Pune (; ; also known as Poona, ( the official name from 1818 until 1978) is one of the most important industrial and educational hubs of India, with an estimated population of 7.4 million As of 2021, Pune Metropolitan Region is the largest in Maharashtra by area, with a geographical area of 7,256 sq km. It has been ranked "the most liveable city in India" several times. Pune is also considered to be the cultural and educational capital of Maharashtra. Along with the municipal corporation area of PCMC, PMC and the three cantonment towns of

Camp Camp may refer to: Outdoor accommodation and recreation * Campsite or campground, a recreational outdoor sleeping and eating site * a temporary settlement for nomads * Camp, a term used in New England, Northern Ontario and New Brunswick to descri ...

Khadki Khadki is a cantonment in the city of Pune, India. It has now flourished as a quasi-metropolis & centered in the northern region of the city. Description Khadki could be considered an Indian Army base, along with an ordnance factory consist ...

, and

Dehu Road Dehu Road Cantt, is a military cantonment in the city of Pune, India which was established in October 1958. The Dehu Ordnance Depot and Dehu Ammunition Depot was setup in the 1940s. The Dehu Road Cantonment Board was established in the year 195 ...

, Pune forms the urban core of the eponymous

Pune Metropolitan Region Pune Metropolitan Region (PMR) is the metropolitan region around the city of Pune. According to practical purposes, PMR comprises two Municipal Corporations of PMC, PCMC and three Cantonment Boards, spread over an area of 7,256.46 km2. T ...

(PMR). Situated {{convert, 560, m, 0, abbr=off above sea level on the

Deccan plateau The large Deccan Plateau in southern India is located between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats, and is loosely defined as the peninsular region between these ranges that is south of the Narmada river. To the north, it is bounded by th ...

, on the right bank of the

Mutha river The Mutha River is a river in western Maharashtra, India. It arises in the Western Ghats and flows eastward until it merges with the Mula River in the city of Pune. It has been dammed twice, first at the Panshet Dam (on the Ambi River), us ...

,{{cite web , last=Nalawade , first=S.B. , url=http://www.ranwa.org/punealive/pageog.htm , title=Geography of Pune Urban Area , publisher=Ranwa , access-date=4 April 2008 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222080029/http://www.ranwa.org/punealive/pageog.htm , archive-date=22 December 2007 Pune is also the administrative headquarters of the

Pune district Pune district (Marathi pronunciation: uɳeː is the most populous district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The district's population was 9,429,408 in the 2011 census, making it the fourth most populous district amongst India's 640 district ...

. In the 18th century, the city was the seat of the

Peshwa The Peshwa (Pronunciation: e(ː)ʃʋaː was the appointed (later becoming hereditary) prime minister of the Maratha Empire of the Indian subcontinent. Originally, the Peshwas served as subordinates to the Chhatrapati (the Maratha king); later ...

s, the prime ministers of the

Maratha Empire The Maratha Empire, also referred to as the Maratha Confederacy, was an early modern Indian confederation that came to dominate much of the Indian subcontinent in the 18th century. Maratha rule formally began in 1674 with the coronation of Sh ...

, and one of the most important political centres in the

Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent is a list of the physiographic regions of the world, physiographical region in United Nations geoscheme for Asia#Southern Asia, Southern Asia. It is situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian O ...

. The city was previously also ruled by the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, the

Mughals The Mughal Empire was an early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries. Quote: "Although the first two Timurid emperors and many of their noblemen were recent migrants to the subcontinent, the d ...

and the

Adil Shahi dynasty The Adil Shahi or Adilshahi, was a Shia,Salma Ahmed Farooqui, ''A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century'', (Dorling Kindersley Pvt Ltd., 2011), 174. and later Sunni Muslim,Muhammad Qasim Firishta's ...

. Historical landmarks include the

Lal Mahal The Lal Mahal (Red Palace) of Pune is one of the most famous monuments located in Pune, India, where Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, founder of the Maratha Empire spent his childhood. History In the year 1630 AD, Shivaji Maharaj's Father Shahaji ...

, the Kasba Ganapati temple and Shaniwar Wada. Major historical events involving the city include the

Mughal–Maratha Wars The Mughal–Maratha Wars, sometimes referred to as a whole as the Deccan War, the Maratha War of Independence, or the Twenty-Seven Years' War were a set of wars fought between the Mughal Empire and the Maratha Empire from 1680 until the death ...

and the Anglo-Maratha Wars. Pune after

Bangalore Bangalore (), List of renamed places in India, officially Bengaluru (), is the Capital city, capital and largest city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It has a population of more than and a metropolitan area, metropolitan population of a ...

is widely regarded to be the second major IT hub in India. It is also the most important automobile and manufacturing hub of India.—{{cite web, title=Pune shifts to top most gear as automobile hub, url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/Pune-shifts-to-top-gear-as-automobile-hub/article15911528.ece, work=

The Hindu ''The Hindu'' is an Indian English-language daily newspaper owned by The Hindu Group, headquartered in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It began as a weekly in 1878 and became a daily in 1889. It is one of the Indian newspapers of record and the secon ...

, author=Ramnath Subbu, date=13 September 2010, access-date=4 March 2017
—{{cite web, title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025, url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/journey-from-auto-hub-to-industry-4-0-in-pune-4743553/, publisher=

Indian Express Limited Indian Express Limited is an Indian news media publishing company. It publishes several widely circulated dailies, including ''The Indian Express'' and '' The Financial Express'' in English, the ''Loksatta'' in Marathi and the '' Jansatta'' in ...

, author=Partha Sarathi Biswas, date=10 July 2017, access-date=10 July 2017
—{{cite journal , last1=Krishnamurthy , first1=Rashmi , last2=Mishra , first2=Rajeev , last3=Desouza , first3=Kevin C., date= April 2016, title=City profile: Pune, India , url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275116300087 , journal=Cities , publisher=

Elsevier Elsevier () is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content. Its products include journals such as '' The Lancet'', ''Cell'', the ScienceDirect collection of electronic journals, '' Trends'', ...

, volume=53 , pages=98–109 , doi=10.1016/j.cities.2016.01.011 , access-date=5 July 2020
—{{cite book , last1=Gulhane , first1=Vidyadhar , last2=Tarambale , first2= M. R., last3=Nerkar , first3=YP, s2cid=26480235 , title=2006 IEEE Conference on Electric and Hybrid Vehicles , date=23 April 2007 , chapter=A Scope for the Research and Development Activities on Electric Vehicle Technology in Pune City , publisher=IEEE, pages= 1–8, doi=10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352285 , isbn=978-0-7803-9793-4 Pune has several world class educational institutions and is therefore widely regarded as "Oxford of the East". The city has emerged as a major global educational hub in recent decades, with nearly half of the total number of international students in the country studying in Pune. Distinguished institutes of engineering, information technology, film school as well as management science and advanced training, attract students and professionals from India and overseas.

Etymology

The earliest reference to Pune is an inscription on a

Rashtrakuta Dynasty Rashtrakuta ( IAST: ') (r. 753-982 CE) was a royal Indian dynasty ruling large parts of the Indian subcontinent between the sixth and 10th centuries. The earliest known Rashtrakuta inscription is a 7th-century copper plate grant detailing thei ...

copper plate dated 937 CE, which refers to the town as Punya-Vishaya, meaning 'sacred news'.{{cite web, url=https://www.punediary.com/html/historyevents.html, title=India Maharashtra Pune History Event Of Pune Time Line Of Pune (Punediary.com), website=Punediary.com, access-date=28 April 2018, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429092401/https://www.punediary.com/html/historyevents.html, archive-date=29 April 2018, url-status=live By the 13th century, it had come to be known as Punawadi. During the Rashtrakuta dynasty, the city was referred to as Punnaka and Punyapur, while the copper plates of 758 and 768 CE show that the Yadava dynasty had renamed the city Punakavishaya and Punya Vishaya. 'Vishaya' means land, and 'Punaka' and 'Punya' mean holy. The city was known as Kasbe Pune when under the command of Maratha king

Shivaji Shivaji Bhonsale I (; 19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680), also referred to as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, was an Indian ruler and a member of the Bhonsle Maratha clan. Shivaji carved out his own independent kingdom from the declining Adil ...

's father, Shahaji Raje Bhosale. Mughal emperor Aurangzeb renamed the city Muhiyabad (the only divergent naming) some time between 1703 and 1705 in memory of his great-grandson Muhi-ul-Milan, who died there. The name Muhiyabad was lost soon after Aurangzeb's death. Anglicized to Poona in 1857 by the English during British rule, the city's name was changed to Pune in 1978.

History

{{Main, History of Pune

Early and Medieval Period

Copper plates dated 858 and 868{{nbsCE show that by the 9th century an agricultural settlement known as Punnaka existed at the location of the modern Pune. The plates indicate that this region was ruled by the

Rashtrakuta dynasty Rashtrakuta ( IAST: ') (r. 753-982 CE) was a royal Indian dynasty ruling large parts of the Indian subcontinent between the sixth and 10th centuries. The earliest known Rashtrakuta inscription is a 7th-century copper plate grant detailing thei ...

. The

Pataleshwar The Pataleshwar Caves, also referred to as the Panchaleshvara temple or Bhamburde Pandav cave temple, are an 8th century rock-cut Hindu temple from the Rashtrakuta period located in Pune, Maharashtra, India. Dedicated to Shiva, it was a monum ...

rock-cut temple complex was built during this era. Pune was part of the territory ruled by the

Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri The Seuna, Sevuna, or Yadavas of Devagiri (IAST: Seuṇa, –1317) was a Medieval Indian dynasty, which at its peak ruled a kingdom stretching from the Narmada river in the north to the Tungabhadra river in the south, in the western part of t ...

from the 9th century to 1327. Pune was under control of Muslim leaders till the late 16th century.{{citation needed, date=September 2022

The Maratha Empire

Pune was part of the Jagir (fiefdom) granted to

Maloji Bhosale Maloji Bhosale was a Maratha sardar (general) who served the Ahmadnagar Sultanate in Malik Ambar's army. He was the father of Shahaji and the grandfather of Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Empire. Early life Maloji was born in 1552 to Bab ...

in 1599 for his services to the Nizamshahi (Ahmadnagar Sultanate).{{cite book, author=Govind Sakharam Sardesai, title=New History of the Marathas: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and his line (1600–1707), url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1DAAAAYAAJ, year=1957, publisher=Phoenix Publications, page=58, isbn=9788121500654, access-date=26 October 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103114931/http://books.google.com/books?id=zG1DAAAAYAAJ, archive-date=3 November 2013, url-status=live Pune was ruled by the Ahmadnagar Sultanate until it was annexed by the Mughals in the 17th century. Maloji Bhosale's grandson, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the founder of the

, was born at the fort of

Shivneri Shivneri Fort (Marathi pronunciation: �iʋneɾiː is a 17th-century military fortification located near Junnar in Pune district in Maharashtra, India. It is the birthplace of Shivaji, the emperor and founder of Maratha Empire. History Shivneri ...

, about 90 km from Pune. It changed hands several times between the

and the

Maratha The Marathi people ( Marathi: मराठी लोक) or Marathis are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group who are indigenous to Maharashtra in western India. They natively speak Marathi, an Indo-Aryan language. Maharashtra was formed as ...

s in the period 1680 to 1705. After the destruction of the town in raids by the

in 1630 and again between 1636 and 1647, Dadoji Konddeo, the successor to Dhadphale, oversaw the reconstruction of the town. He stabilised the revenue collection and administrative systems of the areas around Pune and the neighbouring

Maval Maval is a tehsil in a subdivision of the same name, in the Pune district of Maharashtra, India. Description The word Maval is derived from a Marathi word ''Maval'', meaning the direction in which the sun sets. This region is towards the west ...

region. He also developed effective methods to manage disputes and to enforce law and order. The

was commissioned in 1631 and construction was completed in 1640 AD. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj spent his young years at the Lal Mahal. His mother, Jijabai is said to have commissioned the building of the Kasba Ganapati temple. The

Ganesha Ganesha ( sa, गणेश, ), also known as Ganapati, Vinayaka, and Pillaiyar, is one of the best-known and most worshipped Deva_(Hinduism), deities in the Hindu deities, Hindu pantheon and is the Supreme God in Ganapatya sect. His image is ...

idol consecrated at this temple has been regarded as the presiding deity ('' Gramadevata'') of the city. From 1703 to 1705, towards the end of the 27-year-long

, the town was occupied by Aurangzeb and its name was changed to Muhiyabad. But the name was erased soon after Aurangzeb's death.

Peshwa Rule

In 1720, Baji Rao I was appointed

(prime minister) of the Maratha Empire by

Shahu I Chhatrapati Shahu Bhosale I (Pronunciation: �aːɦuː CE) was the fifth Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire founded by his grandfather, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Born into the Bhonsle family, he was the son of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj ...

, the fifth Chhatrapati of the

.{{cite book, author=Jaswant Lal Mehta, title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC, date=1 January 2005, publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, isbn=978-1-932705-54-6, page=89 As the Peshwa, Bajirao moved his base from

Saswad Saswad is a municipal council located on South-Eastern corridor of Pune district of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Saswad is situated on the banks of the Karha River. Saswad is about 31 km from Pune-Central Station. History Saswad is a ...

to Pune in 1728, marking the beginning of the transformation of what was a ''

kasbah A kasbah (, also ; ar, قَـصَـبَـة, qaṣaba, lit=fortress, , Maghrebi Arabic: ), also spelled qasba, qasaba, or casbah, is a fortress, most commonly the citadel or fortified quarter of a city. It is also equivalent to the term ''alca ...

'' into a large city.{{Cite journal, last=Gokhale, first=Balkrishna Govind, date=1985, title=The Religious Complex in Eighteenth-Century Pune, journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society, volume=105, issue=4, pages=719–724, doi=10.2307/602730, jstor=602730 He also commissioned the construction of the Shaniwar Wada on the right bank of the

Mutha River The Mutha River is a river in western Maharashtra, India. It arises in the Western Ghats and flows eastward until it merges with the Mula River in the city of Pune. It has been dammed twice, first at the Panshet Dam (on the Ambi River), us ...

. The construction was completed in 1730, ushering in the era of Peshwa control of the city. Bajirao's son and successor,

Nanasaheb Baji Bajirao (8 December 1720 – 23 June 1761), also known as Nana Saheb I, was the 8th Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy in India. He was appointed as Peshwa in 1740 upon the death of his illustrious father, the Peshwa Bajirao I. During ...

constructed a lake at

Katraj Katraj is suburb of Pune in the Indian state of Maharashtra, and within the jurisdiction of Pune Municipal Corporation. Katraj is famous for its Peshwa-era (18th century) lake that supplied water to the city during that period. The village li ...

on the outskirts of the city and an underground aqueduct to bring water from the lake to Shaniwar Wada and the city. The aqueduct was still in working order in 2004. The patronage of the Maratha Peshwas resulted in a great expansion of Pune, with the construction of around 250 temples and bridges in the city, including the Lakdi Pul and the temples on

Parvati Hill Parvati Hill is a hillock in Pune, India. The hillock rises to above sea level. Atop the hillock is the Parvati Temple, one of the most scenic locations in Pune. The temple is the oldest heritage structure in Pune and was built during the rule ...

and many Maruti,

Vithoba Vithoba, also known as Vi(t)thal(a) and Panduranga, is a Hindu deity predominantly worshipped in the Indian state of Maharashtra and Karnataka. He is generally considered as a manifestation of the god Vishnu, or his avatar Krishna. Vithoba is ...

Vishnu Vishnu ( ; , ), also known as Narayana and Hari, is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. He is the supreme being within Vaishnavism, one of the major traditions within contemporary Hinduism. Vishnu is known as "The Preserver" withi ...

, Mahadeo,

Rama Rama (; ), Ram, Raman or Ramar, also known as Ramachandra (; , ), is a major deity in Hinduism. He is the seventh and one of the most popular '' avatars'' of Vishnu. In Rama-centric traditions of Hinduism, he is considered the Supreme Bein ...

Krishna Krishna (; sa, कृष्ण ) is a major deity in Hinduism. He is worshipped as the eighth avatar of Vishnu and also as the Supreme god in his own right. He is the god of protection, compassion, tenderness, and love; and is one ...

, and

Ganesh Ganesha ( sa, गणेश, ), also known as Ganapati, Vinayaka, and Pillaiyar, is one of the best-known and most worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon and is the Supreme God in Ganapatya sect. His image is found throughout India. Hindu ...

temples. The building of temples led to religion being responsible for about 15% of the city's economy during this period. Pune prospered as a city during the reign of Nanasaheb Peshwa. He developed Saras Baug, Heera Baug, Parvati Hill and new commercial,

trading Trade involves the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money. Economists refer to a system or network that allows trade as a market. An early form of trade, barter, saw the direct excha ...

, and residential localities. Sadashiv Peth, Narayan Peth, Rasta Peth and Nana Peth were developed. The Peshwa's influence in India declined after the defeat of Maratha forces at the Battle of Panipat but Pune remained the seat of power. In 1802 Pune was captured by

Yashwantrao Holkar Yashwant Rao Holkar (c. 1776-1811) also known as Jaswantrao Holkar belonging to the Holkar dynasty of the Maratha Empire was the Maharaja of the Maratha Empire. He was a gifted military leader and educated in accountancy as well as literate in ...

in the

Battle of Poona The Battle of Pune took place on 25 October 1802 near Pune between the rival factions of the Maratha empire. The forces of the Scindia (Shinde) and the Peshwa Bajirao II were attacked by the Holkars. While the British East India Company was no ...

, directly precipitating the

Second Anglo-Maratha War } The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805) was the second conflict between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India. Background The British had supported the "fugitive" Peshwa Raghunathrao in the First Anglo-Maratha War ...

of 1803–1805. The Peshwa rule ended with the defeat of Peshwa

Bajirao II Shrimant Peshwa Baji Rao II (10 January 1775 – 28 January 1851) was the 13th and the last Peshwa of the Maratha Empire. He governed from 1795 to 1818. He was installed as a puppet ruler by the Maratha nobles, whose growing power prompted him ...

by the

British East India Company The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and South ...

in 1818.{{cite book, author=M. S. Naravane, title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC&pg=PR7, year=2006, publisher=APH Publishing, isbn=978-81-313-0034-3, pages=80–86 Historian

Govind Sakharam Sardesai Govind Sakharam Sardesai (17 May 1865 – 29 November 1959), popularly known as ''Riyasatkar Sardesai'', was a historian from Maharashtra, India. Through his ''Riyasats'' written in Marathi, Sardesai presented an account of over 1,000 years ...

lists 163 prominent families that held high ranks and played significant roles in politics, military, and finance in 18th century Pune. Of these 163 families, a majority(80) were

Deshastha Brahmins Deshastha Brahmin is a Hindu Brahmin subcaste mainly from the Indian state of Maharashtra and northern area of the state of Karnataka. Other than these states, according to authors K. S. Singh, Gregory Naik and Pran Nath Chopra, Deshastha B ...

, 46 were Chitpawan, 15 were

Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu (CKP) is a caste group mainly found in Maharashtra. Historically, they made equally good warriors, statesmen as well as writers. They held the posts such as Deshpandes and Gadkaris and according to the historian, ...

(

CKP Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu (CKP) is a caste group mainly found in Maharashtra. Historically, they made equally good warriors, statesmen as well as writers. They held the posts such as Deshpandes and Gadkaris and according to the histor ...

) whereas

Karhade Brahmin Karhaḍe Brahmins (also spelled as Karada Brahmins or Karad Brahmins) are a Hindu Brahmin sub-caste mainly from the Indian state of Maharashtra, but are also distributed in states of Goa, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh. Classification Along w ...

and Saraswat accounted for 11 families each.{{cite book, author=Balkrishna Govind Gokhale, title=Poona in the Eighteenth Century: An Urban History, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9QcAAAAMAAJ, pages=111, 112, year=1988, publisher=Oxford University Press, isbn=9780195621372, quote=The caste composition of these leaders throws an interesting light on the nature and functioning of the upper echelons of Poona society. The late Professor G.S.Sardesai compiled a list of prominent historical families who played significant political, military and financial roles in Poona's affairs during the Eighteenth Century. The list contains the names and genealogies of 163 families. The caste affiliations of the families are Deshasthas 80 Chitpawans 46 Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus 15 Karhadas 11 Saraswats 11.

British Rule (1818 – 1947)

The

Third Anglo-Maratha War The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1819) was the final and decisive conflict between the English East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India. The war left the Company in control of most of India. It began with an invasion of Maratha ter ...

broke out between the Marathas and

the British East India Company The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and Southea ...

in 1817. The Peshwas were defeated at the

Battle of Khadki The Battle of Khadki, also known as or The Battle of Ganeshkhind, took place at modern day Khadki, India on 5 November 1817 between the forces of the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire under the leadership of Appasaheb Bhonsle. T ...

(then spelled Kirkee) on 5{{nbsNovember near Pune and the city was seized by the British. It was placed under the administration of the Bombay Presidency and the British built a large military cantonment to the east of the city (now used by the

Indian Army The Indian Army is the land-based branch and the largest component of the Indian Armed Forces. The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Army, and its professional head is the Chief of Army Staff (COAS), who is a four- ...

).{{citation needed, date=November 2019 The Southern Command of the

was established in 1895 and has its headquarters in

Pune cantonment Cantt, also known as Camp, is a military cantonment located in the city of Pune, India. It was established in 1817 for accommodating troops of the Indian Army. The cantonment houses many military establishments. It is also known for its shoppi ...

. The city of Pune was known as Poona during British rule. Poona Municipality was established in 1858. A railway line from Bombay to the city opened in 1858, run by the

Great Indian Peninsula Railway The Great Indian Peninsula Railway (reporting mark GIPR) was a predecessor of the Central Railway (and by extension, the current state-owned Indian Railways), whose headquarters was at the Boree Bunder in Mumbai (later, the Victoria Terminu ...

(GIPR). Navi Peth, Ganj Peth (now renamed Mahatma Phule Peth) were developed during the

British Raj The British Raj (; from Hindi ''rāj'': kingdom, realm, state, or empire) was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent; * * it is also called Crown rule in India, * * * * or Direct rule in India, * Quote: "Mill, who was him ...

.{{Citation needed, date=April 2018

Centre of Social Reform and Nationalism

Pune was prominently associated with the struggle for Indian independence. In the period between 1875 and 1910, the city was a centre of agitation led by

Gopal Krishna Gokhale Gopal Krishna Gokhale ( �ɡoːpaːl ˈkrɪʂɳə ˈɡoːkʰleː9 May 1866 – 19 February 1915) was an Indian 'moderate' political leader and a social reformer during the Indian independence movement. Gokhale was a senior leader of the India ...

and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The city was also a centre for social reform led by

Gopal Ganesh Agarkar ''Gopal Ganesh Agarkar'' (14 July 1856 – 17 June 1895) was an Indian social reformer, educationist, and thinker from Maharashtra, India. At one time a close associate of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, he was co-founder of multiple educational in ...

, Mahatma Jyotirao Phule, feminist Tarabai Shinde,

Dhondo Keshav Karve '' Dhondo Keshav Karve (18 April 1858 – 9 November 1962), popularly known as Maharshi Karve, was a social reformer in India in the field of women's welfare. He advocated widow remarriage and he himself married a widow. Karve was a pioneer in ...

and Pandita Ramabai. They demanded the abolition of caste prejudice, equal rights for women, harmony between the

Hindu Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...

and Muslim communities, and better schools for the poor.

Mahatma Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (; ; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist Quote: "... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure who transformed ... anti- ...

was imprisoned at the

Yerwada Central Jail Yerwada Central Jail is a noted high-security prison in Yerwada, Pune in Maharashtra. This is the largest prison in the state of Maharashtra, and also one of the largest prisons in South Asia, housing over 5,000 prisoners (2017) spread over va ...

several times and placed under house arrest at the

Aga Khan Palace The Aga Khan Palace was built by Sultan Muhammed Shah Aga Khan III in the city of Pune, India. The palace was an act of charity by the spiritual leader of the Nizari Ismaili Muslims, who wanted to help the poor in the neighbouring areas of Pun ...

between 1942 and 1944, where both his wife

Kasturba Gandhi Kasturbai Mohandas Gandhi (, born Kasturbai Gokuldas Kapadia; 11 April 1869 – 22 February 1944) was an Indian political activist. She married Mohandas Gandhi, more commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi, in 1883. With her husband and her eldest so ...

and aide Mahadev Desai died.{{cite book, author=John B. Severance, title=Gandhi, Great Soul, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrWhSlAI6QAC&pg=PA9, year=1997, publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, isbn=978-0-395-77179-2, pages=113–115

Savarkar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (), Marathi pronunciation: �inaːjək saːʋəɾkəɾ also commonly known as Veer Savarkar (28 May 1883 – 26 February 1966), was an Indian politician, activist, and writer. Savarkar developed the Hindu nationali ...

used to study in Fergusson College and performed the "Holi" of foreign items near

bank {{Citation needed, date=February 2022.

Pune since Indian Independence

After Indian independence from the British in 1947, Pune saw enormous growth transforming it into a modern metropolis. The Poona Municipal Council was reorganised to form the

Pune Municipal Corporation The Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC, IAST: Puṇe Mahānagarpālikā) is the civic body that governs the inner limits of Pune, India. It is in charge of the civic needs and infrastructure of the metropolis, which is spread over an area of 48 ...

(PMC) in 1950. The education sector in the city continued its growth in the post-independence era with the establishment of the University of Pune (now, Savitribai Phule Pune University) in 1949, the

National Chemical Laboratory The National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) is an Indian government laboratory based in Pune, in western India. Popularly known as NCL, a constituent member of the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) India, it was established in 1 ...

in 1950 and the

National Defence Academy The National Defence Academy (NDA) is the joint defence service training institute of the Indian Armed Forces, where cadets of the three services i.e. the Indian Army, the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force train together before they go on ...

in 1955. The establishment of

Hindustan Antibiotics Hindustan Antibiotics Limited (HAL),is an Indian central public sector undertaking under the ownership of Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India. It is based in Pune, India. It is the first government-owned-drug manufactu ...

in 1954 marked the beginning of industrial development in the

Hadapsar Hadapsar is a developed town in eastern Pune City, Maharashtra. After 1990, Hadapsar developed into a major industrial area and is now one of the most densely populated and developed areas of Pune District. It is well connected to all parts of ...

, Bhosari, and

Pimpri Pimpri is an affluent neighbourhood in the northwestern city limits of Pune, India. Demographics The main language spoken in the town is Marathi. It is a business hub in India famous for its clothing and eateries. Well versed with religious s ...

areas.{{cite book, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iq0hz5q8iw0C&pg=PR7, title=Human Resources Development, author=B.D. Kolekar, publisher=Northern Book Centre, year=1993, isbn=978-81-7211-044-4, pages=17–19{{cite web, url=http://pune.gov.in/history/mevents3.htm, title=Historical Events in Pune, publisher=NIC – District-Pune, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202072725/http://pune.gov.in/history/mevents3.htm, archive-date=2 December 2008, url-status=dead, access-date=29 October 2009

MIDC Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) is a project of the government of Maharashtra state in India and is the leading corporation of Maharashtra. It provides businesses with infrastructure such as land (open plot or built-up spa ...

provided the necessary infrastructure for new businesses to set up operations.{{cite news, url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/03/30/stories/2002033000801300.htm, title=Pimpri-Chinchwad industrial belt: Placing Pune at the front, last=Menon, first=Sudha, date=30 March 2002, newspaper=The Hindu Business Line, access-date=29 January 2012, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414041221/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/03/30/stories/2002033000801300.htm, archive-date=14 April 2012, url-status=live In the 1970s, several engineering companies were set up in the city, allowing it to vie with

Chennai Chennai (, ), formerly known as Madras ( the official name until 1996), is the capital city of Tamil Nadu, the southernmost Indian state. The largest city of the state in area and population, Chennai is located on the Coromandel Coast of th ...

. In the 1990s, Pune began to attract foreign capital, particularly in the information technology and engineering industries. IT parks were established in Aundh,

Viman Nagar Viman Nagar is a residential and retail neighborhood in the Eastern Metropolitan Corridor of Pune and is one of the regions in the city. Viman Nagar is in close proximity to the Pune International Airport. During the Pre-independence era, the ne ...

Hinjawadi Hinjawadi (also incorrectly spelt Hinjewadi) is a suburb on the outskirts of Pune, India. It houses the Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, a large tech and business park spread over 2,800 acres, which was built by the Maharashtra Industrial Developm ...

, Wagholi, Kharadi and

Balewadi Balewadi is a residential suburban town of Pune, located in the city's Western Metropolitan Corridor. It is famous for the Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex which had hosted both the National Games in 1994 and the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Ga ...

Baner Baner is a suburb in the Western Metropolitan Corridor of Pune, India. Baner is well known for "Varkari" Parampara and Bhakti Aradhana from many years. Baner is bordered by Pashan in south, Balewadi to the west, Aundh to the north and Pune Un ...

region. As a result, the city saw a huge influx of people to the city due to opportunities offered by the manufacturing, and lately, the software industries. The breach in the Panshet dam and the resulting flood of 1961 led to severe damage and destruction of housing close to the river banks. The mishap spurred the development of new suburbs and housing complexes. To integrate urban planning, the

was defined in 1967 covering the area under PMC, the

Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune is the civic body that governs the neighbourhoods of Pimpri, Akurdi, Chinchwad, Nigdi, and the remainder of the northwestern city limits of Pune, India. It was established on 11 October 1982. It ...

, the three cantonments and the surrounding villages. In 1998 work on the six-lane Mumbai-Pune expressway began; it was completed in 2001. In 2008 the

Commonwealth Youth Games The Commonwealth Youth Games (CYG) is an international multi-sport event organized by the Commonwealth Games Federation. The games were held in the years, mid-way between when the Commonwealth Games are held, until 2008. They continued to be held ...

took place in Pune, which encouraged development in the northwest region of the city. On 13{{nbsFebruary 2010 a bomb exploded at the German Bakery in the upmarket

Koregaon Park Koregaon Park (earlier Koregaon Road Estate) is an area located in Pune, in the state of Maharashtra in India. It is primarily a posh residential area with lush greenery, but of late has been growing into a commercial hub as well. Koregaon Park ...

neighbourhood in eastern Pune, killing 17 and injuring 60.{{cite news, url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/02/13/india.explosion/index.html, title=Eight killed in India restaurant blast, author=Harmeet Singh, date=13 February 2010, work=CNN, access-date=14 February 2010, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216130642/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/02/13/india.explosion/index.html, archive-date=16 February 2010, url-status=live Evidence suggested that the

Indian Mujahideen Indian Mujahideen (IM) is an Islamic terrorist group which has been particularly active in India. The jihadist group was founded as an offshoot of the Students' Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) by several radicalized members including Iqbal Bh ...

terrorist group carried out the attack.{{cite book, author=Harsh V. Pant, title=Handbook of Indian Defence Policy: Themes, Structures and Doctrines, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBG4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT334, date=6 October 2015, publisher=Taylor & Francis, isbn=978-1-317-38008-5

21st-century

Pune evolved greatly since Indian Independence, from notable universities, colleges and management schools, earning it the nickname of the 'Oxford Of The East', to being one of the most important automobile manufacturing hub. Pune is also home to the world's largest vaccine manufacturer,

Serum Institute of India Serum Institute of India (SII) is an Indian biotechnology and biopharmaceuticals company, based in Pune. It is the world's largest manufacturer of vaccines. It was founded by Cyrus Poonawalla in 1966 and is a part of Cyrus Poonawalla Group. ...

, which during the

COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identi ...

manufactured around 5,000 vaccine doses every minute.

Geography

Pune is situated at approximately 18° 32" north latitude and 73° 51" east longitude. The city's total area is 15.642 km². By road Pune is {{convert, 1173, km, mi, abbr=on south of

Delhi Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. Straddling the Yamuna river, primarily its western or right bank, Delhi shares borders ...

, {{convert, 734, km, mi, abbr=on north of

, {{convert, 570, km, mi, abbr=on north-west of

Hyderabad Hyderabad ( ; , ) is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana and the ''de jure'' capital of Andhra Pradesh. It occupies on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River, in the northern part of Southern India ...

and {{convert, 149, km, mi, abbr=on south-east of

Mumbai Mumbai (, ; also known as Bombay — List of renamed Indian cities and states#Maharashtra, the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian States and union territories of India, state of Maharashtra and the ''de facto'' fin ...

. Pune lies on the western margin of the

, at an

altitude Altitude or height (also sometimes known as depth) is a distance measurement, usually in the vertical or "up" direction, between a reference datum and a point or object. The exact definition and reference datum varies according to the context ...

of {{convert, 560, m, ft, abbr=on above sea level. It is on the leeward side of the Sahyadri mountain range, which forms a barrier from the

Arabian Sea The Arabian Sea ( ar, اَلْبَحرْ ٱلْعَرَبِيُّ, Al-Bahr al-ˁArabī) is a region of the northern Indian Ocean bounded on the north by Pakistan, Iran and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by the Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel ...

. It is a hilly city, with Vetal Hill rising to {{convert, 800, m, ft, abbr=on above sea level. The Sinhagad fort is at an altitude of {{convert, 1300, m, abbr=off. The old city of Pune is at the confluence of the Mula and Mutha rivers. The Pavana, a tributary of Mula river and

Indrayani river The Indrayani River originates in Kurvande village near Lonavla, a hill station in the Sahyadri mountains of Maharashtra, India. Fed by rain, it flows east from there to meet the Bhima river, through the Hindu pilgrimage centers of Dehu and Al ...

, a tributary of the

Bhima river The Bhima River (also known as Chandrabhaga River) is a major river in Western India and South India. It flows southeast for through Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Telangana states, before entering the Krishna River. After the first sixty-five k ...

, traverse the northwest Neighbourhoods of Pune.

Cityscape

{{See also, List of neighbourhoods in Pune The modern city of Pune has many distinct neighbourhoods. These include the numerous peths of the old city on the eastern bank of the Mutha river, the cantonment areas of

and

established by the British, and numerous suburbs. There are several Peths in usual localities of the Pune city. The industrial growth in the

, Chinchwad, Akurdi, Nigdi and nearby areas allowed these areas to incorporate a new governing municipal corporation. The

(PMR), initially defined in 1967, has grown to 7,256 km² made up of the ten ''

talukas A tehsil (, also known as tahsil, taluka, or taluk) is a local unit of administrative division in some countries of South Asia. It is a subdistrict of the area within a district including the designated populated place that serves as its administr ...

'' of the

.{{cite web, url=http://www.pmrda.gov.in/background.html, title=Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority – PMRDA, website=Pmrda.gov.in, access-date=27 April 2018, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426144158/http://www.pmrda.gov.in/background.html, archive-date=26 April 2018, url-status=live The areas of PMC and PCMC along with the three cantonment areas of Camp, Khadki, and Dehu Road form the urban core of the PMR, which also includes seven municipal councils and 842 villages.{{Cite news, url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pmrda-area-notified-dp-to-be-announced-in-a-year-4712497/, title=PMRDA area notified, DP to be announced in a year, date=20 June 2017, work=The Indian Express, access-date=27 April 2018, language=en-US, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427045249/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pmrda-area-notified-dp-to-be-announced-in-a-year-4712497/, archive-date=27 April 2018, url-status=live Rapid industrialisation since the 1960s has led to large influx of people to the city. Housing supply has not kept pace with demand, causing the number of slum dwellings to increase. Approximately 36% of the population lives in 486 slum areas. Of these, 45% slum households do not have in-house toilet facilities and 10% do not have electricity. One third of the slums are on mixed ownership land. The living conditions in slums varies considerably, depending on their status (formal/informal) and in how far

non-governmental organisation A non-governmental organization (NGO) or non-governmental organisation (see spelling differences) is an organization that generally is formed independent from government. They are typically nonprofit entities, and many of them are active in ...

s (NGOs),

community organisation Community organization or Community Based Organization refers to organization aimed at making desired improvements to a community's social health, well-being, and overall functioning. Community organization occurs in geographically, psychosocially, ...

s (CBOs) and government agencies are involved and committed to improving local living conditions.{{cite journal, last1=Butsch, first1=Carsten, last2=Kumar, first2=Shamita, last3=Wagner, first3=Paul D., last4=Kroll, first4=Mareike, last5=Kantakumar, first5=Lakshmi N., last6=Bharucha, first6=Erach, date=2017, title=Growing 'Smart'? Urbanization Processes in the Pune Urban Agglomeration, journal=Sustainability, volume=9, issue=12, page=2335, doi=10.3390/su9122335, doi-access=free Since the 1990s a number of landmark integrated townships and gated communities have been developed in Pune such as

Magarpatta Magarpatta ( mr, मगरपट्टा ''Land of Magar family'') is a 450 acre, privately owned gated community in the Hadapsar area of Pune, India. It has a commercial area, residential area, hospital with several specialisations, shopp ...

, Nanded city, Amanora, Blue Ridge, Life Republic and

Lavasa Lavasa ( Marathi: , lavāsā) is a private, planned city built near Pune, India. It is stylistically based on the Italian town Portofino, with a street and several buildings bearing the name of that town. A or project being developed by HCC, ...

. They also offer business opportunities and access to infrastructure. According to the PMC, six townships with up to 15,000 housing units existed in Pune in 2012 and 25 more were in the planning process. The Mercer 2017 Quality of Living Rankings evaluated living conditions in more than 440 cities around the world and ranked Pune at 145, second highest in India after

at 144. The same source highlights Pune as being among evolving business centres and as one of nine emerging cities around the world with the citation "Hosts IT and automotive companies". The 2017 Annual Survey of India's City-Systems (ASICS) report, released by the Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy, adjudged Pune as the best governed of 23 major cities.

Peths in Pune

{{Main, Peths in Pune Peth is a general term in the Marathi language for a locality in Pune. Seventeen peths are located in Pune, which today constitute the old city of Pune. Most were established during the

Maratha empire The Maratha Empire, also referred to as the Maratha Confederacy, was an early modern Indian confederation that came to dominate much of the Indian subcontinent in the 18th century. Maratha rule formally began in 1674 with the coronation of Sh ...

era under the

and

rule of the city in the 18th century, before the arrival of the

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...

. Pune is home to many distinctive peths, or place names, for various neighborhoods. The majority of them bore the names of their founders and days of the week.

Climate

Pune has a tropical wet and dry (

Köppen Köppen is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Bernd Köppen (born 1951), German pianist and composer * Carl Köppen (1833-1907), German military advisor in Meiji era Japan * Edlef Köppen (1893–1939), German author and ...

''Aw'') climate, closely bordering upon a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen ''BSh'') with average temperatures ranging between {{convert, 20, and, 28, C, F. Pune experiences three seasons: summer,

monsoon A monsoon () is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal osci ...

, and winter. Typical summer months are from mid-March to mid-June, with maximum temperatures sometimes reaching {{convert, 42, C, F. The warmest month in Pune is May. The city often has heavy dusty winds in May, with humidity remaining high. Even during the hottest months, the nights are usually cool due to Pune's high altitude. The highest temperature recorded was {{convert, 43.3, °C, °F, abbr=on on 30{{nbsApril 1897. The monsoon lasts from June to October, with moderate rainfall and temperatures ranging from {{convert, 22, to, 28, C, F. Most of the {{convert, 722, mm, 2, abbr=on of annual rainfall in the city falls between June and September, and July is the wettest month of the year. Hailstorms are not unheard of. For most of December and January the daytime temperature hovers around {{convert, 29, °C, °F, 1 while overnight temperatures are below {{convert, 12, °C, °F, 1. The lowest temperature recorded was {{convert, 1.7, °C, 1 on 17{{nbsJanuary 1935. On March 1 2015, the city recorded a daytime high of only 18.9°C (66°F), which was the lowest recorded maximum temperature. {{Weather box, width = 100% , location = Pune (1981-2010, extremes 1901-2012) , metric first = yes , single line = yes , Jan record high C = 35.3 , Feb record high C = 38.9 , Mar record high C = 42.8 , Apr record high C = 43.3 , May record high C = 43.3 , Jun record high C = 41.7 , Jul record high C = 36.0 , Aug record high C = 35.0 , Sep record high C = 36.1 , Oct record high C = 37.8 , Nov record high C = 36.1 , Dec record high C = 35.0 , year record high C = 43.3 , Jan high C = 29.8 , Feb high C = 32.1 , Mar high C = 35.6 , Apr high C = 37.6 , May high C = 36.9 , Jun high C = 31.9 , Jul high C = 28.3 , Aug high C = 27.6 , Sep high C = 29.4 , Oct high C = 31.5 , Nov high C = 30.4 , Dec high C = 29.2 , year high C = 31.7 , Jan low C = 11.2 , Feb low C = 12.2 , Mar low C = 15.7 , Apr low C = 19.6 , May low C = 22.6 , Jun low C = 23.1 , Jul low C = 22.4 , Aug low C = 21.7 , Sep low C = 20.9 , Oct low C = 18.4 , Nov low C = 14.5 , Dec low C = 11.5 , year low C = 17.8 , Jan record low C = 1.7 , Feb record low C = 3.9 , Mar record low C = 7.2 , Apr record low C = 10.6 , May record low C = 13.8 , Jun record low C = 17.0 , Jul record low C = 18.9 , Aug record low C = 17.2 , Sep record low C = 13.2 , Oct record low C = 9.4 , Nov record low C = 4.6 , Dec record low C = 3.3 , year record low C = 1.7 , rain colour = green , Jan rain mm = 1.1 , Feb rain mm = 0.3 , Mar rain mm = 2.2 , Apr rain mm = 8.5 , May rain mm = 26.8 , Jun rain mm = 173.4 , Jul rain mm = 181.4 , Aug rain mm = 145.2 , Sep rain mm = 146.1 , Oct rain mm = 86.3 , Nov rain mm = 25.0 , Dec rain mm = 7.0 , year rain mm = 803.0 , Jan rain days = 0.2 , Feb rain days = 0.1 , Mar rain days = 0.2 , Apr rain days = 0.8 , May rain days = 1.9 , Jun rain days = 9.5 , Jul rain days = 12.4 , Aug rain days = 9.8 , Sep rain days = 8.0 , Oct rain days = 4.4 , Nov rain days = 1.2 , Dec rain days = 0.3 , year rain days = 48.7 , time day = 17:30 IST , Jan humidity = 34 , Feb humidity = 26 , Mar humidity = 21 , Apr humidity = 24 , May humidity = 37 , Jun humidity = 66 , Jul humidity = 76 , Aug humidity = 79 , Sep humidity = 73 , Oct humidity = 53 , Nov humidity = 43 , Dec humidity = 39 , year humidity = 47 , Jan sun = 294.5 , Feb sun = 282.5 , Mar sun = 300.7 , Apr sun = 303.0 , May sun = 313.1 , Jun sun = 183.0 , Jul sun = 114.7 , Aug sun = 111.6 , Sep sun = 177.0 , Oct sun = 244.9 , Nov sun = 264.0 , Dec sun = 279.0 , year sun = , Jand sun = 9.5 , Febd sun = 10.0 , Mard sun = 9.7 , Aprd sun = 10.1 , Mayd sun = 10.1 , Jund sun = 6.1 , Juld sun = 3.7 , Augd sun = 3.6 , Sepd sun = 5.9 , Octd sun = 7.9 , Novd sun = 8.8 , Decd sun = 9.0 , yeard sun = 7.9 , source 1 = India Meteorological Department {{cite web , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf , archive-date = 5 February 2020 , url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf , title = Station: Pune Climatological Table 1981–2010 , work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010 , publisher = India Meteorological Department , date = January 2015 , pages = 627–628 , access-date = 5 April 2020 {{cite web , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf , archive-date = 5 February 2020 , url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf , title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) , publisher = India Meteorological Department , date = December 2016 , page = M151 , access-date = 5 April 2020{{cite web , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042602/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20%26%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf , archive-date = 5 February 2020 , url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20&%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf , title = Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sun Shine (hours) at different locations in India , work = Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000) , publisher = India Meteorological Department , date = December 2016 , page = M-3 , access-date = 5 April 2020 , url-status = live , date=May 2014

Seismology

{{main, List of earthquakes in India Pune is {{convert, 100, km, mi, abbr=on north of the seismically active zone around

Koyna Dam The Koyna Dam is one of the largest dams in Maharashtra, India. It is a rubble-concrete dam constructed on Koyna River which rises in Mahabaleshwar, a hillstation in Sahyadri ranges. It is located in Koyna Nagar, Satara district, in the Wes ...

. The India Meteorological Department has assessed this area as being in Zone 3, on a scale of 2 to 5, with 5 being the most prone to earthquakes. Pune has experienced some moderate{{sndand many low{{sndintensity earthquakes in its history.

Demographics

{{Historical population , source = Census of India{{cn, date=August 2022 , 1901 , 153320 , 1951 , 488419 , 1971 , 856105 , 1981 , 1203351 , 1991 , 1566651 , 2001 , 2540069 , 2011 , 3124458 The city has a population of 3,124,458; while 5,057,709 people reside in the Pune Urban Agglomeration {{As of, 2011, alt=as of the 2011 census.{{cite web, url=http://www.punepages.com/demographics-of-pune, title=Demographics of Pune, publisher=Punepages.com, access-date=16 July 2010, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715132101/http://www.punepages.com/demographics-of-pune, archive-date=15 July 2011, url-status=live The latter was {{circa 4,485,000 in 2005. According to the

(PMC), 40% of the population lived in

slums A slum is a highly populated urban residential area consisting of densely packed housing units of weak build quality and often associated with poverty. The infrastructure in slums is often deteriorated or incomplete, and they are primarily in ...

in 2001. Since Pune is a major industrial metropolis, it has attracted migrants from all parts of India. The number of people migrating to Pune rose from 43,900 in 2001 to 88,200 in 2005. The sharp increase in population during the decade 1991–2001 led to the absorption of 38 fringe villages into the city.{{cite web, url=http://www.mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/actionplanpune11.pdf, title=Revised Action Plan for Control of Air Pollution in Pune, work=Census of India, Government of India (2001), publisher=Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, access-date=29 December 2008, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226073552/http://www.mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/actionplanpune11.pdf, archive-date=26 February 2009, url-status=dead The top five source areas of migrants are

Karnataka Karnataka (; ISO: , , also known as Karunāḍu) is a state in the southwestern region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act. Originally known as Mysore State , it was renamed ''Karnat ...

Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh (; , 'Northern Province') is a state in northern India. With over 200 million inhabitants, it is the most populated state in India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world. It was established in 1950 ...

Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh (, abbr. AP) is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of and tenth-most populous state with 49,386,799 inhabitants. It is bordered by Telangana to the ...

Gujarat Gujarat (, ) is a state along the western coast of India. Its coastline of about is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the fifth-largest Indian state by area, covering some ; and the ninth ...

, and

Rajasthan Rajasthan (; lit. 'Land of Kings') is a state in northern India. It covers or 10.4 per cent of India's total geographical area. It is the largest Indian state by area and the seventh largest by population. It is on India's northwestern s ...

. The

Sindhis Sindhis ( sd, سنڌي Perso-Arabic: सिन्धी Devanagari; ) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group who speak the Sindhi language and are native to the province of Sindh in Pakistan. After the partition of British Indian empire in 1947, man ...

in the city are mostly refugees and their descendants, who came to the area after the partition of India in 1947. Initially they settled in the Pimpri area, which is still home to a large number of

Sindhi people Sindhis ( sd, سنڌي Perso-Arabic: सिन्धी Devanagari; ) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group who speak the Sindhi language and are native to the province of Sindh in Pakistan. After the partition of British Indian empire in 1947, m ...

. However, they are also present in other parts of the city. As agriculture has dwindled in recent decades, immigration of the erstwhile rural peoples now accounts for 70 percent of the population growth. Marathi is the official and most spoken language. The average

literacy rate Literacy in its broadest sense describes "particular ways of thinking about and doing reading and writing" with the purpose of understanding or expressing thoughts or ideas in written form in some specific context of use. In other words, huma ...

of Pune was 86.15% in 2011 compared to 80.45% in 2001.

Religion

{{bar box , title=Religion in Pune (2011) , titlebar=#Fcd116 , left1=Religion , right1=Percent , float=right , bars= {{bar percent,

Hinduism Hinduism () is an Indian religion or '' dharma'', a religious and universal order or way of life by which followers abide. As a religion, it is the world's third-largest, with over 1.2–1.35 billion followers, or 15–16% of the global p ...

, orange, 79.43 {{bar percent, Islam, green, 11.03 {{bar percent,

Buddhism Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religions, Indian religion or Indian philosophy#Buddhist philosophy, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha. ...

, lightpink, 3.94 {{bar percent,

Jainism Jainism ( ), also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religion. Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four tirthankaras (supreme preachers of ''Dharma''), with the first in the current time cycle bein ...

, gold, 2.45 {{bar percent,

Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest and most widespread religion with roughly 2.38 billion followers representing one-third of the global pop ...

, red, 2.17 {{bar percent, Others, #808080, 0.63 {{bar percent, Not stated, #808081, 0.35 , caption=Others include Sikhs and

Parsi Parsis () or Parsees are an ethnoreligious group of the Indian subcontinent adhering to Zoroastrianism. They are descended from Persians who migrated to Medieval India during and after the Arab conquest of Iran (part of the early Muslim conq ...

s. {{See also, Hindu temples in Pune

is the dominant religion in Pune. Other religions with a significant presence include Islam,

Sikhism Sikhism (), also known as Sikhi ( pa, ਸਿੱਖੀ ', , from pa, ਸਿੱਖ, lit=disciple', 'seeker', or 'learner, translit=Sikh, label=none),''Sikhism'' (commonly known as ''Sikhī'') originated from the word ''Sikh'', which comes fro ...

and

Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism is an Iranian religion and one of the world's oldest organized faiths, based on the teachings of the Iranian-speaking prophet Zoroaster. It has a dualistic cosmology of good and evil within the framework of a monotheisti ...

. Of the many Hindu temples in the city, the Parvati temple complex on

and at least 250 others date back to the 18th century. These temples were commissioned by the

s, who ruled the city at the time, and are dedicated to various deities including Maruti,

, Mahadeo,

and

. The historic temples of Kasba Ganapati, the Tambadi (Red) Jogeshwari are considered the guardian deities of the city.{{cite journal, last1=Kantak, first1=M. R., date=1991–1992, title=Urbanization of Pune: How Its Ground Was Prepared, journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, volume=51/52, pages=489–495, jstor=42930432{{cite book, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dboMAAAAIAAJ, title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ..., author=Bombay (India : State), publisher=Government Central Press, year=1885, access-date=29 June 2018, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317045123/http://books.google.com/books?id=dBoMAAAAIAAJ, archive-date=17 March 2015, url-status=live Dagdusheth Halwai Ganapati Temple is the richest Ganesh temple in Pune. Pune has two of the most important pilgrimage centres of the

Varkari Warkari ( Marathi: वारकरी; Pronunciation: �aːɾkəɾiː Meaning: 'The one who performs the ''Wari) is a sampradaya (religious movement) within the bhakti spiritual tradition of Hinduism, geographically associated with the In ...

sect of the Bhakti movement in Maharashtra, namely

Alandi Alandi (Marathi pronunciation: ːɭən̪d̪iː is a town and a municipal council in the Pune district in the state of Maharashtra, India. The town is popular as a place of pilgrimage and the resting place of the 8th century Marathi saint ...

where the ''

samadhi ''Samadhi'' (Pali and sa, समाधि), in Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and yogic schools, is a state of meditative consciousness. In Buddhism, it is the last of the eight elements of the Noble Eightfold Path. In the Ashtanga Yoga ...

'' of 13th century Saint

Dnyaneshwar Sant Dnyaneshwar (Marathi pronunciation: ̪ɲaːn̪eʃʋəɾ, also referred to as Jnaneshwar, Jnanadeva, Dnyandev or Mauli or Dnyaneshwar Vitthal Kulkarni (1275–1296), was a 13th-century Indian Marathi saint, poet, philosopher and yogi ...

is located and

Dehu Dehu is a neighbourhood in the city of Pune, India. It is known for being the abode of Sant Tukaram. The Tukaram Palakhi heading towards the town of Pandharpur originates from Dehu in the month of ''Ashadh.'' Demographics India census, Dehu h ...

where the 17th century Saint

Tukaram Sant Tukaram Maharaj (Marathi pronunciation: ̪ukaːɾam was a 17th-century Marathi poet, Hindu ''sant'' (saint), popularly known as Tuka, Tukobaraya, Tukoba in Maharashtra. He was a Sant of Varkari sampradaya (Marathi-Vaishnav tradition) ...

lived. Every year in the

month of ''

Ashadh Asharh ( bn, আষাঢ় ''āshāḍh'', or, ଆଷାଢ଼ ''āsāḍha'') is the third month of the Bengali and Odia calendars and the Nepali system of the Hindu calendar. It is the first of the two months that comprise the wet season, loca ...

'' (June/July), the ''

Paduka ''Paduka'' is an ancient form of footwear in India, consisting of a sole with a post and knob which is positioned between the big and second toe. It has been historically worn in South Asia and Southeast Asia. ''Paduka'' exist in a variety of f ...

'' (symbolic sandals) of these saints are carried in a

pilgrimage A pilgrimage is a journey, often into an unknown or foreign place, where a person goes in search of new or expanded meaning about their self, others, nature, or a higher good, through the experience. It can lead to a personal transformation, aft ...

, the '' Pandharpur Vari'', to meet Vithoba. The procession makes a stopover in the city on its way to Pandharpur attracting hundreds of thousands of ''Varkaris'' and devotees. Other important Hindu pilgrimage sites in PMR or the district include

Jejuri Jejuri (Marathi pronunciation: ͡ʒed͡zuɾiː is a city and a municipal council in the Pune district of Maharashtra, India. The town has an important mandir to the Hindu Lord Khandoba, the Khandoba Mandir, which is one of the most visite ...

, and five of

Ashtavinayak Ashtavinayaka ( mr, अष्टविनायक) literally means "eight Ganeshas" in Sanskrit. Ganesh is the Hinduism/Hindu deity of unity, prosperity, learning, and removing obstacles. The term refers to eight Ganeshas. Ashtavinayaka yat ...

Ganesh temples. The Shrutisagar Ashram houses the Vedanta Research Centre and a unique temple of

Dakshinamurthy Dakshinamurthy () is an aspect of the Hindu god Shiva as a guru (teacher) of all types of knowledge. This aspect of Shiva, as the original guru, is his personification as the supreme or the ultimate awareness, understanding and knowledge. Thi ...

. Prominent mosques include Chand Tara Masjid, Jama Masjid, and Azam Campus Masjid. Chand Tara Masjid, located in Nana Peth, is one of the biggest and most important mosques in Pune as it is the city headquarters (''markaz'') for the

Tablighi Jamaat Tablighi Jamaat (, also translated as "propagation party" or "preaching party") is a transnational Deobandi Islamic Dawah, missionary movement that focuses on exhorting Muslims to be more religiously observant and encouraging fellow memb ...

. Pune is also the birthplace of

Meher Baba Meher Baba (born Merwan Sheriar Irani; 25 February 1894 – 31 January 1969) was an Indian spiritual master who said he was the Avatar, or God in human form, of the age. A major spiritual figure of the 20th century, he had a following of ...

, although his followers usually travel to

Meherabad Meherabad (''meher'' meaning "friend" from Iranian "Mihir", ultimately from Old Persian "Mithra"; ''abad'' meaning a prosperous settlement, or a flourishing colony) was originally an ashram established by Meher Baba near Arangaon village, Ind ...

to visit his tomb.

Hazrat Babajan Hazrat Babajaan ( bal, حضرت باباجان) (various dates claimed - September 21, 1931) was a Pashtun Muslim saint considered by her followers to be a Sadguru or Qutub. Born in Balochistan, Afghanistan, she lived the final 25 years of her ...

, identified by Meher Baba as one of the five perfect masters, has a shrine (''

Dargah A dargah ( fa, درگاه ''dargâh'' or ''dargah'', Turkish: ''dergâh'', Hindustani: ''dargah'' दरगाह درگاہ, bn, দরগাহ ''dorgah'') is a shrine or tomb built over the grave of a revered religious figure, often ...

'') erected in her honour under a

neem tree ''Azadirachta indica'', commonly known as neem, nimtree or Indian lilac, is a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae. It is one of two species in the genus ''Azadirachta'', and is native to the Indian subcontinent and most of the countries in Afri ...

in Pune Camp. Pune has a distinct Christian community comprising

Roman Catholic Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy * Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD * Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a let ...

, CNI,

Methodist Methodism, also called the Methodist movement, is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity whose origins, doctrine and practice derive from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and John's ...

, Presbyterians, Christian Missionaries helped in setting up sechools and colleges all over and also spread the message of faith. The city has several churches dedicated to different Christian denominations including St. Anthony's Shrine, Dapodi Church, etc. St. Patrick's Cathedral built in 1850 is the seat of the

bishop A bishop is an ordained clergy member who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution. In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance of dioceses. The role or office of bishop is c ...

of the

Roman Catholic Diocese of Poona The Roman Catholic Diocese of Pune ( la, Poonen(sis)) is a diocese located in the city of Pune in the Ecclesiastical province of Mumbai in India. The Poona Diocee consists of the civil districts of Pune, Satara, Solapur, Sangli & Kolhapur city ...

. Pune has

Jain Jainism ( ), also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religion. Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four tirthankaras (supreme preachers of ''Dharma''), with the first in the current time cycle being ...

temples dating back to the Peshwa era. At present, there are more than one hundred Jain temples in PMR with the one at

being the largest.{{cite book, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elcn1IEJ3CEC, title=Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Mandal Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion, author=M. Whitney Kelting, date=2 August 2001, publisher=Oxford University Press, isbn=978-0-19-803211-3, pages=8, 15, access-date=2 July 2018, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225230902/https://books.google.com/books?id=elcn1IEJ3CEC, archive-date=25 December 2016, url-status=live Pune has over 20 Gurdwaras, with Gurdwara Guru Nanak Darbar in Pune Camp and Gurdwara Shri Guru Singh Sabha in Ganesh Peth being the ones situated in the heart of the city. The 19th-century Ohel David Synagogue, known locally as Lal Deval, is said to be one of the largest synagogues in Asia outside Israel. The Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy Agiary is a prominent Zoroastrian temple. Pune has been associated with several significant recent spiritual teachers. The controversial Guru

Osho Rajneesh (born Chandra Mohan Jain; 11 December 193119 January 1990), also known as Acharya Rajneesh, Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, and later as Osho (), was an Indian godman, mystic, and founder of the Rajneesh movement. He was viewed as a controv ...

, formerly the self-styled Bhagwan Rajneesh, lived and taught in Pune for much of the 1970s and 1980s. The

Osho International Meditation Resort Rajneesh (born Chandra Mohan Jain; 11 December 193119 January 1990), also known as Acharya Rajneesh, Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, and later as Osho (), was an Indian godman, mystic, and founder of the Rajneesh movement. He was viewed as a contro ...

, one of the world's largest spiritual centres, is located in

and attracts visitors from over a hundred countries. The meditation resort organises music and meditation festival every year during monsoon, known as Osho Monsoon Festival. Number of well known artists around the world participates in the event.

Economy

{{Multiple image , align = right , direction = vertical , image1 = World-Trade-Center-Pune.jpg , caption1 = World Trade Center, Pune , image3 = Cerebrum IT park.jpg , caption3 = Cerebrum IT Park , image4 = Embassy TechZone.jpg , caption4 = Embassy TechZone , image5 = Infosys pune phase II - panoramio.jpg , caption5 =

Infosys Infosys Limited is an Indian multinational information technology company that provides business consulting, information technology and outsourcing services. The company was founded in Pune and is headquartered in Bangalore. Infosys is the s ...

, Pune , image6 = Magarpatta- city-pune.jpg , caption6 = Cybercity,

Pune is a well known manufacturing and industrial center of India. With an estimated nominal GDP of Rs. 3,31,478 crores for year 2019-20, Pune District is the third largest contributor to the economy of Maharashtra, after Mumbai and Thane. Pune has the fifth largest metropolitan economy and the sixth highest per capita income in the country. As per the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Maharashtra), the GDP per capita of Pune District in 2019-20 was Rs. 3,16,848. Pune has historically been known as a center for higher education and has been referred to as the educational capital of India. In 2016, it was reported that nearly 500,000 students from across India and abroad study in Pune at nine universities and more than a hundred educational institutes. Pune is a major manufacturing and industrial hub. In 2014-15, the manufacturing sector provided employment to over 500,000 people.{{Cite news , date=10 July 2017 , title=Journey from auto hub to Industry 4.0 in Pune , language=en-US , work=The Indian Express , url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/journey-from-auto-hub-to-industry-4-0-in-pune-4743553/ , url-status=live , access-date=13 June 2018 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613160942/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/journey-from-auto-hub-to-industry-4-0-in-pune-4743553/ , archive-date=13 June 2018 The city serves as headquarters to many companies. The

Kirloskar Group Kirloskar Group is an Indian conglomerate, headquartered in Pune. The group exports to over 70 countries over most of Africa, Southeast Asia and Europe. The flagship and holding company, Kirloskar Brothers Ltd, established in 1888, is India's l ...

came to Pune in 1945 when

Kirloskar Brothers Ltd Kirloskar Brothers Limited (KBL) ( ) is a pump manufacturing company involved in engineering and manufacture of systems for fluid management. Established in 1888 and incorporated in 1920, KBL is the flagship company of the $2.5 billion Kirlosk ...

setup Kirloskar Oil Engines, India's largest

diesel engine The diesel engine, named after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to mechanical compression; thus, the diesel engine is a so-ca ...

company, at Khadki. The group has several group companies in Pune including Kirloskar Pneumatics and the groups flagship company

Kirloskar Brothers Limited Kirloskar may refer to *Kirloskar Group an Indian conglomerate that relates to ** Kirloskar Brothers, a pump manufacturing company ** Kirloskar Pneumatic Company Limited **Toyota Kirloskar Motor, a subsidiary of Toyota, which is partly owned by Kir ...

, one of India's largest manufacturers and exporters of pumps and the largest infrastructure pumping project contractor in Asia. Kalyani Group based in Pune owns a subsidiary Bharat Forge which operates world’s largest single location forging facility consisting of fully automated forging press lines and state-of-the-art machining facility in Pune.

Bajaj Auto Bajaj Auto Limited () is an Indian multinational automotive manufacturing company based in Pune. It manufactures motorcycles, scooters and auto rickshaws. Bajaj Auto is a part of the Bajaj Group. It was founded by Jamnalal Bajaj (1889–1942) ...

is ranked as the world's fourth largest two- and three-wheeler manufacturer is based in Pune. The city is known for its automotive industry. A large number of automobile companies such as

Tata Motors Tata Motors Limited is an Indian multinational automotive manufacturing company, headquartered in Mumbai, India, which is part of the Tata Group. The company produces passenger cars, trucks, vans, coaches, buses. Formerly known as Tata Eng ...

Mahindra & Mahindra Mahindra & Mahindra Limited (M&M) is an Indian multinational automotive manufacturing corporation headquartered in Mumbai. It was established in 1945 as Mahindra & Mohammed and later renamed as Mahindra & Mahindra. Part of the Mahindra Group ...

, Skoda cars,

Mercedes Benz Mercedes-Benz (), commonly referred to as Mercedes and sometimes as Benz, is a German luxury and commercial vehicle automotive brand established in 1926. Mercedes-Benz AG (a Mercedes-Benz Group subsidiary established in 2019) is headquartere ...

Force Motors Force Motors Ltd, is an Indian multinational automotive manufacturing company, based in Pune, India and the flagship company of the Dr. Abhay Firodia Group. From 1958 until 2005, the company was known as Bajaj Tempo Motors because it originat ...

, Kinetic Motors, General Motors,

Land Rover Land Rover is a British brand of predominantly four-wheel drive, off-road capable vehicles, owned by multinational car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover (JLR), since 2008 a subsidiary of India's Tata Motors. JLR currently builds Land Rovers ...

, Jaguar,

Renault Groupe Renault ( , , , also known as the Renault Group in English; legally Renault S.A.) is a French multinational automobile manufacturer established in 1899. The company produces a range of cars and vans, and in the past has manufacture ...

Volkswagen Volkswagen (),English: , . abbreviated as VW (), is a German motor vehicle manufacturer headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. Founded in 1937 by the German Labour Front under the Nazi Party and revived into a global brand post-W ...

, and Fiat have there manufacturing plants in Pune primarily in Chakan. ''

The Independent ''The Independent'' is a British online newspaper. It was established in 1986 as a national morning printed paper. Nicknamed the ''Indy'', it began as a broadsheet and changed to tabloid format in 2003. The last printed edition was publish ...

'' referred Chakan as India's "Motor City".

, the world's fifth largest

vaccine A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified.

producer by volume, is based in Pune. The Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park in

is a ₹ 60,000 crore (US$8.9 billion) project by the

Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) is a project of the government of Maharashtra state in India and is the leading corporation of Maharashtra. It provides businesses with infrastructure such as land (open plot or built-up spa ...

(MIDC).{{cite news , last1=Bari , first1=Prachi , date=7 December 2007 , title=Hinjawadi, the land of opportunity , work=The Economic times , location=India , url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2604416.cms , url-status=live , access-date=13 November 2009 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509022917/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2604416.cms , archive-date=9 May 2009 The IT Park encompasses an area of about {{convert, 2800, acre, km2 and is home to over 800 IT companies of all sizes.{{Cite news , last=Banerjee , first=Shoumojit , date=27 May 2017 , title=Pune, where panic reigns an IT campus , language=en-IN , work=The Hindu , url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/pune-where-panic-reins-an-it-campus/article18591285.ece , url-status=live , access-date=13 June 2018 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527171136/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/pune-where-panic-reins-an-it-campus/article18591285.ece , archive-date=27 May 2017 , issn=0971-751X Besides Hinjawadi, IT companies are also located at

, Kharadi and several other parts of the city. As of 2017, the IT sector employs more than 300,000 people. Pune has also emerged as a new hub for tech startups in India.

NASSCOM The National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM) is an Indian non-governmental trade association and advocacy group, focused mainly on the technology industry of India. Established in 1988, NASSCOM is a non-profit organis ...

, in association with MIDC, has started a co-working space for city based startups under its ''10,000 startups'' initiative at Kharadi MIDC. Pune Food Cluster development project is an initiative funded by the

World Bank The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. The World Bank is the collective name for the Inte ...

. It is being implemented with the help of Small Industries Development Bank of India, Cluster Craft to facilitate the development of the fruit and vegetable processing industries in and around Pune. Pune is an emerging center for VFX services, with Indian and international studios such as Anibrain, Reliance Animation, philm CGI, Digikore Studios, HMX Media, Stereo D,

Framestore Framestore is a British animation, visual effects company and creative studio based on Chancery Lane in London. Formed in 1986, it acquired (and subsequently merged with) the Computer Film Company in 1997. It works on feature films and telev ...

and

Method Studios Method Studios is a visual effects company launched in 1999 in Los Angeles, California with facilities in New York, Atlanta, Vancouver, San Francisco, Melbourne, Montreal, and Pune. The company provides production and post-production services i ...

having established their facilities here. Major technology companies

Ubisoft Pune Ubisoft is a French video game publisher headquartered in Montreuil, founded in March 1986 by the Guillemot brothers. Since its establishment, Ubisoft has become one of the largest video game publishers, and it has the largest in-house developme ...

, Zensar Technologies,

Patni Computer Systems Patni Computer Systems Limited was a provider of IT services and business solutions founded by Narendra Patni. It merged with IGATE Corporation in 2011 "iGATE Corporation , Investor Relations", iGATE.com, 2011, webpage: IGinv and operat ...

Persistent Systems Persistent Systems is an Indian multinational technology services company which was incorporated on 16 May 1990. Persistent Systems is listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange. Shares in the company were listed on ...

Indiacom Indiacom (formerly known as Sesa Seat) is an Indian company, engaged in the business of providing local search business data. Indiacom is the brand of Indiacom Limited. It is headquartered in Pune, Maharashtra. Origin Indiacom was founded in ...

, Harbinger Knowledge Products,

Seniority Seniority is the state of being older or placed in a higher position of status relative to another individual, group, or organization. For example, one employee may be senior to another either by role or rank (such as a CEO vice a manager), or by ...

, Monjin,

Mylab Discovery Solutions Mylab Discovery Solutions Pvt Ltd is an Indian biotechnology company that produces molecular ashish detection kits in the field of medical diagnostics, drug discovery, biomedical research and agricultural genomics. It was founded in 2016 and is ...

Quick Heal Quick Heal Technologies, (known as Quick Heal) is an Indian multinational corporation, multinational cybersecurity software company, headquartered in Pune, Maharashtra, India. The company was formerly known as CAT Computer Services (P) Ltd and ...

and

KPIT Technologies KPIT Technologies Limited (formerly KPIT Cummins Infosystems Ltd) is an Indian multinational corporation which provides embedded software and product engineering services to automotive companies. Popularly known as KPIT, the company is head ...

are headquartered in Pune. Indian tech giant

was founded in Pune who have a mega campus in city. Zensar Technologies is located in a mega campus called Zensar Park. The Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing, Exhibitions trade is expected to be boosted since the Pune International Exhibition and Convention Centre (PIECC) opened in 2017. The 97-hectare PIECC boasts a seating capacity of 20,000 with a floor area of {{convert, 13,000, m², 0, abbr=on. It has seven exhibition centres, a convention centre, a golf course, a five-star hotel, a business complex, shopping malls, and residences. The US$115 million project was developed by the Pimpri-Chinchwad New Town Development Authority. World Trade Center (WTC) Pune is a 1.6 million sq. ft. complex built to foster international trade. WTC Pune is part of the World Trade Centers Association.

Culture

Architecture

Shinde Chhatri, Wanowrie, Pune, Jan 2013

Historical attractions include the 8th century rock-cut

cave temple, the 18th century Shaniwarwada, the 19th century Aga Khan Palace, Lal Mahal and Sinhagad fort. Shinde Chhatri, located at Wanowrie, is a memorial dedicated to the great Maratha general, Mahadaji Shinde (Scindia). The old city had many residential buildings with courtyards called Wada (house), Wada. However, many of these have been demolished and replaced by modern buildings. A renowned wada in Pune is the last residential palace of the Peshwa called Vishrambaug Wada which is currently being renovated by the city corporation. The city is also known for its British Raj bungalow architecture and the Garden Cities Movement layout of the Cantonment from the early 20th century. Landmark architectural works by Christopher Charles Benninger surround the city, including the Mahindra United World College of India, the Centre for Development Studies and Activities, the YMCA Retreat at Nilshi and the Samundra Institute of Maritime Studies. LandscapePuLaUdyan2

Museums, parks and zoos

Museums in Pune include the Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum, Mahatma Phule Museum, Mahatma Phule Industrial Museum, Deccan college museum of Maratha history, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Museum, Joshi's Museum of Miniature Railway and the Pune Tribal Museum. Pune also houses Blades of Glory Cricket Museum which is the biggest cricket museum in the world. The College of Military Engineering has an archive and an equipment museum; this includes a rail exhibit with a metre-gauge train. The

, where

was interned during the Quit India movement, has a memorial dedicated to his wife,

who died here during the internment. For a city of its size, Pune has very few large public parks and gardens. Parks and green spaces in the city include the Kamala Nehru Park, Pune, Kamala Nehru Park, Sambhaji Park, ''Shahu Udyan'', Peshwe Park, Saras Baug, Empress Gardens, and Bund Garden, Pune, Bund Garden. The Pu La Deshpande Garden, Pu La Deshpande Udyan is a replica of the Korakuen Garden in Okayama, Japan.{{cite news, url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune/a-japanese-paradise-in-pune/articleshow/836816.cms, title=A Japanese paradise in Pune, date=4 September 2004, work=The Times of India, access-date=24 July 2008, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912185250/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune/A-Japanese-paradise-in-Pune/articleshow/836816.cms, archive-date=12 September 2009, url-status=live The Hanuman Tekdi, Hanuman hill, Vetal Tekdi, Vetal hill, and Taljai Hills are protected nature reserves on hills within the city limits. The Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park is located in Katraj.{{cite news, url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=229057, title=By July, bigger enclosures, battery-operated vehicles for Katraj zoo, date=29 March 2007, work=The Indian Express, access-date=24 July 2008, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813044713/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=229057, archive-date=13 August 2013, url-status=dead The zoo, earlier located at Peshwe Park, was merged with the reptile park at Katraj in 1999.

Performing arts

Both experimental and professional theatre receive extensive patronage from the Marathi community. The Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir, Bal Gandharva Ranga Mandir, Bharat Natya Mandir, Yashwantrao Chavan Natya Gruha, and Sudarshan Rangmanch are prominent theatres in the city. Ganesh Kala Krida Rangamanch is the largest indoor theatre in the city, with a seating capacity of approximately 45,000. The Sawai Gandharva Sangeet Mahotsav, one of the most prominent and sought-after Hindustani Classical Music, Indian classical music festivals in India, is held in Pune every year in December. It commemorates the life and achievements of Sawai Gandharva. The concept of ''Diwāḷī Pahāṭ'' (lit. Diwali dawn) originated in Pune as a music festival on the morning of the festival of Diwali. Miravnuk ganpati festival

Festivals

Ganesh Festival is widely and publicly celebrated in Pune. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak started the public celebration of the festival as a means to circumvent the colonial British government ban on Hindu gatherings through its anti-public assembly legislation in 1892. Pandals with Ganesh idols are erected all across Pune. Many ''ganesh'' ''mandals'' (local organisations) display live or figurine shows called ''Dekhava'' during the festival. These shows often carry socially relevant messages. Processions of Ganpati are accompanied by ''Dhol-Tasha pathaks'' (groups who play Dhol-Tasha percussion instruments). Involvement of these ''pathaks'' has become a cultural identity of Pune with there being over 150 such groups operating in and around Pune. Jnana Prabodhini, a social organisation in Pune is widely accredited for founding the tradition of ''Dhol-Tasha'' ''pathaks''.

Sports

{{Main, Sports in Pune Sahara Stadium

Badminton in its modern form originated in Pune. The game of badminton was also known as Poona or Poonah after the then British garrison town of Poona where it was particularly popular and where the first rules for the game were drawn up in 1873. (Games employing shuttlecocks have been played for centuries across Eurasia, but the modern game of badminton developed in the mid-19th century among the British as a variant of the earlier game of battledore and shuttlecock. "Battledore" was History of badminton, an older term for "racquet".) Every year women professional tennis players' ITF $25K tournament take place at Deccan Gymkhana Ground, Deccan Gymkhana club's tennis courts. It also hosts men's ITF $15K event. Maharashtra Open, ATP 250 Maharashtra Open annually held at Pune. It is India's biggest professional tennis championship and only ATP event of India. Where top professional tennis players participate. Popular games and sports in Pune include athletics, cricket, basketball, badminton, field hockey, football, tennis, ''kabaddi'', paragliding, ''kho-kho'', Rowing (sport), rowing, and chess. The Chhatrapati Shivaji Stadium in Balewadi is the venue for wrestling and other traditional sports. The Royal Connaught Boat Club is one of several boating clubs on the Mula-Mutha river. Pune has basketball courts at the Deccan Gymkhana and at Fergusson College. Pune Skatepark is a skateboarding park built in Sahakarnagar, consisting of an eight-foot bowl in a 3,000 square foot flatground. Other prominent sporting institutions in Pune include the Nehru Stadium, Pune, Nehru Stadium, the PYC Hindu Gymkhana, the Poona Golf Club and the Poona Cricket Club. The PYC has a long history of excellence in cricket. It is one of the oldest clubs in India and has produced many great cricketers, including D. B. Deodhar, Vijay Hazare and C. K. Naid. The Pune International Marathon is an annual marathon conducted in Pune. The National Games of India, National Games of 1994 and the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games were held in the city at the Balewadi Stadium. The Deccan Gymkhana has hosted Davis Cup matches on several occasions. The 37,000 seating capacity Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium has hosted international cricket – Twenty20, T20s, One Day Internationals, and a Test cricket, test match. The National Education Foundation organises Enduro3, a cross country adventure race in Pune. It is a two- or three-day event with activities including cycling, trekking, river-crossing and rifle shooting. Pune Race Course was built in 1830 on {{convert, 118.5, acre, km2 of land and is managed by the Royal Western India Turf Club. The course has two training tracks and two racing surfaces. The racing season is from July to October and includes the Pune Derby, the RWITC Invitational, the Independence Cup and the Southern Command Cup. The city hosted the 2009 FIVB Men's Junior World Championship.

Teams

The Maharashtra cricket team, one of the three teams of the Maharashtra Cricket Association that compete in interstate matches and leagues such as the Ranji Trophy, is based in the city. Pune Warriors India (2011–2014) and Rising Pune Supergiant (2016-2017) were the two teams based in Pune to play in the Indian Premier League. Poona District Football Association (PDFA) was established in 1972 and currently has more than 100 registered teams. There were two popular football clubs (now defunct) competing in the I-League from the city: Pune FC, and DSK Shivajians FC. FC Pune City was an Indian Super League football club in Pune. Established in 2014, FC Pune City became the only professional football club in India to have teams which participated at all levels of professional football; Senior Team (Indian Super League, ISL), U-18 Team (Elite League (India), Elite league), U- 16 Team, U-14 Team and the Women's Team. The city is home to the Pune Peshwas, runners-up in the 2015 UBA Pro Basketball League season. Pune also has an American football Franchise (sports), franchise, called the Pune Marathas (American football), Pune Marathas, which began playing in the inaugural season of the Elite Football League of India in 2011 and which plays at the Balewadi Stadium. {, class="wikitable sortable" , - , + City-based professional clubs , - ! Club !! Sport !! League !! Stadium !! Span , - , Maharashtra cricket team , Cricket , Ranji Trophy , Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium , 1934– , - , Pune Warriors India , Cricket , Indian Premier League, IPL , Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium , 2011–2014 , - , Rising Pune Supergiant , Cricket , Indian Premier League, IPL , Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium , 2016–2017 , - , Pune FC , Association football , I-League , Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex , 2007–2016 , - , DSK Shivajians FC , Association football , I-League , Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex , 1987–2017 , - , FC Pune City , Association football , Indian Super League, ISL , Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex , 2014–2019 , - , Pune Peshwas , Basketball , UBA Pro Basketball League, UBA , Deccan Gymkhana Ground , 2015- , - , Pune Marathas (American football), Pune Marathas , American football , Elite Football League of India, EFLI , Deccan Gymkhana Ground , 2012- , - , Puneri Paltan , Kabaddi , Pro Kabaddi League , Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex , 2014

Government and public services

{{Main, Pune Municipal Corporation, Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune Police, PMRDA

Civic administration

and

are the civic bodies responsible for Municipal governance in India, local government. It comprises two branches, the executive branch headed by the Municipal Commissioner, an Indian Administrative Service, IAS officer appointed by the Government of Maharashtra, and an elected deliberative branch, the general body, headed by the Mayor of Pune.{{cite web, url=https://pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/pmc_administrative_structure.pdf, title=PMC Administrative Structure, website=Official Website of Pune Municipal Corporation, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705155143/https://pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/pmc_administrative_structure.pdf, archive-date=5 July 2017, url-status=live Municipal elections are held every five years to elect councillors, commonly known as "corporators", who form the general body. The current general body of the PMC elected in February 2017 has 162 corporators representing 41 multi-member wards (39 with 4 corporators each and 2 with 3 each).{{cite web, url=https://pmc.gov.in/en/pmc-election-2017-winning-candidate-list, title=PMC ELECTION 2017 WINNING CANDIDATE LIST, access-date=13 September 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913184428/https://pmc.gov.in/en/pmc-election-2017-winning-candidate-list, archive-date=13 September 2017, url-status=live The general body, in turn, elects the mayor and the deputy mayor. The mayor has a ceremonial role as the first citizen and ambassador of the city while the actual executive power lies with the municipal commissioner. For policy deliberations, corporators form several committees. Perhaps the most important of these is the 16-member Standing Committee, half of whose members retire every year.{{cite web, url=https://pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/miscellaneous/%2802%29%20The%20Mah.%20Municipal%20Corporation%20Act%20%28H-4062%29.pdf, title=Maharashtra Municipal Corporation Act, 1949, website=Official Website of the Pune Municipal Corporation, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229103448/https://pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/miscellaneous/%2802%29%20The%20Mah.%20Municipal%20Corporation%20Act%20%28H-4062%29.pdf, archive-date=29 December 2017, url-status=live The Standing Committee and the 15 ward committees are in charge of financial approvals. PMC was ranked 8th out of 21 Indian cities for best governance and administrative practices in 2014. It scored 3.5 out of 10 compared to the national average of 3.3. The Pune Police, Pune City Police Department is the law enforcement agency for the city of Pune. It is a division of the Maharashtra Police and is headed by the Police Commissioner of Pune, Police Commissioner, an officer of the Indian Police Service. The Pune Police Department reports to the State Ministry of Home Affairs. A separate police commissionerate was announced for Pimpri-Chinchwad, PCMC, Pune in April 2018 to be carved out of the historic Pune Police Department. The new commissionerate took charge on 15 August 2018. Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority (PMRDA) was formed on 31{{nbsMarch 2015 and is responsible for the integrated development of the PMR. Currently its jurisdiction extends over {{convert, 7,256.46, km2, 0, abbr=on and includes two Municipal corporations in India, municipal corporations, three cantonment boards, seven municipal councils, 13 Census town#India, census towns and 842 villages. Khadakwasla Dam image

Utility services

The PMC supplies the city with potable water that is sourced from the Khadakwasla Reservoir. There are five other reservoirs in the area that supply water to the city and the greater metropolitan area.Tirthkar, S.N., 2009. Master plan 2025 of Pune Municipal Corporation for sewage treatment and disposal. J Inst Public Health Eng, 2, pp.13–1

{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180344/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Master%20plan%202025%20of%20Pune.pdf , date=10 February 2018 The city lacks the capacity to treat all the sewage it generates, which leads to the Mutha river containing only sewage outside the monsoon months. In 2009 only 65% of sewage generated was treated before being discharged into the rivers. According to Anwesha Borthakur and Pardeep Singh, unplanned and haphazard development has turned the Mula-Mutha river into a dead river. The Pune municipal corporation has undertaken plans to restore life into the rivers. PMC is also responsible for collecting solid waste. Around 1,600 tons of solid waste is generated in Pune each day. The waste consists of 53% organic, compostable material; and 47% inorganic material, of which around half is recyclable. The unrecovered solid waste is transported to the dumping grounds in Urali devachi. The state owned Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited supplies electricity to the city. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), owned by the Government of India, central government, as well as private enterprises such as Jio, Reliance Jio, Bharti Airtel and Vodafone Idea are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city.{{cite web, title=Annual report 2010–11, url=http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/Documents/AnuualReports/ar_10_11.pdf, publisher=Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, access-date=13 June 2012, url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526230024/http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/Documents/AnuualReports/ar_10_11.pdf, archive-date=26 May 2012{{rp, 25–26{{rp, 179

Healthcare

{{See also, List of hospitals in Pune Healthcare in the PMR is provided by private and public facilities. Primary care is provided by practitioners of Allopathic medicine as well as traditional and alternative medicine (i.e. ''Ayurved'', Homeopathy and Unani). For minor and chronic ailments, people in the region often rely on practitioners of traditional medicine. The PMR is served by three government hospitals: Sassoon Hospital, Budhrani and Dr Ambedkar Hospital. There are also a number of private hospitals such as Ranka Hospital, Sahyadri Hospital, Sahyadri, Jahangir Nursing Home, Sancheti Hospital, Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital, Somwar Peth#KEM Hospital, KEM Hospital, Ruby Hall Clinic, Ruby Hall, Naidu Hospital and Smile Inn Dental Clinic Pune.

Education and research

{{Main, List of educational institutions in Pune University of Pune, Pune

Pune has over a hundred educational institutes and more than nine deemed universities apart from the Savitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU; formerly University of Pune), which is the largest University in the country based on total number of affiliated colleges.{{cite web, last=Kaul, first=Sanat, date=May 2006, title=Higher Education in India: Seizing the Opportunity (working paper), url=http://www.icrier.org/pdf/WP_179.pdf, publisher=Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi, India, access-date=4 April 2008, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411103929/http://www.icrier.org/pdf/WP_179.pdf, archive-date=11 April 2008, url-status=live Higher education institutes attract international students mainly from the Middle Eastern countries such as Iran, and United Arab Emirates, and also African countries such as Ethiopia and Kenya. Pune is the largest centre for Japanese learning in India. Other languages taught in the city include German, which is taught at the Goethe-Institut, and French, which is taught at Alliance Française. Several colleges in Pune have student exchange programmes with colleges in Europe.

Primary and secondary Education

{{Main, List of schools in Pune The PMC runs 297 primary schools and 30 secondary and higher secondary schools.{{cite web, url=https://pmc.gov.in/en/secondary-and-technical-education, title=Secondary and technical education, date=31 January 2018, website=Official website of the PMC, access-date=27 May 2018, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528053011/https://pmc.gov.in/en/secondary-and-technical-education, archive-date=28 May 2018, url-status=live While it is mandatory for the PMC to provide primary education under state law, secondary education is an optional duty. In the rural and suburban areas of the PMR, public primary schools are run by the Pune District Councils of India, Zilla Parishad. Private schools are run by education trusts and are required to undergo mandatory inspection by the concerned authorities. Private schools are eligible for financial aid from the state government.Joshi, R., Regulatory Requirements for Starting a School in Poona. Centre for Civil Society, CCS RESEARCH INTERNSHIP PAPERS 200

{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003030245/http://ccsindia.org/internship_papers/2004/34.%20School%20licensing%20Pune_Radhika.pdf , date=3 October 2017 Public schools are affiliated to the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education (State Board). The language of instruction in public schools is primarily Marathi, although the PMC also runs Urdu, English and Kannada Medium of instruction, medium schools. Along with these languages, private schools also offer instruction in Hindi and Gujarati language, Gujarati. Private schools vary in their choice of curriculum and may follow the State Board or one of the two central boards of education, the Central Board of Secondary Education, CBSE or Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, CISCE. Jnana Prabodhini Prashala, located in Sadashiv Peth, is the first school for Gifted education, intellectually gifted and talented students in India.

Tertiary education

{{Main, List of educational institutions in Pune Most colleges in Pune are affiliated to the SPPU (Savitribai Phule Pune University). Nine other universities have also been established in the city.{{cite web, url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/deemeduniversity.aspx, title=List of Deemed Universities, publisher=University Grants Commission, access-date=1 January 2014, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226112709/http://www.ugc.ac.in/deemeduniversity.aspx, archive-date=26 December 2013, url-status=live Pune also hosts the Military Intelligence Training School which offers diploma courses in counter intelligence, combat intelligence, aerial imagery and interpretation, among others. The College of Engineering Pune, an autonomous institute of the government of Maharashtra founded in 1854, is the third oldest engineering college in Asia. The Deccan Education Society was founded by local citizens in 1884, including social and political activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who was also responsible for founding Fergusson College in 1885.{{cite web, url=http://www.despune.org/history.htm, title=History, publisher=Deccan Education Society, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607095109/http://despune.org/history.htm , archive-date=7 June 2008, access-date=22 July 2008 The Indian Law Society's (ILS) ILS Law College, Law College is one of the top ten law schools in India. The Armed Forces Medical College (India), Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC) and B. J. Medical College, Pune, B. J. Medical College are among the top medical colleges in India. The AFMC consistently ranks among the top five medical colleges in India. The Film and Television Institute of India, one of only three Indian institutions in the global CILECT film school network, is located on Law College Road. The Lalit Kala Kendra is an undergraduate department of Music, Dance and Drama on the SPPU campus that has been operational since 1987. This department features a combination of ''Gurukula, gurukul'' and formal education systems. The College of Military Engineering (CME), the Army Institute of Physical Training, and the Institute of Armament Technology are also in Pune. Symbiosis International University operates 33 colleges and institutions in the city, including the Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, the Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies, the Symbiosis Centre for Management and Human Resource Development, the Symbiosis Law School and the Symbiosis Institute of International Business. They are ranked among the top management and law institutes in the country.{{cite news, url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/bt/story/indias-best-bschools/1/468.html, title=India's best B-schools, date=10 September 2007, newspaper=Business Today, access-date=1 February 2011, archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218155153/http://businesstoday.intoday.in/bt/story/indias-best-bschools/1/468.html, archive-date=18 February 2013, url-status=live{{cite news, url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2014/ranks.jsp?ST=Law&LMT=3&Y=2014, title=India's best law schools, access-date=21 September 2015, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016222919/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2014/ranks.jsp?ST=Law&LMT=3&Y=2014, archive-date=16 October 2015, url-status=live The Symbiosis Institute of Computer Studies and Research is one of the few colleges in India that promotes Open-source model, open source technology.{{cite web, url=http://sitpune.edu.in/, title=Symbiosis Institute of technology, access-date=8 May 2012, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511225317/http://www.sitpune.edu.in/, archive-date=11 May 2012, url-status=live UWC Mahindra College, one of eighteen United World Colleges worldwide, and the third is Asia, offering the International Baccalaureate , International Baccalaureate (IB) IB Diploma Programme, Diploma Program (DP), is located near Pune.

Research institutes

Pune is home to a number of governmental and non-governmental research institutes focusing on a wide range of subject areas from the humanities to the sciences. The Ministry of Defence (India), Ministry of Defence also runs a number of defence related education, training and research establishments in and around the city. Major research centers include: {{divcol *Agharkar Research Institute (ARI) *Armament Research and Development Establishment, Armament Research Development Establishment (ARDE) *Armed Forces Medical College (India) (AFMC) *Army Institute of Technology (AIT) *Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) *Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute (BORI) *Central Institute of Road Transport (CIRT) *Central Water and Power Research Station (CW&PRS) *Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) *Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) *Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT) *Film and Television Institute of India (FTII) *Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics *High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) *Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune (IISER, Pune) *Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) *Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Inter-university Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics (IUCAA) *National AIDS Research Institute (NARI) *National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS) *National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA) *

(NCL) *

(NDA) *National Informatics Centre (NIC) *National Institute of Bank Management (NIBM) *National Institute of Construction Management and Research (NICMAR) *National Institute of Virology (NIV) *National School of Leadership (NSL) *National Insurance Academy (NIA) *Research & Development Establishment (Engineers) (R&DE(E)) *Tata Research Development and Design Centre (TRDDC) {{divcolend

Media

A number of Marathi-language newspapers from the British era continued publishing decades after independence. These included Kesari (newspaper), ''Kesari'', ''Tarun Bharat'', ''Prabhat'' and ''Sakal''. ''Sakal'' has remained the most popular Marathi daily. ''Kesari'' is now only published as an online newspaper. The Mumbai-based ''Maharashtra Times'', ''Loksatta'' and ''Lokmat'' have all introduced Pune based editions in the last fifteen years. The Mumbai-based popular English newspaper the ''Indian Express'' has a Pune edition. Its rival the ''Times of India'' introduced a tabloid called ''Pune Mirror'' in 2008. ''Mid-Day'', ''Daily News and Analysis'' and ''Sakaal Times'' are other local English newspapers. The English-language newspaper ''The Hindu'' has launched{{when, date=June 2018 a Pune edition covering local as well as national news.{{Citation needed, date=June 2018 The government owned All India Radio (AIR) has been broadcasting from Pune since 1953.{{cite book, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALA8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10, title=This is All India Radio, author=U. L. BARUAH, date=3 November 2017, publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, isbn=978-81-230-2578-0, pages=10– Savitribai Phule Pune University broadcasts programmes focusing on its different departments and student welfare schemes on its own FM radio channel called ''Vidyavani''. A number of commercial FM channels are also received in the city. The city receives almost all of the Television in India, television channels in India including Broadcasting, broadcast, Cable television, cable and Direct-to-home television in India, direct-to-home TV.

Transport

{{Main, Transport in Pune

Public transport

{{Multiple image , align = right , direction = vertical , image1 = Lonavla EMU at Pune platform 6.jpg , caption1 = Pune Suburban Railway , image2 = PMPML-Rainbow-Phule-Nagar.jpg , caption2 = Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System , image3 = Pune Metro train.png , caption3 = Pune Metro , image4 = Green Green Everywhere.jpg , caption4 = Mumbai Pune Expressway , image5 = Departure Lounge Pune Airport India.jpg , caption5 = Pune Airport Public transport in Pune includes Pune Suburban Railway, bus services operated by Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited, PMPML and auto rickshaws. Uber and Ola Cabs also operate in the city. Construction of Pune Metro, an urban mass rapid transit system, is underway as of 2018.

Rail

{{Main, Pune Railway Station, Pune Suburban Railway Pune Suburban Railway (electric multiple units) (popularly called local trains) connect Pune to the industrial city of Pimpri-Chinchwad and the hill station of Lonavala. Daily express trains connect Pune to Mumbai, Nashik, Ahmedabad,

, Hyderabad, Telangana, Hyderabad, Nanded, Jaipur, Raipur, Nagpur, Visakhapatnam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Coimbatore,

, Allahabad, Kanpur, Howrah, Jammu Tawi, Vijayawada, Darbhanga, Goa, Gwalior, Varanasi, Bhubaneswar, Ranchi, Patna, and Jamshedpur. At Pune, there is a diesel locomotive shed and an electric trip shed. Pune Railway Station is administered by the Pune Railway Division of Central Railways.

Bus service

{{Main, Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited, Rainbow BRTS Public buses within the city and its suburbs are operated by Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited (PMPML). PMPML operates the Rainbow BRTS system, the first of its kind in India, in which dedicated bus lanes were supposed to allow buses to travel quickly through the city. The project has turned out to be a failure, receiving little patronage from the local citizenry. Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation runs buses from stations in Wakdewadi, Pune Station Bus Stand, Pune station, and Swargate to all major cities and towns in Maharashtra and neighbouring states. Private companies also run buses to major cities throughout India. In January 2019, Pune became the first Indian city to adopt Electric bus, e-buses and Bhekrai Nagar the country's first all electric bus depot. As of November 2019, up to 133 Electric vehicles in India, electric vehicles (EVs) have been deployed across the city in the first phase of its e-bus programme. The user's group is Pune Bus Pravasi Sangh.

Metro

{{Main, Pune Metro Pune Metro, a mass rapid transit system, is under construction and with 12 km of two lines currently in operation as of 6 March 2022. The Project plan, detailed project report was prepared for the initial two lines by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation which was approved by the State government in 2012 and by the central government in December 2016. Two lines, Line 1 from Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corportion Building to Swargate and Line 2 from State Highway 27 (Maharashtra), Ramwadi to Vanaz, with a combined length of {{convert, 31.25, km, mi, are being constructed by Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited, MahaMetro, a 50:50 joint venture of the State and central governments. Line 1 will run underground between Swargate and Range Hills be and elevated until PCMC Bhavan. Line 2 will be completely elevated and will intersect Line 1 at the Civil Court interchange station in Shivajinagar, Pune, Shivajinagar. Line 3 between Hinjawadi and Civil Court, Shivajinagar was approved by the state and central governments in January and March 2018, respectively. This 23.3-km line is being implemented by PMRDA on a public-private partnership basis.

Road transport

{{Main, List of roads in Pune Pune is well-connected to other cities by National highways of India, Indian and state highways. National Highway 48 (India), National Highway 48 connects it to Mumbai and Bangalore, National Highway 65 (India), National Highway 65 connects it to

and National Highway 60 connects it to Nashik. State Highway 27 (Maharashtra), State Highway 27 connect Pune to Ahmednagar. The Mumbai Pune Expressway is India's first six-lane high-speed expressway, and it was built in 2002. Only four wheeled vehicles are allowed on it. This expressway has reduced travel time between Pune and Mumbai to a little over two hours. A Pune Ring Road, ring road is planned around the city.

Personal Transport

Once known as the "Bicycle, cycle city of India", Pune has experienced a rapid growth in the number of Motorcycle, motorised two wheelers replacing the bicycle. In 2005 the city was reported to have one million two wheelers. The report also stated that the increase in vehicular and industrial activity had led to a 10-fold increase in particulate pollution in some areas of the city. In 2018 the number of vehicles in the city has exceeded its population with 3.62 million total vehicles, 2.70 million being two wheelers. In the fiscal year 2017–18 alone 300,000 new vehicles were registered in the city, two-thirds of them two wheelers. A revival of cycling in Pune with {{convert, 130, km, mi of cycle tracks built was attempted as a part of the Bus rapid transit, BRT system under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission in 2004. However, a 2011 report revealed that only {{convert, 88, km, mi of tracks were actually built and most were unusable at the time of the report. Under the Smart Cities Mission, app based Bicycle-sharing system, cycle sharing schemes have been launched in the city since late 2017. The PMC has devised the Pune Cycle Plan with {{convert, 470, km, mi of cycle tracks planned. Cycles are also seen as a possible way of improving Last mile (transportation), last mile connectivity for the metro system.

Air

{{main, Pune International Airport Pune International Airport at Lohagaon is one of the busiest airports in India. The airport is operated by the Airports Authority of India. It shares its runways with the neighbouring Indian Air Force base. In addition to domestic flights to all major Indian cities, the airport has international direct flights to Dubai, operated by Air India Express, and SpiceJet. Pune International Airport at Lohegaon was ranked third best in the category of 5-15 million passengers by Airport Service Quality in 2018. A New Pune Airport, new international airport has been proposed, due to the limited capacity of the existing airport. A location in the Chakan, Maharashtra, Chakan-Rajgurunagar (Khed), Rajgurunagar area was chosen for the airport, but non-availability of land delayed the project for over a decade.{{Cite news, url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/international-airport-to-come-up-at-purandar-pune-3047023/, title=A decade on, it's official: International airport to come up at Purandar, Pune, date=24 September 2016, work=The Indian Express, access-date=25 April 2018, language=en-US, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426012322/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/international-airport-to-come-up-at-purandar-pune-3047023/, archive-date=26 April 2018, url-status=live In September 2016 the location was changed to Purandar taluka, Purandar, {{circa {{convert, 20, km, mi south of the city. The proposed airport in Purandar will be spread over 2,400 hectares. New Pune Airport, Chhatrapati Sambhaji Raje Airport is proposed to serve the city of Pune. The greenfield airport will be located near the villages of Ambodi, Sonori, Kumbharvalan, Ekhatpur-Munjawadi, Khanwadi, Pargaon Memane, Rajewadi, Aamble, Tekwadi, Vanpuri, Udachiwadi, Singapur near

and

in Purandar taluka of Pune District.{{citation needed, date=April 2020

International relations

{{See also, List of twin towns and sister cities in India ;Twin towns and sister cities * {{flagicon, USA San Jose, California, United States (1992) * {{flagicon, Mauritius Vacoas-Phoenix, Mauritius * {{flagicon, USA Austin, Texas, United States – since 2018 * {{flagicon, USA Fairbanks, Alaska, United States ;Informal relationship * {{flagicon, Germany Bremen, Germany{{cite news , url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-09-04/pune/27235057_1_pmc-pcmc-laboratory , title = Pune, twin cities to get pollution lab , date = 4 September 2001 , access-date = 28 February 2017 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131227223341/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-09-04/pune/27235057_1_pmc-pcmc-laboratory , archive-date = 27 December 2013 , url-status = dead , work = The Times of India , df = dmy-all * {{flagicon, Japan Okayama, Japan

References

{{reflist

External links

* {{Official website, http://www.pune.gov.in/ for Pune City and District * {{curlie, Regional/Asia/India/Maharashtra/Localities/Pune/ {{Geographic location , Centre = Pune , North =

Madhya Pradesh , East = Telangana
Chhattisgarh , South =

Goa , West = ''

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