kikuchi, M.Miyata, M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi
* ''Pyropia tenera var. tamatsuensis, P. tenera var. tamatsuensis''
(A.Miura) N.Kikuchi, Niwa (phycologist), Niwa & T. Nakada, Nakada
* ''Pyropia tenuipedalis, P. tenuipedalis''
(A.Miura) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata
* ''Pyropia thulaea, P. thulaea''
(Munda (phycologist), Munda & P.M.Pedersen) Neefus
* ''Pyropia thuretii, P. thuretii''
(William Albert Setchell, Setchell & E. Yale Dawson, E.Y.Dawson) J.E.Sutherland, L.E.Aguilar Rosas & R. Aguilar Rosas
* ''Pyropia torta, P. torta''
( V.Krishnamurthy) S.C.Lindstrom
* ''Pyropia unabbottiae, P. unabbottiae''
S.C.Lindstrom
* ''Pyropia vietnamensis, P. vietnamensis''
(Tak.Tanaka & Pham-Hoàng Ho) J.E.Sutherland & Monotilla
* ''Pyropia virididentata, P. virididentata''
( W.A.Nelson) W.A.Nelson
* ''Pyropia yezoensis f. narawaensis, P. yezoensis f. narawaensis''
N.Kikuchi, Niwa (phycologist), Niwa & T. Nakada, Nakada
* ''Pyropia yezoensis, P. yezoensis''
( Ueda) M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi
Gallery
File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - L.4084188 - Porphyra thuretii Setch. and E.Y.Dawson - Algae - Plant type specimen.jpeg
File:Porphyra haitanensis life cycle.JPG
File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - L.4084451 - Porphyra columbina Mont. - Algae - Plant type specimen.jpeg
References
External links
*
*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3411341
Bangiophyceae
Red algae genera
Edible algae
Seaweeds
Edible seaweeds