Pyotr Gannushkin
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Pyotr Borisovich Gannushkin (russian: Пётр Бори́сович Га́ннушкин; March 8, 1875 – February 23, 1933) was a Russian
psychiatrist A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in psychiatry, the branch of medicine devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, study, and treatment of mental disorders. Psychiatrists are physicians and evaluate patients to determine whether their sy ...
who developed one of the first theories of psychopathies known today as
personality disorder Personality disorders (PD) are a class of mental disorders characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating from those accepted by the individual's culture ...
s.Ганнушкин П. Б. (2000). ''Клиника психопатий, их статика, динамика, систематика''. Издательство Нижегородской государственной медицинской академии. . He was a student of
Sergei Korsakoff Sergei Sergeyevich Korsakov (russian: Серге́й Серге́евич Ко́рсаков; 22 January 1854, Gus-Khrustalny – 1 May 1900, Moscow) was a Russian neuropsychiatrist, known for his studies on alcoholic psychosis. His name is lent t ...
and Vladimir Serbsky. Not only did he manage to delineate certain organizational tasks of
social psychiatry Social psychiatry is a branch of psychiatry that focuses on the interpersonal and cultural context of mental disorder and mental wellbeing. It involves a sometimes disparate set of theories and approaches, with work stretching from epidemiological ...
, but he also clearly formulated the main methodological aim of social psychiatrists, to combine methods of individual clinical analysis with sociological research and generalization.Банщиков В. М. Большой друг больного (К 100-летию со дня рождения П. Б. Ганнушкина) // Здоровье. — 1975. — № 3. — С. 32.Вольф М. Ш., Гериш А. Г. Материалы к врачебной, научной и педагогической деятельности соратников и учеников П. Б. Ганнушкина // Проблемы бреда, пограничные состояния и вопросы организации психиатрической помощи: Тезисы научной конференции, посвящённой 100-летию со дня рождения проф. П. Б. Ганнушкина (г. Москва, 29–30 июня 1975 г.) / Под общ. ред. М. Ш. Вольфа. — М.: Б. и., 1975. — С. 80–89.


Formative Years


Early life and education

Pyotr Borisovich Gannushkin was born in the
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...
in 1875 in the village of Novosyolki in the Pronsk district of the
Ryazan Governorate Ryazan Governorate (russian: link=no, Рязанская губерния, ''Ryazanskaya guberniya'', Government of Ryazan) was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Russian Empire and Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, wh ...
(the present-day
Ryazan Oblast Ryazan Oblast ( rus, Рязанская область, r=Ryazanskaya oblast, p=rʲɪˈzanskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ) is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the types of inhabited localities ...
). His father Boris was a
physician A physician (American English), medical practitioner (Commonwealth English), medical doctor, or simply doctor, is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through th ...
, a compassionate and precise man. His mother Olga (née Mozharova) came of an impoverished Russian landed family. Well-bred and educated, she was fluent in French and
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) ** Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...
, interested in
philosophy Philosophy (from , ) is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some ...
, and fond of
music Music is generally defined as the art of arranging sound to create some combination of form, harmony, melody, rhythm or otherwise expressive content. Exact definitions of music vary considerably around the world, though it is an aspect ...
,
poetry Poetry (derived from the Greek ''poiesis'', "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language − such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre − to evoke meanings i ...
and
art Art is a diverse range of human activity, and resulting product, that involves creative or imaginative talent expressive of technical proficiency, beauty, emotional power, or conceptual ideas. There is no generally agreed definition of wha ...
. She was, moreover, a gregarious and kind-hearted woman.Баженов Н. Н. История Московского доллгауза. — М., 1909. — С. 9.Гериш А. Г. Библиографическая хроника профессора П. Б. Ганнушкина // Проблемы бреда, пограничные состояния и вопросы организации психиатрической помощи: Тезисы научной конференции, посвящённой 100-летию со дня рождения проф. П. Б. Ганнушкина (г. Москва, 29–30 июня 1975 г.) / Под общ. ред. М. Ш. Вольфа. — М.: Б. и., 1975. — С. 61–72. In his early years, Pyotr was educated by his mother. After a while, the family moved to
Ryazan Ryazan ( rus, Рязань, p=rʲɪˈzanʲ, a=ru-Ryazan.ogg) is the largest city and administrative center of Ryazan Oblast, Russia. The city is located on the banks of the Oka River in Central Russia, southeast of Moscow. As of the 2010 Census ...
, the regional capital, where his father started teaching at a high school for boys. Soon after his 9th birthday, the young Gannushkin enrolled at the same school. An excellent student, Pyotr was always sociable, honest, and inclined to irony; he nursed a dislike for severe discipline. During his school years, he edited his own home journal.Гериш А. Г. П. Б. Ганнушкин. — М.: Медицина, 1975. — 64 с. Gannushkin's sister Maria noted in her memoirs that Pyotr never told anyone which profession he intended to pursue. When he turned 13, however, Gannushkin's keen interest in " personology" and human mentality became apparent. It was then that he read
Sechenov Doctor Ivan Mikhaylovich Sechenov (russian: Ива́н Миха́йлович Се́ченов; , Tyoply Stan (now Sechenovo) near Simbirsk, Russia – , Moscow), was a Russian psychologist, physiologist, and medical scientist. The very f ...
's 1863 monograph "Brain Reflexes", a successful attempt to describe the physiological mechanisms of mental activity.


University years

In 1893 Gannushkin graduated from the high school with a gold medal, the highest award, and entered the department of
medicine Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care pract ...
at
Moscow State University M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU; russian: Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова) is a public research university in Moscow, Russia and the most prestigious ...
. In his third year of studies, he finally decided to become a psychiatrist after being influenced by such university professors as
Aleksei Kozhevnikov Aleksei Yakovlevich Kozhevnikov (russian: Алексе́й Я́ковлевич Коже́вников) (5 March 1836 - 23 October 1902) was a Russian Empire neurologist and psychiatrist who was a native of Ryazan. Biography From 1853 until 1858 ...
and
Sergei Korsakoff Sergei Sergeyevich Korsakov (russian: Серге́й Серге́евич Ко́рсаков; 22 January 1854, Gus-Khrustalny – 1 May 1900, Moscow) was a Russian neuropsychiatrist, known for his studies on alcoholic psychosis. His name is lent t ...
. All the students, including Gannushkin, were fascinated by the way Korsakoff interacted with the mentally disabled. As Korsakoff explained, "mental patients should not be regarded as soulless creatures: they should be considered personalities familiar to everyone who is somehow related to them."Завилянський І. Я. Пам’яті професора П. Б. Ганнушкіна, до 25-річчя з дня виходу в світ книги «Клініка психопатій» // Збірних наукових праць, присвячених 150-річчю Київської психоневрологічної лікарні (1806–1956). — Київ: Б. в., 1959. — Т. 1. — С. 293–299. In addition to attending lectures and recitals during his university years, Gannushkin served as an orderly with the responsibilities of a junior medical staff member.Зейгарник Б. В. Пётр Борисович Ганнушкин и патопсихология // Проблемы бреда, пограничные состояния и вопросы организации психиатрической помощи: Тезисы научной конференции, посвящённой 100-летию со дня рождения проф. П. Б. Ганнушкина (г. Москва, 29–30 июня 1975 г.) / Под общ. ред. М. Ш. Вольфа. — М.: Б. и., 1975. — С. 98–100.Зиновьев П. М. Основные этапы научной работы П. Б. Ганнушкина // Советская невропатология, психиатрия и психогигиена. — 1933. — Т. 2, вып. 5. — С. 3–6.


Career and Biography

Gannushkin graduated from Moscow University in October 1898. He turned down a proposal to become a permanent resident physician, because it then included superintendent's responsibilities. During the next years, up to 1902, he was a non-resident of the psychiatric hospital. He worked in the outpatient clinic and wrote a variety of scholarly works. In 1901, for example the French journal ''Medico Psychological Annals'' (french: Annales médico-psychologiques) he published a monograph called "Voluptuousness, cruelty and religion" (french: La volupté, la cruauté et la religion), which was subsequently banned in Russia. In it Gannushkin emphasized the close relation between religiosity, sexuality, and cruelty, using the example of
Ivan the Terrible Ivan IV Vasilyevich (russian: Ива́н Васи́льевич; 25 August 1530 – ), commonly known in English as Ivan the Terrible, was the grand prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547 and the first Tsar of all Russia from 1547 to 1584. Ivan ...
as an illustration. In many cases religious fanatics demonstrated cruelty, wrote Gannushkin, and vice versa, i.e. many cruel people were religious.Gannouchkine P. B. La volupté, la cruauté et la religion // Annales médico-psychologiques. — 1901. — V. 14. — P. 353–375.Кербиков О. В. Проблема психопатий в историческом освещении. Сообщение третье: Учение о психопатиях в работах П. Б. Ганнушкина // Журнал невропатологии и психиатрии им. С. С. Корсакова. — 1958. — Т. 58, вып. 10. — С. 1253–1258. In 1902, at the suggestion of Sukhanov, Serbsky, and Rossolimo, Gannushkin was made a full member of the Moscow Society of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists (russian: Московское общество невропатологов и психиатров). At the same time, he was elected a supernumerary assistant at the psychiatric hospital headed by Serbsky, after Korsakoff's early death from heart failure.


Collaboration with Sergei Sukhanov

Korsakoff's assistant Sergei Sukhanov was willing to help young physicians, fostering them in word and in deed. Sukhanov was a proponent of the nosological approach. He demonstrated a remarkable power of observation. Borderline psychiatry, especially psychopathies and psychogenies, was among his main research interests. His inclination towards synthesis led Sukhanov to note both the scientific and social importance of this problem. Sukhanov managed to stir Gannushkin's interest in these issues and the two developed friendly relations, publishing six research papers together. They preferred to study individual mental disorders rather than their mixed types, believing that this approach would contribute to the study of acknowledged diseases, the discovery of new mental disorders, and the development of psychiatric taxonomy. Sukhanov and Gannushkin distinguished a particular form of obsession and were the first to show the process whereby, at least in some cases, obsessions were transformed into
schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis. Major symptoms include hallucinations (typically hearing voices), delusions, and disorganized thinking. Other symptoms include social withdra ...
.Каннабих Ю. В. История психиатрии. — М.: Госмедиз, 1929. — С. 466–468.


''Acute paranoia'' (1904)

In 1904, Gannushkin submitted his thesis on "Acute paranoia" (russian: Острая паранойя). It took the form of a sketch of the historical development of the theory of acute paranoia. The thesis opened with a description of the research of
Vincenzo Chiarugi Vincenzo Chiarugi (1759–1820) was an Italian physician who helped introduce humanitarian reforms to the psychiatric hospital care of people with mental disorders. His early part in a movement towards moral treatment was relatively overlooked unt ...
and
Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol (3 February 1772 – 12 December 1840) was a French psychiatrist. Early life and education Born and raised in Toulouse, Esquirol completed his education at Montpellier. He came to Paris in 1799 where he worked ...
. The focus then shifted to works by
Wilhelm Griesinger Wilhelm Griesinger (29 July 1817 – 26 October 1868) was a German neurologist and psychiatrist born in Stuttgart. Life and career He studied under Johann Lukas Schönlein at the University of Zurich and physiologist François Magendie in Pa ...
, Bénédict Morel, and
Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal (23 March 1833, in Berlin – 27 January 1890, in Kreuzlingen) was a German psychiatrist from Berlin. He was the son of Otto Carl Friedrich Westphal (1800–1879) and Karoline Friederike Heine and the father of Alexa ...
. Next Gannushkin presented observations made by
Sergei Korsakoff Sergei Sergeyevich Korsakov (russian: Серге́й Серге́евич Ко́рсаков; 22 January 1854, Gus-Khrustalny – 1 May 1900, Moscow) was a Russian neuropsychiatrist, known for his studies on alcoholic psychosis. His name is lent t ...
, Vladimir Serbsky,
Emil Kraepelin Emil Wilhelm Georg Magnus Kraepelin (; ; 15 February 1856 – 7 October 1926) was a German psychiatrist. H. J. Eysenck's ''Encyclopedia of Psychology'' identifies him as the founder of modern scientific psychiatry, psychopharmacology and psychi ...
, and
Eugen Bleuler Paul Eugen Bleuler (; ; 30 April 1857 – 15 July 1939) was a Swiss psychiatrist and humanist most notable for his contributions to the understanding of mental illness. He coined several psychiatric terms including "schizophrenia", "schizoid", ...
. Finally Gannushkin gave a brilliant exposition of his own findings about paranoia.Кондрашкова О. В., Вольф М. Ш., Лурия Л. Р. Пётр Борисович Ганнушкин и психиатрическая больница, носящая его имя // Проблемы бреда, пограничные состояния и вопросы организации психиатрической помощи: Тезисы научной конференции, посвящённой 100-летию со дня рождения проф. П. Б. Ганнушкина (г. Москва, 29–30 июня 1975 г.) / Под общ. ред. М. Ш. Вольфа. — М.: Б. и., 1975. — С. 25–41. After his thesis was accepted and approved, Gannushkin became a privat dozent (i.e. freelance university lecturer) of the Department of Mental Disorders in the Moscow State University. It was then that he began to deliver his course of lectures on "The Theory of Pathological Characters" (russian: Учение о патологических характерах). In 1905, Gannushkin attended courses in postgraduate psychiatry at Kraepelin's clinic in
Munich Munich ( ; german: München ; bar, Minga ) is the capital and most populous city of the States of Germany, German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the List of cities in Germany by popu ...
. Thereafter he became a proponent of Kraepelin's theory. The following year, Gannushkin visited St. Anne's Psychiatric Hospital (french: Hôpital Sainte-Anne) in
Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
, where he familiarized himself with the work of
Valentin Magnan Valentin Magnan (16 March 1835 – 27 September 1916) was a French psychiatrist active in the 19th-century. Biography Valentin Magnan was a native of Perpignan. He studied medicine in Lyon and Paris, where he was a student of Jules Baillar ...
, an influential figure in French psychiatry. In 1908 and in 1911 Gannushkin again attended postgraduate psychiatry courses at Kraepelin's clinic.


Resignation (1911) and post-Revolutionary career

In 1911 university autonomy became a crucial issue in Russia, leading to repressive measures by the
Tsar Tsar ( or ), also spelled ''czar'', ''tzar'', or ''csar'', is a title used by East Slavs, East and South Slavs, South Slavic monarchs. The term is derived from the Latin word ''Caesar (title), caesar'', which was intended to mean "emperor" i ...
's protégé
Lev Kasso Lev Aristidovich Kasso (1865–1914) was an Imperial Russian politician. A Professor of Civil Law by education, he served as Imperial Minister of Education from 1910 through 1914 in the Stolypin and Kokovtsov governments. The state's univ ...
, the education minister. In 1911, together with other progressive scholars and scientists, Gannushkin left the university in protest. From 1906 until 1914, when he was drafted into the army, he worked as a resident physician at the Moscow Alexeyev Psychiatric Hospital (russian: Московская Алексеевская психиатрическая больница), known today as the Kashchenko Mental Hospital (russian: больница имени П. П. Кащенко). During this period Gannushkin and others set up a first-class research journal, ''The Korsakoff Journal of Neuropathology and Psychiatry'' (russian: Журнал невропатологии и психиатрии имени Корсакова). In 1917, after being discharged from the army for health reasons,Gannushkin returned in the Moscow Alexeyev Psychiatric Hospital. From 1918 onwards he was a professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the Moscow State University (from 1930 he was professor at the
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University First Moscow State Medical University (MSMU, officially I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, informally Moscow Medical Academy or Sechenov University; russian: Первый Московский государственный ...
) and director at the University Psychiatric Hospital: today this is known as the Korsakov Clinic of Psychiatry at the Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy (russian: Клиника имени С. С. Корсакова АМН России имени И. М. Сеченова).


Some other aspects of his work

Gannushkin was one of the first psychiatrists to talk about the schizoid reaction type, the somatogenic and psychogenic reactions of schizoids. In 1927, he identified the "epileptoid reaction type", which is usually characterized by repeated temporary reactions caused by the influence of psychogenic factors and unfavorable situations. This reaction type is expressed by symptoms of dysphoria, i.e. malicious actions combined with anger, anguish, and fear.Ганнушкин П.Б. Об эпилептоидном типе реакции. Вестник современной медицины, 1927; № 23.- С. 1472–1473. In many ways, this reaction type is akin to the behavior pattern typical for
borderline personality disorder Borderline personality disorder (BPD), also known as emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD), is a personality disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of unstable interpersonal relationships, distorted sense of self, and strong ...
. As a
psychotic episode Psychosis is a condition of the mind that results in difficulties determining what is real and what is not real. Symptoms may include delusions and hallucinations, among other features. Additional symptoms are incoherent speech and behavior t ...
, such reactions could happen during epidemic
encephalitis Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain. The severity can be variable with symptoms including reduction or alteration in consciousness, headache, fever, confusion, a stiff neck, and vomiting. Complications may include seizures, hallucinations, ...
, cerebral
atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is a pattern of the disease arteriosclerosis in which the wall of the artery develops abnormalities, called lesions. These lesions may lead to narrowing due to the buildup of atheroma, atheromatous plaque. At onset there are usu ...
, and
brain injury An injury is any physiological damage to living tissue caused by immediate physical stress. An injury can occur intentionally or unintentionally and may be caused by blunt trauma, penetrating trauma, burning, toxic exposure, asphyxiation, or o ...
. Gannushkin also took part in the experimental study of
hypnosis Hypnosis is a human condition involving focused attention (the selective attention/selective inattention hypothesis, SASI), reduced peripheral awareness, and an enhanced capacity to respond to suggestion.In 2015, the American Psychologica ...
. He criticized Lombroso's theory of crime.Галачьян А. Г. К неопубликованным работам П. Б. Ганнушкина // Ганнушкин П. Б. Избранные труды / Под ред. О. В. Кербикова. — М.: Медицина, 1964. — С. 255–256. Gannushkin was interested in
psychoanalytical PsychoanalysisFrom Greek: + . is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques"What is psychoanalysis? Of course, one is supposed to answer that it is many things — a theory, a research method, a therapy, a body of knowledge. In what might be ...
ideas, and made experimental use of psychoanalytic therapy. His stance on psychoanalysis is outlined in his "On Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis" (russian: О психотерапии и психоанализе).Ганнушкин П. Б. О психотерапии и психоанализе // Ганнушкин П. Б. Избранные труды / Под ред. О. В. Кербикова. — М.: Медицина, 1964. — С. 283–284. Not a committed proponent of
Freud Sigmund Freud ( , ; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies explained as originating in conflicts in ...
's theory, Gannushkin did believe that under certain conditions psychoanalytical methods could be used as part of the process of treatment.Фридман Б. Д. П. Б. Ганнушкин в учении о психопатиях // Советская невропатология, психиатрия и психогигиена. — 1933. — Т. 2, вып. 5. — С. 106–111. Gannushkin regarded war and revolution as a "traumatic epidemic" affecting the entire population. There is a reciprocal influence, he used to say, between the mentality of the population and its life in society.Ганнушкин П. Б. Острая паранойя (paranoia acuta). Клиническая сторона вопроса. — Диссертация д-ра мед. наук. — М., 1904. — 250 с. Under Gannushkin's direction a new form of medical care for people with mental disorders was created in Russia. He helped to organise a network of psychoneurological out-patient clinics in the USSR. He worked on issues linked to the teaching of psychiatry and the prevention of mental illness.Эдельштейн А. О. Психиатрическая клиника // 175 лет 1-го Московского государственного медицинского института. — М.–Л., 1940. — С. 343–345.


Marriage and children

Pyotr Borisovich Gannushkin married the pianist Sofia Vladimirovna Klumova (1880-1945). They had two sons. Alexey Petrovich Gannushkin (1920-1974) was an aircraft design engineer, USSR State Prize Laureate, and father of
Svetlana Gannushkina Svetlana Alekseevna Gannushkina (russian: Светла́на Алексе́евна Га́ннушкина, born 6 March 1942) is a mathematician and human rights activist in Russia who was reported to have been a serious contender for the 2010 ...
(b. 1943). Svetlana Petrovna Gannushkina is a mathematician and
human rights Human rights are Morality, moral principles or Social norm, normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, 13 December 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyHuman Rights Retrieved 14 August 2014 for ce ...
activist, working particularly to help immigrants and refugees through the Civic Assistance NGO. (She was reported to be a serious contender for the 2010
Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments (military weapons and equipment) manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemi ...
.) A professor of mathematics at the Historical Archives Institute between 1970 and 1999, Gannushkina was a member of the presidential Council for the Development of Civil Society Institutions and Human Rights until her resignation in June 2012.


Personality and views on psychiatry

Gannushkin was a modest and diffident man and he disliked
public speaking Public speaking, also called oratory or oration, has traditionally meant the act of speaking face to face to a live audience. Today it includes any form of speaking (formally and informally) to an audience, including pre-recorded speech deliver ...
. When attending psychiatric conferences, he preferred to stay in the background. Only among fellow scientists and when lecturing to his senior students was Gannushkin able to speak his mind. An experienced clinician, he was a proponent of the natural science method who considered himself an enemy of pompous and meretricious declamation.Фридман Б. Д. П. Б. Ганнушкин как руководитель коллектива // Проблемы бреда, пограничные состояния и вопросы организации психиатрической помощи: Тезисы научной конференции, посвящённой 100-летию со дня рождения проф. П. Б. Ганнушкина (г. Москва, 29–30 июня 1975 г.) / Под общ. ред. М. Ш. Вольфа. — М.: Б. и., 1975. — С. 59–60.Фрумкин Я. П. Клинико-диагностический метод П. Б. Ганнушкина // Советская невропатология, психиатрия и психогигиена. — 1933. — Т. 2, вып. 5. — С. 10–11. Gannushkin's power of observation was enhanced by his erudition and ability to discern the most useful points in a variety of different monographs and articles. He recorded each new thought and accurately gathered all required materials. His lectures and clinical vignettes show how carefully he scrutinized and systematized all the research data he was working with. As L.A. Prozorov commented: "Gannushkin could stir the interest of young people in research, even if it was crude; he sought out and selected research scientists."Морозов В. М. Учение П. Б. Ганнушкина о малой психиатрии // Журнал невропатологии и психиатрии им. С. С. Корсакова. — 1975. — Т. 75, вып. 4. — С. 586–588. Remembering her husband, Sophia Gannushkina said, "Once he decided to do something, he grew fearless." Throughout his life, Gannushkin believed that psychiatry and our life in society are closely connected. To him a psychiatrist was primarily a community worker. That is why, perhaps, he made psychopathies his main research subject.
"Our generation does not limit itself to psychiatric hospitals. Using the same approach, we visit schools, barracks, and prisons. We are not looking for those who need to be hospitalized, but for the half-normal, borderline types, those who represent intermediate steps. Borderline psychiatry, minor psychiatry... - here is a motto for our times, an area to which our actions must be directed in the immediate future."


Death and influence

While Gannushkin was finishing his seminal work on the ''Manifestations of psychopathies: their statics, dynamics and systematic aspects'' (russian: Клиника психопатий, их статика, динамика, систематика), his health quickly deteriorated. After long hesitation he agreed to undergo the proposed operation. The best Russian surgeons and physicians tried to save him, but he died on 23 February 1933. Before his death he managed to read his monograph after proofreading and approve it for publication. The book appeared that year following his death. Research papers written by Gannushkin and his followers represent a landmark in the theory of psychopathies in Russia. Among Russian psychiatrists, it was Gannushkin who developed the most accurate definition of various psychopathies (personality disorders).Эдельштейн А. О. Памяти учителя // Памяти Петра Борисовича Ганнушкина: Труды психиатрической клиники 1-го Московского медицинского института. — М.–Л.: Биомедиз, 1934. — Вып. 4. — С. 5–12. Gannushkin had many followers, among who it is possible to distinguish three generations. The first generation of disciples was formed of colleagues who worked under his direction: D.A. Amenitsky, I.N. Vvedensky, T.A. Geyer, V.A. Grombakh, M.O. Gurevich, P.M. Zinovyev, E.K. Krasnushkin, L.A. Prozorov, L.M. Rezenstein, M.Y. Serieysky, T.I. Yudin. The second generation was made up of Gannushkin's senior students: B.A. Belousov, A.G. Galachyan, F.F. Detengor, S.G. Zhislin, A.N. Zalmanov, M.Z. Kaplinsky, R.E. Lusternik, N.S. Molodenkov, A.N. Molokhov, N.I. Ozeretsky, D.S. Ozeretskovsky, T.P. Simpson, Y.A. Florenskaya, B.D. Fridman, Y.P. Frumkin, A.O. Edelstein. A third generation included his junior students (A.P. Alexandrova, A.M. Dubinin, O.V. Kerbikov, S.V. Krayts, A.Y. Levinson, D.E. Melekhov, V.M. Morozov, A.I. Ponomoryov, B.A. Famin, P.D. Fridman, Y.D. Shulman). Together, Gannushkin's followers made significant contributions to the development of psychiatry in Russia.Хорошко В. К. Профессор П. Б. Ганнушкин (1875–1933) // Клиническая медицина. — 1933. — Т. 11, № 7–8. — С. 422–423.Шульман Е. Д. Амбулаторный приём П. Б. Ганнушкина // Памяти Петра Борисовича Ганнушкина: Труды психиатрической клиники 1-го Московского медицинского института. — М.–Л.: Биомедиз, 1934. — Вып. 4. — С. 32–36. In 1933, the Health Care Commissariat's Research Institute of Neuropsychiatric Treatment established an annual Gannushkin award.Юдин Т. И. Памяти П. Б. Ганнушкина // Советская психоневрология. — 1933. — № 2. — С. 150.Юдин Т. И. П. Б. Ганнушкин и малая психиатрия // Памяти Петра Борисовича Ганнушкина: Труды психиатрической клиники 1-го Московского медицинского института. — М.–Л.: Биомедиз, 1934. — Вып. 4. — С. 22–26. In 1936, Moscow's Psychiatric Hospital No.4 was named after Gannushkin (russian: Психиатрическая клиническая больница № 4 им. П.Б. Ганнушкина). Later a Gannushkin memorial museum was created inside the hospital. A river embankment in Moscow was also renamed in his honor.Юдин Т. И. Очерки истории отечественной психиатрии — М.: Медгиз, 1951. — С. 323–324; 406–411.Edelstein A. In memoriam Peter Gannuschkin // Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten. — 1933. — Bd. 100. — S. 424–426. Gannushkin was immortalised in fiction as Professor Titanushkin, a character in
Ilf and Petrov Ilya Ilf (Ilya Arnoldovich Feinsilberg or russian: Илья Арнольдович Файнзильберг, 1897–1937) and Yevgeny Petrov (Yevgeniy Petrovich Katayev or russian: Евгений Петрович Катаев, 1902–1942 ...
's satirical novel ''
The Little Golden Calf ''The Little Golden Calf'' (russian: Золотой телёнок, ''Zolotoy telyonok'') is a satirical novel by Soviet authors Ilf and Petrov, published in 1931. Its main character, Ostap Bender, also appears in a previous novel by the authors c ...
'' (1931).


The theory of psychopathies

Pyotr Borisovich Gannushkin divided psychiatry into two principal categories: major psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, etc., and minor psychiatric conditions (the psychopathies or personality disorders). The theory of psychopathies or "pathological characters" is regarded as Gannushkin's main contribution to the discipline. In ''Manifestations of psychopathies: statics, dynamics, systematic aspects'' (1933), Gannushkin distinguished two types of pathological development: constitutional and situational. The situational development of psychopathy is evidently caused by trauma or distress: its onset is always marked by some serious mental change, after which everything becomes more or less static. While the statics of psychopathies refer to the actual substance of the subject, noted Gannushkin, the dynamics of psychopathies indioate the types, laws, and developmental schemes of psychopathies.Левинсон А. Я. Неповторимый образ учителя // Проблемы бреда, пограничные состояния и вопросы организации психиатрической помощи: Тезисы научной конференции, посвящённой 100-летию со дня рождения проф. П. Б. Ганнушкина (г. Москва, 29–30 июня 1975 г.) / Под общ. ред. М. Ш. Вольфа. — М.: Б. и., 1975.— С. 53–55. Gannushkin did not consider psychopathies to be progressive mental states and contrasted them with serious mental disorders that caused retardation. Borderline psychiatry, he was at pains to emphasise, includes a wide range of different transitional steps and transient mental states. He acknowledged that psychopaths (i.e. those with personality disorders) have made substantial contributions to science, scholarship, art, and literature.Личко А. Е. Гражданин своей эпохи (100 лет со дня рождения П. Б. Ганнушкина) // Наука и религия. — 1975. — № 4. — С. 84–85. Gannushkin delineated the three main signs of behavioral pathology that underlie psychopathies: * maladaptation * ubiquity * stability })'' , , Constitutionally depressive ''(russian: Конституционально депрессивные)'' , , * chronically lowered mood * pessimistic worldview * viewing life as meaningless * avoidance of close relationships due to excessive sensitivity * a penchant for dark ruminations * a high risk of suicide ,
Depressive personality disorder Depressive personality disorder (also known as melancholic personality disorder) is a psychiatric diagnosis that denotes a personality disorder with depressive features. Originally included in the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-II, depr ...
. Can be combined with some
avoidant Avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) is a Cluster C personality disorder characterized by excessive social anxiety and inhibition, fear of intimacy (despite an intense desire for it), severe feelings of inadequacy and inferiority, and an overre ...
,
dependent A dependant is a person who relies on another as a primary source of income. A common-law spouse who is financially supported by their partner may also be included in this definition. In some jurisdictions, supporting a dependant may enabl ...
, and masochistic features

Dysthymia Dysthymia ( ), also known as persistent depressive disorder (PDD), is a mental and behavioral disorder, specifically a disorder primarily of mood, consisting of similar cognitive and physical problems as major depressive disorder, but with lon ...
, Restive, self-derogating or morbid depressive personality , - , Constitutionally excitable ''(russian: Конституционально возбуждённые)'' , , * constantly elevated mood * vigor and enterprise * flexibility and multifacetedness * superficiality of interests * overtalkativeness * excessive demand for amusement ,
Histrionic personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) is defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive attention-seeking behaviors, usually beginning in early childhood, including inappropriate ...
with some
narcissistic Narcissism is a self-centered personality style characterized as having an excessive interest in one's physical appearance or image and an excessive preoccupation with one's own needs, often at the expense of others. Narcissism exists on a co ...
features

Hypomania Hypomania (literally "under mania" or "less than mania") is a mental and behavioural disorder, characterised essentially by an apparently non-contextual elevation of mood ( euphoria) that contributes to persistently disinhibited behaviour. Th ...
, Vivacious histrionic personality , - , Cyclothymics ''(russian: Циклотимики)'' , , * repeated undulating mood swings * simultaneous presence of both hypomanic and dysthymic features (in unequal proportions) * seasonal dependence * an onset in adolescence (in most cases) ,
Cyclothymia Cyclothymia ( ), also known as cyclothymic disorder, psychothemia/psychothymia, bipolar III, affective personality disorder and cyclothymic personality disorder, is a mental and behavioural disorder that involves numerous periods of symptoms of ...
, n.a. , - , Emotionally labile or reactively labile psychopaths ''(russian: Эмотивно-лабильные или реактивно-лабильные психопаты)'' , , * extremely quick mood swings * childishness and naivety * tenderness and fragility * high suggestibility * a penchant for emotional attachment ,
Borderline personality disorder Borderline personality disorder (BPD), also known as emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD), is a personality disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of unstable interpersonal relationships, distorted sense of self, and strong ...
with some depressive or masochistic features , Self-destructive borderline personality , - , rowspan=2, II. Cluster of asthenics ''(russian: Группа астеников)'' , , Asthenics ''(russian: Астеники)'' , , * excessive neuropsychic excitement combined with irritability * fatiguability and exhaustiveness * timidity and doubtfulness * a penchant for hypochondria * chronically lowered mood *
social phobia Social anxiety disorder (SAD), also known as social phobia, is an anxiety disorder characterized by sentiments of fear and anxiety in social situations, causing considerable distress and impaired ability to function in at least some aspects ...
,
Avoidant personality disorder Avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) is a Cluster C personality disorder characterized by excessive social anxiety and inhibition, fear of intimacy (despite an intense desire for it), severe feelings of inadequacy and inferiority, and an overrelia ...
. Some
dependent A dependant is a person who relies on another as a primary source of income. A common-law spouse who is financially supported by their partner may also be included in this definition. In some jurisdictions, supporting a dependant may enabl ...
and negativistic features can also be present , Conflicted or phobic avoidant personality , - , Psychasthenics ''(russian: Психастеники)'' , , * extreme indecisiveness, shyness, and bashfulness * preoccupation with potential future danger * a penchant for introspection, self-absorption * excessive susceptibility * poor health, which includes motor awkwardness , Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder with some
dependent A dependant is a person who relies on another as a primary source of income. A common-law spouse who is financially supported by their partner may also be included in this definition. In some jurisdictions, supporting a dependant may enabl ...
features , Conscientious obsessive-compulsive personality , - , rowspan=2, III. Cluster of schizoids ''(russian: Группа шизоидов)'' , , Schizoids ''(russian: Шизоиды)'' , , * detachment from the world * eccentricity and paradoxicality of emotional life and behavior * emotional coldness and dryness * unpredictability combined with lack of intuition * ambivalence (e.g., simultaneous presence of both stubbornness and submissiveness) ,
Schizoid personality disorder Schizoid personality disorder (, often abbreviated as SzPD or ScPD) is a personality disorder characterized by a Asociality, lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency toward a solitary or sheltered lifestyle, secretiveness, emotion ...
. Can be combined with some
schizotypal Schizotypal personality disorder (STPD or SPD), also known as schizotypal disorder, is a mental and behavioral disorder. DSM classification describes the disorder specifically as a personality disorder characterized by thought disorder, paran ...
,
avoidant Avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) is a Cluster C personality disorder characterized by excessive social anxiety and inhibition, fear of intimacy (despite an intense desire for it), severe feelings of inadequacy and inferiority, and an overre ...
, and
compulsive Compulsive behavior is defined as performing an action persistently and repetitively. Compulsive behaviors could be an attempt to make obsessions go away. The act is usually a small, restricted and repetitive behavior, yet not disturbing in a pa ...
features , Remote, depersonalized or affectless schizoid personality , - , Dreamers ''(russian: Мечтатели)'', , * detachment from the world * tenderness and fragility * receptiveness to beauty * weak-willedness and listlessness * luxuriant imagination and dereism * usually inflated self-concept , A mix of
schizoid Schizoid personality disorder (, often abbreviated as SzPD or ScPD) is a personality disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency toward a solitary or sheltered lifestyle, secretiveness, emotional coldness ...
,
narcissistic Narcissism is a self-centered personality style characterized as having an excessive interest in one's physical appearance or image and an excessive preoccupation with one's own needs, often at the expense of others. Narcissism exists on a co ...
, and
histrionic Histrionic may refer to: * related to or reminiscent of (theatrical) acting, or acting out * Histrionic personality disorder, a Cluster B personality disorder * ''Histrionics'' (album), by The Higher * ''Histrionicus The harlequin duck (''H ...
features. Both
schizotypal Schizotypal personality disorder (STPD or SPD), also known as schizotypal disorder, is a mental and behavioral disorder. DSM classification describes the disorder specifically as a personality disorder characterized by thought disorder, paran ...
and
avoidant Avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) is a Cluster C personality disorder characterized by excessive social anxiety and inhibition, fear of intimacy (despite an intense desire for it), severe feelings of inadequacy and inferiority, and an overre ...
features can also be present ,
schizotypal Schizotypal personality disorder (STPD or SPD), also known as schizotypal disorder, is a mental and behavioral disorder. DSM classification describes the disorder specifically as a personality disorder characterized by thought disorder, paran ...
, - , rowspan=2, IV. Cluster of paranoiacs ''(russian: Группа параноиков)'' , , Paranoiacs ''(russian: Параноики)'' , , * preoccupation with fixed ideas * shallow-mindedness * egotism, egocentrism, self-absorption, and self-complacence * one-way affectivity * high suspiciousness, stubbornness, paltriness, and rancor ,
Paranoid personality disorder Paranoid personality disorder (PPD) is a mental illness characterized by paranoid delusions, and a pervasive, long-standing suspiciousness and generalized mistrust of others. People with this personality disorder may be hypersensitive, easily in ...
. Can be combined with some
compulsive Compulsive behavior is defined as performing an action persistently and repetitively. Compulsive behaviors could be an attempt to make obsessions go away. The act is usually a small, restricted and repetitive behavior, yet not disturbing in a pa ...
,
narcissistic Narcissism is a self-centered personality style characterized as having an excessive interest in one's physical appearance or image and an excessive preoccupation with one's own needs, often at the expense of others. Narcissism exists on a co ...
, negativistic, and
sadistic Sadism may refer to: * Sadomasochism, the giving or receiving of pleasure from acts involving the receipt or infliction of pain or humiliation * Sadistic personality disorder, an obsolete term proposed for individuals who derive pleasure from the s ...
features , Obdurate, fanatic, querulous or malignant paranoid personality , - , Fanatics ''(russian: Фанатики)'' , , * devotedness to fixed ideas (there are many fanatics among the leaders of destructive religious cults) * shallow-mindedness * strong-willedness, will of adamant * purposefulness, consistency of aim * manipulative behavior , Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder with some
paranoid Paranoia is an instinct or thought process that is believed to be heavily influenced by anxiety or fear, often to the point of delusion and irrationality. Paranoid thinking typically includes persecutory beliefs, or beliefs of conspiracy c ...
features , Puritanical obsessive-compulsive personality , - , colspan=2, V. Cluster of epileptoids ''(russian: Группа эпилептоидов)'' , , * extreme irritability causing bursts of anger * a penchant for dysphoria (maliciousness combined with anger, anguish, and fear) * shallow-mindedness * egotism, vigor, fixedness, exactingness, and rigidity * strong antisocial attitudes * a high risk of suicide ,
Antisocial personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD or infrequently APD) is a personality disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of disregard of, or violation of, the rights of others as well as a difficulty sustaining long-term relationships. Lack ...
usually combined with some borderline features , Covetous antisocial personality

Impulsive borderline personality , - , rowspan=2, VI. Cluster of hysterical characters ''(russian: Группа истерических характеров)'' , , Hysterical personalities ''(russian: Истерические личности)'' , , *
attention seeking Attention seeking behavior is to act in a way that is likely to elicit attention. Attention seeking behavior is defined in the DSM-5 as "engaging in behavior designed to attract notice and to make oneself the focus of others’ attention and admir ...
behavior combined with fear of indifference, an ardent desire to be not like all the others * appearance consciousness * the absence of objective truth in relation both to themselves and those around them * histrionics, theatricalism, deceitfulness * weak-willedness combined with superficial, capricious, and unstable emotions ,
Histrionic personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) is defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive attention-seeking behaviors, usually beginning in early childhood, including inappropriate ...
. Can be combined with some
dependent A dependant is a person who relies on another as a primary source of income. A common-law spouse who is financially supported by their partner may also be included in this definition. In some jurisdictions, supporting a dependant may enabl ...
and negativistic features , Theatrical, appeasing or tempestuous histrionic personality , - , Pathological liars ''(russian: Патологические лгуны)'' , , * prominent social defects, which includes extreme slovenliness * attention seeking and manipulative behavior * appearance consciousness * excessively excitable, immature, and rich imagination * high eloquence * involvement in fraud, charlatanism, crooked gambling ,
Histrionic personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) is defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive attention-seeking behaviors, usually beginning in early childhood, including inappropriate ...
with some
antisocial Antisocial may refer to: Sociology, psychiatry and psychology *Anti-social behaviour *Antisocial personality disorder *Psychopathy *Conduct disorder Law *Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 *Anti-Social Behaviour Order *Crime and Disorder Act 1998 * ...
features

Narcissistic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a personality disorder characterized by a life-long pattern of exaggerated feelings of self-importance, an excessive need for admiration, a diminished ability or unwillingness to empathize with other ...
with some
antisocial Antisocial may refer to: Sociology, psychiatry and psychology *Anti-social behaviour *Antisocial personality disorder *Psychopathy *Conduct disorder Law *Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 *Anti-Social Behaviour Order *Crime and Disorder Act 1998 * ...
features

Borderline personality disorder Borderline personality disorder (BPD), also known as emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD), is a personality disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of unstable interpersonal relationships, distorted sense of self, and strong ...
with some
antisocial Antisocial may refer to: Sociology, psychiatry and psychology *Anti-social behaviour *Antisocial personality disorder *Psychopathy *Conduct disorder Law *Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 *Anti-Social Behaviour Order *Crime and Disorder Act 1998 * ...
features , Disingenous histrionic personality

Unprincipled narcissistic personality

Impulsive borderline personality , - , colspan=2, VII. Cluster of unstable psychopaths ''(russian: Группа неустойчивых психопатов)'' , , * a penchant for addiction, inclination to drug abuse * weak character and superficiality * indolence and
vagrancy Vagrancy is the condition of homelessness without regular employment or income. Vagrants (also known as bums, vagabonds, rogues, tramps or drifters) usually live in poverty and support themselves by begging, scavenging, petty theft, temporar ...
(they usually end up at the bottom of the heap) * exposure to malignant social influence * mediocrity, averageness ,
Haltlose personality disorder Haltlose personality disorder was a type of personality disorder diagnosis largely used in German-, Russian- and French-speaking countries. The German word ''haltlose'' refers to being "unstable" (literally: "without footing"), and in English- ...
,
Antisocial Personality Disorder Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD or infrequently APD) is a personality disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of disregard of, or violation of, the rights of others as well as a difficulty sustaining long-term relationships. Lack ...
with some
schizoid Schizoid personality disorder (, often abbreviated as SzPD or ScPD) is a personality disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency toward a solitary or sheltered lifestyle, secretiveness, emotional coldness ...
and
avoidant Avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) is a Cluster C personality disorder characterized by excessive social anxiety and inhibition, fear of intimacy (despite an intense desire for it), severe feelings of inadequacy and inferiority, and an overre ...
features

Borderline personality disorder Borderline personality disorder (BPD), also known as emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD), is a personality disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of unstable interpersonal relationships, distorted sense of self, and strong ...
with some negativistic features , Nomadic antisocial personality

Petulant borderline personality , - , colspan=2, VIII. Cluster of antisocial psychopaths ''(russian: Группа антисоциальных психопатов)'', , * strongly pronounced moral defects * emotional bluntness * indifference to praise and criticism * deceitfulness combined with listlessness * a penchant for oblectation of the senses and torment ,
Antisocial personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD or infrequently APD) is a personality disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of disregard of, or violation of, the rights of others as well as a difficulty sustaining long-term relationships. Lack ...
combined with some
paranoid Paranoia is an instinct or thought process that is believed to be heavily influenced by anxiety or fear, often to the point of delusion and irrationality. Paranoid thinking typically includes persecutory beliefs, or beliefs of conspiracy c ...
and
sadistic Sadism may refer to: * Sadomasochism, the giving or receiving of pleasure from acts involving the receipt or infliction of pain or humiliation * Sadistic personality disorder, an obsolete term proposed for individuals who derive pleasure from the s ...
features. Sometimes
schizoid Schizoid personality disorder (, often abbreviated as SzPD or ScPD) is a personality disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency toward a solitary or sheltered lifestyle, secretiveness, emotional coldness ...
features can also be present , Malevolent antisocial personality , - , colspan=2, IX. Cluster of constitutionally stupid ''(russian: Группа конституционально глупых)'' , , * high conformity (extremely influenced by public opinion) * excessive suggestibility * lack of originality * stereotypeness and conventionalism ,
Dependent personality disorder Dependent personality disorder (DPD) is characterized by a pervasive psychological dependence on other people. This personality disorder is a long-term condition in which people depend on others to meet their emotional and physical needs, with on ...
. Some masochistic and depressive features can also be present , Immature, accommodating or selfless dependent personality Some elements of Gannushkin's typology were later incorporated into a theory developed by
Andrey Yevgenyevich Lichko Andrey Yevgenyevich Lichko (russian: Андре́й Евге́ньевич Личко; 1926–1994) was a Russian psychiatrist, an honored science worker of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Medicine, and vice principal of Saint-Petersburg Psychon ...
, another Russian psychiatrist interested in personality disorders together with their milder forms, the " accentuations of character" (russian: акцентуации характера).Личко А. Е. Психопатии и акцентуации характера у подростков. — Речь, 2010. — .


Bibliography

Taken as a whole, Gannushkin's bibliography includes three monographs, 19 articles, nine introductory notes for monographs and anthologies, and approximately 100 reviews.


See also

*
Theodore Millon Theodore Millon () (August 18, 1928 – January 29, 2014) was an American psychologist known for his work on personality disorders. He founded the ''Journal of Personality Disorders'' and was the inaugural president of the International Society fo ...
(1928-2014) — a researcher of psychopathies, now known as
personality disorders Personality disorders (PD) are a class of mental disorders characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating from those accepted by the individual's culture ...
. *
Andrey Yevgenyevich Lichko Andrey Yevgenyevich Lichko (russian: Андре́й Евге́ньевич Личко; 1926–1994) was a Russian psychiatrist, an honored science worker of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Medicine, and vice principal of Saint-Petersburg Psychon ...
(1926-1994) — a researcher interested in personality disorders along with their milder forms, the so-called accentuations of character.


References


External links

*
Труды клиники на Девичьем Поле
(notes on the psychiatric clinic on
Devichye Pole Devichye Pole (russian: links=no, Девичье поле, , Maidens' Field) is a historical medical campus, built between 1887 and 1897 in Khamovniki District of Moscow, Russia, to the master plan of Konstantin Bykovski. It is located between the ...
) *
Клиника малой психиатрии
(clinical manifestations in mild psychiatric syndromes) {{DEFAULTSORT:Gannushkin, Pyotr 1875 births 1933 deaths People from Ryazan Oblast People from Pronsky Uyezd Russian psychiatrists Russian social scientists Natural scientists Bipolar disorder researchers Obsessive–compulsive disorder researchers Imperial Moscow University alumni Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery