Pula

Pula or Pola (Croatian
pronunciation: [pǔːla] ( listen); Italian and
Istro-Romanian: Pola; Latin: Colonia Pietas Iulia Pola Pollentia
Herculanea; Slovene and Chakavian: Pulj, Hungarian: Póla, German:
Polei, Ancient Greek: Πόλαι, Polae) is the largest city in Istria
County,
Croatia

Croatia and the eighth largest city in the country, situated
at the southern tip of the
Istria

Istria peninsula, with a population of
57,460 in 2011. It is known for its multitude of ancient Roman
buildings, the most famous of which is the
Pula

Pula Arena, one of the best
preserved Roman amphitheaters, and its beautiful sea. The city has a
long tradition of wine making, fishing, shipbuilding, and tourism. It
has also been Istria's administrative centre since ancient Roman
times.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Pre-history
1.2 Ancient period
1.3 Middle Ages
1.4 Venetian, Napoleonic and early Habsburg rule
1.5 Austrian Littoral province and union with Italy
1.6 Post-World War II and modern era
2 Geography and climate
3 Population
4 Sights
5 Economy
6 Sport
7 Tourism
8 Transport
9 Nearby towns and villages
10 International relations
10.1 Twin towns – sister cities
11 See also
12 Notable people
13 References
13.1 Bibliography
13.2 Further reading
13.2.1 Published in the 19th century
13.2.2 Published in the 20th century
13.3 Notes
14 External links
History[edit]
Pre-history[edit]
Evidence of the presence of
Homo erectus

Homo erectus 1 million years ago has been
found in the cave of Šandalja near Pula/Pola.[2] Pottery from the
Neolithic

Neolithic period (6000–2000 BC), indicating human settlement, has
been found around
Pula

Pula – Pola. In the
Bronze Age

Bronze Age (1800–1000 BC), a
new type of settlement appeared in Istria, called 'gradine', or
Hill-top fortifications.[3] Many late
Bronze Age

Bronze Age bone objects, such as
tools for smoothing and drilling, sewing needles, as well as spiral
bronze pendants, have been found in the area around Pula/Pola.[4] The
type of materials found in
Bronze Age

Bronze Age sites in
Istria

Istria connects these
with sites along the Danube.[4] The inhabitants of
Istria

Istria in the
Bronze Age

Bronze Age are known as Proto Illyrians.[4]
Greek pottery and a part of a statue of
Apollo

Apollo have been found,
attesting to the presence or influence of Greek culture.[5] Greek
tradition attributed the foundation of Polai to the Colchians,
mentioned in the context of the story of
Jason

Jason and Medea, who had
stolen the golden fleece. The Colchians, who had chased
Jason

Jason into the
northern Adriatic, were unable to catch him and ended up settling in a
place they called Polai, signifying "city of refuge".[6]
Ancient period[edit]
Aerial view of the city
Pula Arena

Pula Arena in the year 1728
In classical antiquity, it was inhabited by the Histri,[7] a Venetic
or Illyrian tribe recorded by
Strabo

Strabo in the 1st century AD The Istrian
peninsula was conquered by the Romans in 177 BC,[7] starting a period
of Romanization. The town was elevated to colonial rank between
46–45 BC as the tenth region of the late Roman Republic, under
Julius Caesar.[7][8] During that time the town grew and had at its
zenith a population of about 30,000. It became a significant Roman
port with a large surrounding area under its jurisdiction.
During the civil war of 42 BC of the triumvirate of Octavian, Mark
Antony and Lepidus against Caesar's assassins Brutus and Cassius, the
town took the side of Cassius, since the town had been founded by
Cassius Longinus, brother of Cassius. After Octavian's victory, the
town was demolished. It was soon rebuilt at the request of Octavian's
daughter Iulia and was then called Colonia Pietas Iulia Pola Pollentia
Herculanea. The colony was part of Venetia et Histria, a region of
Roman Italy. Great classical constructions were built of which a few
remain.
A great amphitheatre,
Pula

Pula Arena, was constructed between 27 BC – 68
AD,[9] much of it still standing to this day. The Romans also supplied
the city with a water supply and sewage systems. They fortified the
city with a wall with ten gates. A few of these gates still remain:
the triumphal Arch of the Sergii, the Gate of
Hercules

Hercules (in which the
names of the founders of the city are engraved) and the Twin Gates.
During the reign of emperor
Septimius Severus

Septimius Severus the name of the town was
changed into "Res Publica Polensis". The town was the site of Crispus
Caesar's execution in 326 AD and Gallus Caesar's execution in 354 AD.
In 425 AD the town became the centre of a bishopric, attested by the
remains of foundations of a few religious buildings.[7]
Middle Ages[edit]
Chapel of St. Mary Formosa
Pula

Pula Fortress
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the city and region were
attacked by the Ostrogoths, Pola being virtually destroyed by Odoacer,
a Germanic foederati general in 476 AD[10] The town was ruled by the
Ostrogoths
.jpg/900px-Theodoric's_Palace_-_Sant'Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016_(crop).jpg)
Ostrogoths from 493 to 538 AD.[10] When their rule ended, Pola came
under the rule of the
Exarchate of Ravenna

Exarchate of Ravenna (540–751). During this
period Pola prospered and became the major port of the Byzantine fleet
and integral part of the Byzantine Empire.[10][11] The Basilica of
Saint Mary Formosa was built in the 6th century.[10]
From 788 on Pola was ruled by the
Frankish Empire

Frankish Empire under Charlemagne,
with the introduction of the feudal system.[11][12][13] Under the
Franks it was part of the Kingdom of Italy. Pola became the seat of
the elective counts of
Istria

Istria until 1077. The town was taken in 1148
by the Venetians and in 1150 Pola swore allegiance to the Republic of
Venice, thus becoming a Venetian possession. For centuries thereafter,
the city's fate and fortunes were tied to those of Venetian power. It
was conquered by the Pisans in 1192 but soon reconquered by the
Venetians.[14]
In 1238
Pope Gregory IX

Pope Gregory IX formed an alliance between
Genoa

Genoa and Venice
against the Empire, and consequently against
Pisa

Pisa too. As Pola had
sided with the Pisans, the city was sacked by the Venetians in 1243.
It was destroyed again in 1267 and again in 1397 when the Genoese
defeated the Venetians in a naval battle.
Pola then slowly went into decline. This decay was accelerated by the
infighting of local families: the ancient Roman Sergi family and the
Ionotasi (1258–1271) and the clash between
Venice

Venice and
Genoa

Genoa for the
control of the city and its harbour (late 13th and 14th centuries). In
1291, by the Peace of Treviso, Patriarch Raimondo della Torre gained
the city as part of the secular realm of the Patriarchate of Aquileia,
only to lose it to
Venice

Venice in 1331, which then held it until its
downfall in 1797.
Pola is quoted by the Italian poet Dante Alighieri, who had visited
Pola, in the Divine Comedy: "Sì come a Pola, presso del Carnaro,
ch'Italia chiude e i suoi termini bagna" or "As Pola, along the
Quarnero, that marks the end of
Italy

Italy and bathes its boundaries".
Venetian, Napoleonic and early Habsburg rule[edit]
The Venetians took over
Pula

Pula in 1331 and would rule the city until
1797. During the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries,
Pula

Pula was attacked and
occupied by the Genoese, the Hungarian army and the Habsburgs; several
outlying medieval settlements and towns were destroyed. In addition to
war, the plague, malaria and typhoid ravaged the city. By the 1750s
there were only 3,000 inhabitants left in ancient city, an area now
covered with weeds and ivy.[15]
With the collapse of the Venetian Republic in 1797 following
Napoleon's Treaty of Campo Formio, the city became part of the
Habsburg Monarchy. It was invaded again in 1805 after the French had
defeated the Austrians. It was included in the French Empire of
Napoleon as part of the Kingdom of Italy, then placed directly under
the French Empire's Illyrian Provinces.
Austrian Littoral province and union with Italy[edit]
Pula

Pula Riviera in 1904
Austro-Hungarian dreadnoughts at Pola
In 1813, Pola (with Istria) came back to the Austrian Empire. Under
the compromise of 1867, the town — under the original Italian name,
Pola — remained in
Austria-Hungary
.svg/250px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_(1869-1918).svg.png)
Austria-Hungary until the latter's defeat and
dissolution in 1918.[16] Under Austrian rule, Pola regained
prosperity. Its large natural harbour became Austria's main naval base
and a major shipbuilding centre.[17][18] It was chosen for the base in
1859 by Hans Dahlerup (da), a Danish admiral in the service of
Austria.[15] Subsequently, Pola grew from a fading provincial town
into an industrial city. The famous island of Brioni (in Croatian
renamed Brijuni) to the North West of Pola became the summer vacation
resort of Austria's Habsburg royal family. In World War I, the port
was the main base for Austro-Hungarian dreadnoughts and other naval
forces of the Empire.[17] During this period many inhabitants were
Italian speaking. The 1910 Austrian census recorded a city population
of 58,562 (45.8% Italian speaking; 15.2% Croatian, the rest were
mostly German speaking military).[19]
Following the collapse of
Austria-Hungary
.svg/250px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_(1869-1918).svg.png)
Austria-Hungary in 1918, Pola and the whole
of
Istria

Istria – except the territory of Castua
Kastav

Kastav – went to
Italy.[18] Pola became the capital of the Province of Pola. The
decline in population after World War I was mainly due to economic
difficulties caused by the withdrawal of Austro-Hungarian military and
bureaucratic facilities and the dismissal of workers from the
shipyard.[20] Under the
Italian Fascist

Italian Fascist government of Benito
Mussolini, non-Italians, especially Croatian residents who came to
Pola under Austro-Hungarian rule, faced stringent political and
cultural repression because they had now to integrate themselves into
the Kingdom of
Italy

Italy and learn the Italian language. Many left the
city and went back to the newly created Yugoslavia, where their homes
were. After the collapse of Fascist
Italy

Italy in 1943, the city was
occupied by the German
Wehrmacht
.svg/440px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_(1938–1945).svg.png)
Wehrmacht and remained a base for U-boats.
Consequently, the city was subjected to repeated Allied bombing from
1942–1944. In the last phase of the war, Pola saw the arrest,
deportation and execution of people suspected of aiding the partisans
who together with the Yugoslav communists killed many soldiers and
civilians.
Post-World War II and modern era[edit]
Pula

Pula University building
For two years after 1945, Pola was administered by the Allied Military
Government for Occupied Territories (AMG). Pola formed an enclave
within south
Istria

Istria that was occupied by Yugoslavia since 1945 with
the help of Churchill. The AMG was occupied by a company of the United
States 351st Infantry and a British battalion of the 24th Guards
Brigade.
Istria

Istria was partitioned into occupation zones until the region
became officially united with the Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (SFR Yugoslavia) on 15 September 1947, under terms of the
Paris Peace Treaties. The city became part of the SFR Yugoslavia, upon
the ratification of the Paris Peace Treaties on 15 September 1947 —
which also created the
Free Territory of Trieste

Free Territory of Trieste that ultimately
reverted to Italy. Initially Pola's population of 45,000 was largely
made up of ethnic Italians. However, between December 1946 and
September 1947, most of the Italian residents fled to
Italy

Italy during the
Istrian exodus. Subsequently, the city's Croatian name, Pula, became
the official name. Today the city of Pola or
Pula

Pula is officially
bilingual, hence both
Pula

Pula or Pola are official names. Since the
collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991, Pula-Pola has been part of the newly
created Republic of Croatia.
Geography and climate[edit]
The city lies on and beneath seven hills on the inner part of a wide
gulf and a naturally well-protected port (depth up to 38 metres
(125 ft)) open to the northwest with two entrances: from the sea
and through
Fažana

Fažana channel.
Today, Pula/Pola's geographical area amounts to 5,165 hectares (12,760
acres), 4,159 hectares (10,280 acres)[21] on land and 1,015 hectares
(2,510 acres) at sea, bounded from the north by islands Sv. Jerolim
and Kozada, city areas Štinjan/Stignano, Veli Vrh/Monte Grande and
Sianna with its 'Kaiserwald' forest; from the east area Monteserpo,
Valmade, Busoler and Valdebek; from the south with the old gas works,
commercial port Veruda and island Veruda; and from the west Verudela,
Lungomare and Musil.
Protected from the north by the mountain chain of
Alps

Alps as well the
inner highland, the climate is humid subtropical (Köppen climate
classification: Cfa), very pleasant, with the highest air temperature
averaging 24 °C (75 °F) during August and lowest averaging
6 °C (43 °F), in January. Summers are usually warm during
the day and cooler near the evening, although some strange heat wave
patterns are also common.
Normally, it is humid. Temperatures above 10 °C (50 °F)
last for more than 240 days a year. There are two different kinds of
winds here – the bora brings cold and clear weather from the north
in winter, and the southern
Sirocco

Sirocco bringing rain in summer.[22] The
'Maestral' is a summer breeze blowing from the inland to the sea.
Like the rest of the region
Pula

Pula – Pola is known for its mild
climate, tame sea, and unspoiled nature with an average of sunny days
of 2,316 hours per year or 6.3 hours a day, with an average air
temperature of 13.7 °C (56.7 °F)[23] (6.1 °C
(43.0 °F) in February to 26.4 °C (79.5 °F) in July
and August) and sea temperature from 7 °C (45 °F) to
26 °C (79 °F).[24][25][26]
Climate

Climate data for Pula
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
10.0
(50)
10.0
(50)
13.0
(55.4)
16.0
(60.8)
21.0
(69.8)
25.0
(77)
28.0
(82.4)
28.0
(82.4)
24.0
(75.2)
20.0
(68)
14.0
(57.2)
10.0
(50)
18.3
(64.85)
Daily mean °C (°F)
6
(43)
6
(43)
8.5
(47.3)
12
(54)
16.5
(61.7)
20.5
(68.9)
23
(73)
23
(73)
19.5
(67.1)
16
(61)
10.5
(50.9)
7
(45)
14.04
(57.33)
Average low °C (°F)
2.0
(35.6)
2.0
(35.6)
4.0
(39.2)
8.0
(46.4)
12.0
(53.6)
16.0
(60.8)
18.0
(64.4)
18.0
(64.4)
15.0
(59)
12.0
(53.6)
7.0
(44.6)
4.0
(39.2)
9.8
(49.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
78.0
(3.071)
64.0
(2.52)
65.0
(2.559)
70.0
(2.756)
56.0
(2.205)
53.0
(2.087)
48.0
(1.89)
75.0
(2.953)
85.0
(3.346)
85.0
(3.346)
80.0
(3.15)
112.0
(4.409)
871
(34.292)
Average rainy days
12.0
12.0
12.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
10.0
11.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
13.0
145
Mean daily sunshine hours
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
9.0
7.0
5.0
3.0
3.0
6
Percent possible sunshine
33
40
42
43
53
56
67
64
58
45
30
33
47
Source #1: EuroWeather
Source #2: Weather Atlas (sunshine data) [27]
Climate

Climate data for Pula
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F)
11.3
(52.4)
10.4
(50.7)
11.2
(52.1)
13.7
(56.7)
18.2
(64.8)
23.0
(73.3)
25.0
(77.0)
25.2
(77.3)
23.7
(74.6)
19.6
(67.3)
16.8
(62.3)
14.2
(57.5)
17.7
(63.8)
Mean daily daylight hours
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
15.0
14.0
12.0
11.0
10.0
9.0
12.3
Average Ultraviolet index
1
2
3
5
7
8
8
7
5
3
2
1
4.3
Source: Weather Atlas [27]
Population[edit]
Historical population
Year
Pop.
±%
1857
3,628
—
1869
10,601
+192.2%
1880
25,390
+139.5%
1890
31,498
+24.1%
1900
36,143
+14.7%
1910
59,498
+64.6%
1921
38,591
−35.1%
1931
44,219
+14.6%
1948
20,812
−52.9%
1953
28,259
+35.8%
1961
37,099
+31.3%
1971
47,156
+27.1%
1981
56,153
+19.1%
1991
62,378
+11.1%
2001
58,594
−6.1%
2011
57,765
−1.4%
census data
Pula/Pola is the largest city in
Istria

Istria County, with a metropolitan
area of 90,000 people.[citation needed] The city itself has 57,460
residents (census 2011),[1] while the metropolitan area includes
Barban/Barbana (2,802 residents), Fažana/Fasana (3,050 residents),
Ližnjan/Lisignano (2,945 residents), Marčana/Marciana (3,903
residents), Medulin/Medolino (6,004 residents),
Svetvinčenat/Sanvicenti (2,218 residents) and Vodnjan/Dignanon (5,651
residents). Its population density is 1,093.27 inhabitants per square
kilometre (2,831.6/sq mi), ranking
Pula

Pula – Pola fifth in
Croatia.
Its birth rate is 1.795 per cent and its mortality rate is 1.014 per
cent (in 2001 466 people were born and 594 deceased), with a natural
population decrease of −0.219 per cent and vital index of 78.45. The
majority of its citizens are
Croats

Croats representing 70.14% of the
population (2011 census). The largest ethnic minorities are: 3,454
Serbs

Serbs (6.01 per cent), 2,545 autochthonous Italians (4.43 per cent),
2,011
Bosniaks

Bosniaks (3.5 per cent), 549 Slovenians (0.96 per cent).[28]
Sights[edit]
Pula Arena

Pula Arena interior
Punta Verudela
Arch of Sergii
Byzantine Piran Reliquary at the
Pula

Pula Archeologial Museum
Pula

Pula Cathedral
The Temple of Augustus
Lungo Mare beach
Light design by
Dean Skira

Dean Skira on cranes in
Pula

Pula harbour
The city is best known for its many surviving ancient Roman buildings,
the most famous of which is its 1st-century amphitheatre, which is
among the six largest surviving Roman arenas in the world.[9] and
locally known as the Arena. This is one of the best preserved
amphitheatres from antiquity and is still in use today during summer
film festivals. During the World War II Italian fascist
administration, there were attempts to dismantle the arena and move it
to mainland Italy, which were quickly abandoned due to the costs
involved.
Two other notable and well-preserved ancient Roman structures are the
1st-century AD triumphal arch, the
Arch of the Sergii

Arch of the Sergii and the co-eval
temple of Rome and Augustus, built in the 1st century AD built on the
forum during the reign of the Roman emperor Augustus.
The Twin Gates (Porta Gemina) is one of the few remaining gates after
the city walls were pulled down at the beginning of the 19th century.
It dates from the mid-2nd century, replacing an earlier gate. It
consists of two arches, columns, a plain architrave and a decorated
frieze. Close by are a few remains of the old city wall.
The Gate of
Hercules

Hercules dates from the 1st century. At the top of the
single arch one can see the bearded head of Hercules, carved in
high-relief, and his club on the adjoining voussoir. A damaged
inscription, close to the club, contains the names of Lucius
Calpurnius Piso and
Gaius Cassius Longinus

Gaius Cassius Longinus who were entrusted by the
Roman senate to found a colony at the site of Pula. Thus it can be
deduced that
Pula

Pula was founded between 47 and 44 BC.
The Augustan Forum was constructed in the 1st century BC, close to the
sea. In Roman times it was surrounded by temples of Jupiter, Juno and
Minerva. This Roman commercial and administrative centre of the city
remained the main square of classical and medieval
Pula

Pula – Pola. It
still is the main administrative and legislative centre of the city.
The temple of Roma and
Augustus

Augustus is still preserved today. A part of
the back wall of the temple of Juno was integrated into the Communal
Palace in the 13th century.
Two Roman theatres have withstood the ravages of time: the smaller one
(diameter c. 50 m; 2nd century AD) near the centre, the larger one
(diameter c. 100 m; 1st century AD) on the southern edge of the city.
The city's old quarter of narrow streets, lined with Medieval and
Renaissance

Renaissance buildings, are still surfaced with ancient Roman paving
stones.
The Byzantine chapel of St. Mary Formosa was built in the 6th century
(before 546) in the form of a Greek cross, resembling the churches in
Ravenna. It was built by deacon Maximilian, who became later
Archbishop of Ravenna. It was, together with another chapel, part of a
Benedictine abbey that was demolished in the 16th century. The floors
and the walls are decorated with 6th-century mosaics. The decoration
bears some resemblance to the
Mausoleum of Galla Placidia

Mausoleum of Galla Placidia at Ravenna.
The wall over the door contains a Byzantine carved stone panel. The
15th-century wall paintings may be restorations of Early Christian
paintings. When the Venetians raided
Pula

Pula in 1605, they removed many
treasures from this chapel to Venice, including the four columns of
oriental alabaster that stand behind the high altar of St Mark's
Basilica.
The Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary was built
in the 6th century, when
Pula

Pula – Pola became the seat of a bishopry,
over the remains over the original site where the Christians used to
gather and pray in Roman times. It was enlarged in the 10th century.
After its destruction by Genoese and Venetian raids, it was almost
completely rebuilt in the 15th century. It got its present form when a
late
Renaissance

Renaissance façade was added in the early 16th century. The
church still retains several Romanesque and Byzantine characters, such
as some parts of the walls (dating from the 4th century), a few of the
original column capitals and the upper windows of the nave. In the
altar area and in the room to the south one can still see fragments of
5th- or 6th-century floor mosaics with memorial inscriptions from
worshippers who paid for the mosaics. The windows of the aisles
underwent reconstruction in Gothic style after a fire in 1242. The
belfry in front the church was built between 1671 and 1707 with stones
form the amphitheatre. There also used to stand a baptistery from the
5th century in front of the church, but it was demolished in 1885.
The Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas with its Ravenna-style polygonal
apse, originally dates from the 6th century, but was partially rebuilt
in the 10th century. In 1583 it was assigned to the Orthodox community
of
Pula

Pula – Pola, mainly immigrants from
Cyprus

Cyprus and Nauplion. The
church owns several icons from the 15th and the 16th century and an
iconostasis from the Greek artists Tomios Batos from the 18th century.
The star-shaped castle with four bastions is situated on top of the
central hill of the old city. It was built, over the remains of the
Roman capitolium, by the Venetians in the 17th century, following the
plans of the French military architect Antoine de Ville. Since 1961 it
now houses the Historical Museum of Istria. Close by, on the
north-eastern slopes, one can see the remains of a 2nd-century
theatre.
The Church of St. Francis dates from the end of the 13th century. It
was built in 1314 in late Romanesque style with Gothic additions such
as the rose window. The church consists of a single nave with three
apses. An unusual feature of this church is the double pulpit, with
one part projecting into the street. A 15th-century wooden polyptych
from an Emilian artist adorns the altar. The west portal is decorated
with shell motifs and a rose window. The adjoining monastery dates
from the 14th century. The cloisters display some antique Roman
artefacts.
The Archaeological Museum of
Istria

Istria is situated in the park on a lower
level than the Roman theatre and close to the Twin Gates. Its
collection was started by Marshall Marmont in August 1802 when he
collected the stone monuments from the temple of Roma and Augustus.
The present-day museum was opened in 1949. It displays treasures from
Pula/Pola and surroundings from prehistory until the Middle Ages. The
building was constructed under Austro-Hungarian rule and was the
former k.u.k. 'Staatsgymnasium', the Austrian highschool.
The Aquarium
Pula

Pula is the biggest aquarium in Croatia, located in the
Austro-Hungarian fortress Verudela, which was built in 1886 on the
peninsula 3 km (2 mi) from the centre of the city of
Pula/Pola. Transforming the fortress into the aquarium has been in
progress since 2002. The installation encompasses about 60 tanks on
the ground floor, the moat, and the first floor of the fortress. In an
area of approximately 2,000 m2 (21,528 sq ft), visitors
can view inhabitants of the Northern and Southern Adriatic Sea,
tropical marine and freshwater fish and with representatives of
European rivers and lakes. From the roof of the fort, visitors may
view the entire city of Pula. It is also possible to see the first
marine turtle rescue centre in Croatia.
Fort Bourguignon
.jpg/600px-Fort_Bourgignon_(3).jpg)
Fort Bourguignon is one of many fortresses in
Pula

Pula – Pola that the
Austrian empire erected to protect the port for its navy.
As a result of its rich political history,
Pula

Pula – Pola is a city
with a cultural mixture of people and languages from the Mediterranean
and Central Europe, ancient and contemporary. Pula/Pola's architecture
reflects these layers of history. Residents are commonly fluent in
both Croatian and
Italian language

Italian language but also to foreign languages like
German and English. From 30 October 1904 to March 1905 Irish writer
James Joyce

James Joyce taught English at the Berlitz School; his students were
mainly Austro-Hungarian naval officers who were stationed at the Naval
Shipyard. While he was in Pola he organised the local printing of his
broadsheet The Holy Office, which satirised both William Butler Yeats
and George William Russell.[29]
Economy[edit]
Center of the city
Uljanik
.jpg/440px-Pula_Uljanik_(1).jpg)
Uljanik shipyard
Major industries include shipbuilding, processing industry, tourism,
traffic, food industries, construction industries and other non-metal
industries.
Major companies located in Pula/Pola:
Arenaturist d.d. (tourism)
Bina Istra d.d. (construction industry)
Brionka d.d. (food industry)
Cesta d.o.o. (construction industry)
DURAN Group d.d. (glass production)[30]
Istra cement d.o.o. (cement production)
Istragradnja d.d. (construction industry)
Tehnomont (shipbuilding)
Uljanik
.jpg/440px-Pula_Uljanik_(1).jpg)
Uljanik (shipbuilding)
Uniline d.o.o (tourism)
Sport[edit]
Aldo Drosina Stadium
Football -
NK Istra 1961

NK Istra 1961 (first Croatian league) and
NK Istra

NK Istra (third
Croatian league)
Volleyball -OK OTP Banka
Pula

Pula (first Croatian league)
Handball -RK Arena
Basketball -KK Stoja and KK Pula1981
Swimming -SK Arena
Judo -JK Istarski borac and JK PulaFit
Rowing -VK Istra
Tennis -Smrikve Tennis Club (Smrikva Bowl)
Tourism[edit]
Riviera Hotel (right)
The natural beauty of Pula/Pola's surrounding countryside and
turquoise water of the Adriatic have made the city an internationally
popular summer vacation destination. The pearl nearby is Brioni island
or
Brijuni

Brijuni national park visited by numerous world leaders since it
was the summer residence of Josip Broz Tito. Roman villas and temples
still lie buried among farm fields and along the shoreline of the
dozens of surrounding fishing and farming villages. The coastal waters
offer beaches, fishing, wreck dives to ancient Roman galleys and World
War I warships, cliff diving, and sailing to unspoiled coves and
islands large and small.
Pula

Pula – Pola is the end point of the
EuroVelo

EuroVelo 9 cycle route that runs
from
Gdańsk

Gdańsk on the
Baltic Sea

Baltic Sea through Poland, the Czech Republic,
Austria,
Slovenia

Slovenia and Croatia.
It is possible to track dinosaur footprints on the nearby sea shores;
certain more important finds have been made at an undisclosed location
near Bale.
Transport[edit]
Žverinac hydrofoil at the port of Pula
Pulapromet city bus
Pula/Pola had an electric tramway system in the early 20th century. It
was built in 1904 as a part of Pula's economic crescendo during the
Austro-Hungarian rule. After World War I, during the Fascist rule, the
need for tram transportation declined and it was finally dismantled in
1934.
Pula Airport

Pula Airport is located north-east of Pula/Pola, and serves both
domestic and international destinations.[31] Similarly to nearby
Rijeka

Rijeka Airport, it is not a major international destination. However,
this is likely to change as low-cost airline,
Ryanair

Ryanair has started
scheduled flights to
Pula

Pula since November 2006. Jet2 also offer flights
from Newcastle, Birmingham, Glasgow, Leeds-Bradford, Belfast,
Manchester and East Midlands Airports. Scandinavian Airlines (SAS)
operate scheduled flights from Stockholm and Copenhagen during
summertime. Nearby international airports include
Trieste

Trieste in Italy,
Zagreb, Croatia's capital and Ljubljana, Slovenia's capital. There are
direct flights into
Pula

Pula airport from London and Dublin during whole
year and several other large airports in Western Europe during summer.
On 9 April 2015
European Coastal Airlines

European Coastal Airlines established a daily seaplane
service from the downtown seaplane terminal at the city's main
waterfront. Destinations as of April 2015 are Rijeka, the island of
Rab

Rab and Mali Losinj.[32][33]
A train service operates north from Pula/Pola through to Slovenia,
however the line remains disconnected from the rest of the Croatian
Railways network. Plans to tunnel the 'missing link' between this line
and from
Rijeka

Rijeka have existed for many years, and despite work
commencing on this project previously, has never seen completion.
Pula

Pula Bus Terminus/Terminal is the main hub for
Istria

Istria and located on
the edge of town just west of the Amphitheatre. From there, an
excellent service to a wide range of local, domestic and international
locations is available throughout the year. Several bus companies
operate from this Terminus including the local service run by
Pulapromet. There is also a guaranteed direct line from Pula/Pola to
Trieste/Venice, especially into spring/summer time. Timetables can be
found on www.buscroatia.com www.akz.hr www.autobusi.hr
www.balkanviator.com
Passenger ferries also operate from the port area to nearby islands,
and also to
Venice

Venice and
Trieste

Trieste in
Italy

Italy from June till September.
Nearby towns and villages[edit]
Bale / Valle d'Istria
Banjole

Banjole / Bagnole
Barban

Barban / Barbana d'Istria
Brijuni

Brijuni / Brioni (Isole)
Fažana

Fažana / Fasana
Galižana / Gallesano
Ližnjan

Ližnjan / Lisignano
Medulin

Medulin / Medolino
Pomer / Pomero
Premantura

Premantura / Promontore (Capo)
Šišan / Sissano
Štinjan / Strugnano
Valtura / Valtura
Vinkuran/ Vincurano
Vodnjan

Vodnjan / Dignano d'Istria
Porer Lightouse
International relations[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Croatia
Twin towns – sister cities[edit]
Pula

Pula – Pola is twinned with:[34]
Graz,
Austria

Austria (since 1972, partnership established in 1961)[35]
Trier,
Germany
.jpg/440px-Germany-_Simon_McDonald_(8484625313).jpg)
Germany (since 8 September 1970)[36]
Imola,
Italy

Italy (since 1972)
Verona,
Italy

Italy (since 1982)
Čabar,
Croatia

Croatia (since 1974)
Kranj,
Slovenia

Slovenia (since 1974)
Varaždin,
Croatia

Croatia (since 1979)
Novorossiysk,
Russia

Russia (since 1999)[37][38]
Hekinan,
Japan

Japan (since 2007)
Villefranche-de-Rouergue,
France

France (since 2008)[39]
Sarajevo,
Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 2012)
Other forms of city partnership
Szeged, Hungary[40]
Veles, Macedonia[41]
Friendly relationships
Vienna, Austria
several towns from
Styria

Styria region
Pécs, Hungary
Brno, Czech Republic
Skopje, Macedonia
See also[edit]
List of people from Pula
List of ancient cities in Illyria
Roman Catholic Diocese of Poreč-Pula
Notable people[edit]
Archduke Karl Albrecht of Austria, Austrian and Polish officer and
landowner
Lidia Bastianich, chef-restaurateur
Alida Valli, actress
Antonio Smareglia, classical composer
Laura Antonelli, actress
Sergio Endrigo, singer-composer
Mate Parlov, boxer
Stjepan Hauser, cellist
Jadranka Đokić, actress
Raimondo Vianello, actor
Rossana Rossanda, journalist
James Joyce, writer, lived in
Pula

Pula on first leaving Ireland with his
wife Nora Barnacle
Johann Palisa, astronomer
Herman Potočnik, a.k.a Hermann Noordung, rocket engineer and pioneer
of cosmonautics
References[edit]
Bibliography[edit]
Cresswell, Peterjon; Atkins, Ismay; Dunn, Lily (10 July 2006). Time
Out
Croatia

Croatia (First ed.). London, Berkeley & Toronto: Time Out
Group Ltd & Ebury Publishing,
Random House

Random House Ltd. 20 Vauxhall Bridge
Road, London SV1V 2SA. pp. 116–123.
ISBN 978-1-904978-70-1. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
Džin, Kristina (2009). Mirko Žužić, ed. Arena Pula. Zagreb: Viza
MG d.o.o. Remetinečka cesta 81, Zagreb.
ISBN 978-953-7422-15-8. [verification needed]
Ivelja-Dalmatin, Ana (2009). Pula. Tourist Monograph. Zagreb:
Turistička naklada. ISBN 953-215-120-6. [verification
needed]
Further reading[edit]
Published in the 19th century[edit]
Thomas Graham Jackson

Thomas Graham Jackson (1887), "Pola", Dalmatia, Oxford: Clarendon
Press, retrieved 2016-02-12
R.
Lambert Playfair

Lambert Playfair (1892), "Pola", Handbook to the Mediterranean (3rd
ed.), London: J. Murray, retrieved 2016-02-12
Published in the 20th century[edit]
Arthur L. Frothingham (1910), "Pola", Roman Cities in
Italy

Italy and
Dalmatia, New York: Sturgis & Walton Company, retrieved
2016-02-12
"Pola", The Encyclopaedia Britannica (11th ed.), New York:
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910, OCLC 14782424, retrieved
2016-02-12
Turner, J. (2 January 1996).
Grove Dictionary of Art

Grove Dictionary of Art (New ed.). USA:
Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517068-7.
Notes[edit]
^ a b "Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements, 2011 Census: Pula".
Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian
Bureau of Statistics. December 2012.
^ Skorin-Kapov, Jadranka. "A short historical overview of
Istria

Istria and,
especially, Pula". croatianhistory.net. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
^ "
Istria

Istria in the
Bronze Age

Bronze Age (1800-1000 B.C.)". istrianet.org.
Retrieved 7 April 2012.
^ a b c "Tracking the History of the Hillforts in
Istria

Istria and
Slovenia". istrianet.org. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
^ "A short historical overview of
Istria

Istria and, especially, Pula".
croatianhistory.net. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
^ "
Istria

Istria on the Internet – Customs – Legends – Pola".
istrianet.org. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
^ a b c d "A HISTORICAL OUTLINE OF ISTRIA". www2.arnes.si. Retrieved
27 January 2010.
^ Ivelja-Dalmatin 2009, p. 10
^ a b Džin 2009, p. 7
^ a b c d Ivelja-Dalmatin 2009, p. 12
^ a b "Arheoloski muzej Istre". mdc.hr. Archived from the original on
13 October 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
^ Ivelja-Dalmatin 2009, p. 13
^ "
Charlemagne

Charlemagne – The making of Europe". mhas-split.hr. The Museum of
Croatian Archaeological Monuments. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
^ "A Historical Outline of Istria". zrs-kp.si. Archived from the
original on 6 April 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
^ a b Ivelja-Dalmatin 2009, p. 15
^ Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen
Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890, Wilhelm KLEIN, 1967
^ a b First World War – Willmott, H.P., Dorling Kindersley, 2003,
Page 186-187
^ a b Cresswell, Atkins & Dunn 2006, p. 117.
^ Kocsis, Károly; Az etnikai konfliktusok történeti-földrajzi
háttere a volt Jugoszlávia területén; Teleki László
Alapítvány, 1993 ISBN 963-04-2855-5
^ "Summary: Islam in Europe, European Islam". Cser.it. Archived from
the original on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
^ Ivelja-Dalmatin 2009, p. 24
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "sirocco". Encyclopædia
Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ Ivelja-Dalmatin 2009, p. 28
^ Ivelja-Dalmatin 2009, p. 29
^ "CLIMATE PULA – Weather". tutiempo.net. Retrieved 26 January
2010.
^ "EuroWEATHER – Maximum temperature, Pula/Pola,
Croatia

Croatia – Climate
averages". eurometeo.com. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
^ a b "Pula,
Croatia

Croatia -
Climate

Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 9 March
2017.
^ "Population by Ethnicity, by Towns/Municipalities, 2011 Census:
County of Istria". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings
2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012.
^ "Dear Dirty Dublin – redirect". Lib.utulsa.edu. Retrieved 23
August 2009.
^ "DURAN GROUP – Labware – SCHOTT Boral". Web.archive.org. 2
November 2007. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007.
Retrieved 23 August 2009.
^ AIP from the European Organisation for the Safety of Air
Navigation[dead link]
^ "Fotogalerija : U Pulu iz Splita hidroavionom stigli prvi
putnici – GlasIstre.hr". glasistre.hr.
^ "Timetable – European Coastal Airlines". Archived from the
original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
^ "Međunarodna suradnja Grada Pule". Grad
Pula

Pula (in Croatian and
Italian). Archived from the original on 2012-05-05. Retrieved
2013-07-28.
^ "Twin Towns –
Graz

Graz Online – English Version". graz.at. Archived
from the original on 8 November 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
^ pula.hr: Građani Triera u posjeti gradu prijatelju Puli
^ (Protocol of partnership and town twinning in 1997)[full citation
needed]
^ Международные Связи – Администрация
муниципального образования
город-герой Новороссийск (in Russian). Archived
from the original on 23 December 2011. Retrieved 21 December
2011.
^ location of Croatian rebellion
^ (since 2003)
^ (since 2002)
External links[edit]
Official website
Pula

Pula travel guide from Wikivoyage
Media related to
Pula

Pula at Wikimedia Commons
Archaeological Museum of Istria
Croatian National Tourist Board - Pula
Official tourist website of
Istria

Istria - Pula
Places adjacent to Pula
57 km (35 mi) to Poreč
67 km (42 mi) Motovun
106 km (66 mi) Rijeka
Pula
81 km (50 mi) Mali Lošinj
v
t
e
Cities and towns of
Croatia

Croatia by population
100,000+
Osijek
Rijeka
Split
Zagreb
35,000+
Bjelovar
Dubrovnik
Karlovac
Kaštela
Pula
Samobor
Šibenik
Sisak
Slavonski Brod
Varaždin
Velika Gorica
Vinkovci
Zadar
10,000+
Beli Manastir
Belišće
Benkovac
Čakovec
Crikvenica
Đakovo
Daruvar
Donji Miholjac
Duga Resa
Dugo Selo
Garešnica
Gospić
Imotski
Ivanec
Ivanić-Grad
Jastrebarsko
Kastav
Knin
Koprivnica
Krapina
Križevci
Kutina
Labin
Makarska
Metković
Našice
Nova Gradiška
Novi Marof
Novska
Ogulin
Omiš
Opatija
Petrinja
Pleternica
Ploče
Popovača
Poreč
Požega
Rovinj
Sinj
Slatina
Solin
Sveta Nedelja
Sveti Ivan Zelina
Trogir
Umag
Valpovo
Virovitica
Vrbovec
Vukovar
Zaprešić
Županja
v
t
e
Subdivisions of
Istria

Istria County
Cities and towns
Buje
Buzet
Labin
Novigrad
Pazin

Pazin (seat)
Poreč
Pula
Rovinj
Umag
Vodnjan
Municipalities
Bale
Barban
Brtonigla
Cerovlje
Fažana
Funtana
Gračišće
Grožnjan
Kanfanar
Karojba
Kaštelir-Labinci
Kršan
Lanišće
Ližnjan
Lupoglav
Marčana
Medulin
Motovun
Oprtalj
Pićan
Raša
Sveti Lovreč
Sveta Nedelja
Sveti Petar u Šumi
Svetvinčenat
Tar-Vabriga
Tinjan
Višnjan
Vižinada
Vrsar
Žminj
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 145417618
GND: 4103444-2
BNF: cb1252