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The Pterophoridae or plume moths are a
The forewings of plume moths usually consist of two curved spars with more or less bedraggled bristles trailing behind. This resembles the closely related Alucitidae (many-plumed moths) at first glance, but the latter have a greater number of symmetrical plumes. The hindwings are similarly constructed, but have three spars. This unorthodox structure does not prevent flight. A few
Subfamily Agdistinae * Genus ''
*** '' Platyptilia aarviki''
*** '' Platyptilia carduidactyla'' – artichoke plume moth
*** '' Platyptilia celidotus''
*** '' Platyptilia eberti''
*** '' Platyptilia falcatalis''
*** '' Platyptilia gonodactyla''
*** '' Platyptilia nussi''
** Genus '' Platyptiliodes''
** Genus '' Postplatyptilia''
** Genus '' Quadriptilia''
** Genus '' Sinpunctiptilia''
*** '' Sinpunctiptilia emissalis''
** Genus '' Sochchora''
** Genus '' Sphenarches''
** Genus '' Stenoptilia'' Hübner, 1825
*** '' Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla''
*** '' Stenoptilia kiitulo''
*** '' Stenoptilia pterodactyla''
*** '' Stenoptilia zophodactylus''
** Genus '' Stenoptilodes'' Zimmermann, 1958
*** '' Stenoptilodes antirrhina'' – snapdragon plume moth
** Genus '' Stockophorus''
** Genus '' Uroloba''
** Genus '' Vietteilus''
** Genus '' Xyroptila'' Tribe Exelastini
** Genus '' Arcoptilia''
** Genus '' Exelastis''
*** '' Exelastis caroli''
** Genus '' Fuscoptilia''
** Genus '' Marasmarcha''
** Genus '' Parafuscoptilia''
* Tribe Oxyptilini
** Genus '' Apoxyptilus'' Alipanah et al., 2010
** Genus '' Buckleria'' Tutt, 1905
*** '' Buckleria vanderwolfi''
** Genus '' Capperia''
** Genus '' Crombrugghia''
** Genus '' Dejongia''
** Genus '' Eucapperia''
*** '' Eucapperia continentalis''
** Genus '' Geina''
** Genus '' Intercapperia''
** Genus '' Megalorhipida'' Amsel, 1935
*** '' Megalorrhipida leucodactyla''
** Genus '' Oxyptilus''
** Genus '' Paracapperia''
** Genus '' Prichotilus'' Rose and Pooni, 2003
** Genus '' Procapperia''
** Genus '' Pseudoxyptilus'' Alipanah et al., 2010
** Genus '' Stangeia'' Tutt, 1905
*** '' Stangeia xerodes''
** Genus '' Stenodacma''
** Genus '' Tomotilus''
** Genus '' Trichoptilus''
* Tribe Oidaematophorini
** Genus '' Adaina''
** Genus '' Crassuncus''
** Genus '' Emmelina'' Tutt, 1905
*** '' Emmelina monodactyla''
** Genus '' Gypsochares''
** Genus '' Hellinsia'' Tutt, 1905
*** '' Hellinsia balanotes''
*** '' Hellinsia emmelinoida''
** Genus '' Helpaphorus''
** Genus '' Karachia''
** Genus '' Oidaematophorus'' Wallengren, 1862
*** '' Oidaematophorus beneficus''
** Genus '' Picardia''
** Genus '' Pselnophorus'' Wallengren, 1881
*** '' Pselnophorus meruensis''
** Genus '' Puerphorus''
** Genus '' Setosipennula''
* Tribe Pterophorini
** Genus '' Calyciphora''
** Genus '' Cosmoclostis''
*** '' Cosmoclostis aglaodesma''
*** '' Cosmoclostis hemiadelpha''
*** '' Cosmoclostis pesseuta''
** Genus '' Diacrotricha''
** Genus '' Imbophorus''
*** '' Imbophorus aptalis''
*** '' Imbophorus leucophasmus''
*** '' Imbophorus pallidus''
** Genus '' Merrifieldia''
** Genus '' Oirata''
** Genus '' Patagonophorus''
** Genus '' Porrittia''
** Genus '' Pterophorus''
*** '' Pterophorus pentadactyla'' – white plume moth
** Genus ''
PDF fulltext
* (1980): Geranium Plume Moth Quarantine
PDF fulltext
* (1992): Foodplant Specificity and Biology of Oidaematophorus balanotes (Pterophoridae): A North American Moth Introduced into Australia for the Control of Baccharis halimifolia (Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 46(3), 1992: 195-202)
PDF fulltext
* (1984): Mate-locating and courtship behaviors of the artichoke plume moth, Platyptilia carduidactyla (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae) (Environmental Entomology 13.2 1984: 399-408). https://academic.oup.com/ee/article-abstract/13/2/399/2393151]
British Insects: the Families of Lepidoptera
* http://www.plumemoth.com/ D.L. Matthews, PhD. Florida Museum
The Plume Moths of Australia
* A slow-motion video of a flying plume moth, taken by three fast cameras https://www.beatus-lab.org/fun-stuff {{DEFAULTSORT:Plume Moth Pterophoridae, Moth families
family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
of Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera ( ) is an order of insects that includes butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 families and 46 superfamilies, 10 percent of the total described speci ...
with unusually modified wings. Though they belong to the Apoditrysia
The Ditrysia are a natural group or clade of insects in the lepidopteran order containing both butterflies and moths. They are so named because the female has two distinct sexual openings: one for mating, and the other for laying eggs (in co ...
like the larger moth
Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of w ...
s and the butterflies
Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The group comprises ...
, unlike these they are tiny and were formerly included among the assemblage called " microlepidoptera".
Description and ecology
The forewings of plume moths usually consist of two curved spars with more or less bedraggled bristles trailing behind. This resembles the closely related Alucitidae (many-plumed moths) at first glance, but the latter have a greater number of symmetrical plumes. The hindwings are similarly constructed, but have three spars. This unorthodox structure does not prevent flight. A few genera
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...
have normal lepidoptera
Lepidoptera ( ) is an order of insects that includes butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 families and 46 superfamilies, 10 percent of the total described speci ...
n wings.
The usual resting posture is with the wings extended laterally and narrowly rolled up. Often they resemble a piece of dried grass, and may pass unnoticed by potential predators even when resting in exposed situations in daylight. Some species have larvae which are stem- or root-borers while others are leaf-browsers.
Economically important pterophorids include the artichoke plume moth
''Platyptilia carduidactyla'', the artichoke plume moth, is a moth of the family Pterophoridae described by Riley in 1869. It is found in New Zealand and North America, from Mexico north into the United States.
The wingspan is 19–32 mm. A ...
(''Platyptilia carduidactyla''), an artichoke
The globe artichoke (''Cynara cardunculus'' var. ''scolymus'' ),Rottenberg, A., and D. Zohary, 1996: "The wild ancestry of the cultivated artichoke." Genet. Res. Crop Evol. 43, 53–58. also known by the names French artichoke and green articho ...
(''Cynara cardunculus'') pest in California
California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the m ...
, while the geranium plume moth ('' Platyptilia pica'') and the snapdragon plume moth ('' Stenoptilodes antirrhina'') can cause damage to the ornamental plant
Ornamental plants or garden plants are plants that are primarily grown for their beauty but also for qualities such as scent or how they shape physical space. Many flowering plants and garden varieties tend to be specially bred cultivars that ...
s garden geranium ('' Pelargonium x hortorum'') and common snapdragon (''Antirrhinum majus
''Antirrhinum majus'', the common snapdragon (often - especially in horticulture - simply "snapdragon"), is a species of flowering plant belonging to the genus ''Antirrhinum''. The plant was placed in the family Plantaginaceae following a revis ...
''), respectively. Other plume moths have been used as biological control agents against invasive plant species – '' Lantanophaga pusillidactyla'' against West Indian lantana (''Lantana camara
''Lantana camara'' (common lantana) is a species of flowering plant within the verbena family ( Verbenaceae), native to the American tropics. It is a very adaptable species, which can inhabit a wide variety of ecosystems; once it has been introdu ...
''), '' Oidaematophorus beneficus'' against mistflower (''Ageratina riparia
''Ageratina riparia'', commonly known as mistflower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to Mexico. The species is widely adventive and has spread to Cuba, Jamaica, and other parts of the Caribbean. It has also been ...
''), '' Hellinsia balanotes'' against groundsel bush (''Baccharis halimifolia
''Baccharis halimifolia'' is a North American species of shrubs in the family Asteraceae. It is native to Nova Scotia, the eastern and southern United States (from Massachusetts south to Florida and west to Texas and Oklahoma), eastern Mexico (Nu ...
''), and '' Wheeleria spilodactylus'' against horehound ('' Marrubium vulgare'').
Evolution
A fossil species from the extant genus '' Merrifieldia'' is known from theOligocene
The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but t ...
of France.
Taxonomy
The small group of moths in the genus '' Agdistopis'' has often been treated as a subfamily Macropiratinae within the Pterophoridae, but recent research indicates that this group should be considered a separate family. The family is divided into the following subfamilies,tribes
The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to confli ...
and genera
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...
, some species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriat ...
are also listed:
Subfamily Agdistinae * Genus ''
Agdistis
Agdistis ( grc, Ἄγδιστις) is a deity of Greek, Roman, and Anatolian mythology who possesses both male and female sexual organs. They were closely associated with the Phrygian goddess Cybele.
Their androgyny was seen as a symbol of ...
'' Hübner, 1825
** '' Agdistis bouyeri''
** '' Agdistis linnaei''
Subfamily Ochyroticinae
* Genus '' Ochyrotica''
** '' Ochyrotica bjoernstadti''
Subfamily Deuterocopinae Gielis, 1993
* Genus '' Deuterocopus''
* Genus '' Heptaloba''
* Genus '' Hexadactilia''
* Genus '' Leptodeuterocopus''
Subfamily Pterophorinae Zeller, 1841
* Tribe Tetraschalini
** Genus '' Tetraschalis''
** Genus ''Titanoptilus
''Titanoptilus'' is a genus of moths in the family Pterophoridae. It was described by George Hampson
Sir George Francis Hampson, 10th Baronet (14 January 1860 – 15 October 1936) was an English entomologist.
Hampson studied at Charterhouse Sc ...
''
** Genus '' Walsinghamiella''
* Tribe Platyptiliini
** Genus '' Amblyptilia'' Hübner, 1825
*** '' Amblyptilia acanthadactyla''
** Genus '' Anstenoptilia''
** Genus '' Asiaephorus''
** Genus '' Bigotilia''
** Genus '' Bipunctiphorus''
** Genus '' Buszkoiana''
** Genus '' Cnaemidophorus'' Wallengren, 1862
*** '' Cnaemidophorus rhododactyla''
** Genus '' Crocydoscelus''
** Genus '' Fletcherella''
** Genus '' Gillmeria'' Tutt, 1905
*** '' Gillmeria ochrodactyla''
** Genus '' Inferuncus''
** Genus '' Koremaguia''
** Genus '' Lantanophaga'' Zimmermann, 1958
*** '' Lantanophaga pusillidactyla''
** Genus '' Leesi''
** Genus '' Lioptilodes''
** Genus '' Melanoptilia''
** Genus '' Michaelophorus''
** Genus '' Nippoptilia''
** Genus '' Paraamblyptilia''
** Genus '' Paraplatyptilia''
** Genus '' Platyptilia'' Hübner, 1825
*** '' Platyptilia aarviki''
*** '' Platyptilia carduidactyla'' – artichoke plume moth
*** '' Platyptilia celidotus''
*** '' Platyptilia eberti''
*** '' Platyptilia falcatalis''
*** '' Platyptilia gonodactyla''
*** '' Platyptilia nussi''
** Genus '' Platyptiliodes''
** Genus '' Postplatyptilia''
** Genus '' Quadriptilia''
** Genus '' Sinpunctiptilia''
*** '' Sinpunctiptilia emissalis''
** Genus '' Sochchora''
** Genus '' Sphenarches''
** Genus '' Stenoptilia'' Hübner, 1825
*** '' Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla''
*** '' Stenoptilia kiitulo''
*** '' Stenoptilia pterodactyla''
*** '' Stenoptilia zophodactylus''
** Genus '' Stenoptilodes'' Zimmermann, 1958
*** '' Stenoptilodes antirrhina'' – snapdragon plume moth
** Genus '' Stockophorus''
** Genus '' Uroloba''
** Genus '' Vietteilus''
** Genus '' Xyroptila'' Tribe Exelastini
** Genus '' Arcoptilia''
** Genus '' Exelastis''
*** '' Exelastis caroli''
** Genus '' Fuscoptilia''
** Genus '' Marasmarcha''
** Genus '' Parafuscoptilia''
* Tribe Oxyptilini
** Genus '' Apoxyptilus'' Alipanah et al., 2010
** Genus '' Buckleria'' Tutt, 1905
*** '' Buckleria vanderwolfi''
** Genus '' Capperia''
** Genus '' Crombrugghia''
** Genus '' Dejongia''
** Genus '' Eucapperia''
*** '' Eucapperia continentalis''
** Genus '' Geina''
** Genus '' Intercapperia''
** Genus '' Megalorhipida'' Amsel, 1935
*** '' Megalorrhipida leucodactyla''
** Genus '' Oxyptilus''
** Genus '' Paracapperia''
** Genus '' Prichotilus'' Rose and Pooni, 2003
** Genus '' Procapperia''
** Genus '' Pseudoxyptilus'' Alipanah et al., 2010
** Genus '' Stangeia'' Tutt, 1905
*** '' Stangeia xerodes''
** Genus '' Stenodacma''
** Genus '' Tomotilus''
** Genus '' Trichoptilus''
* Tribe Oidaematophorini
** Genus '' Adaina''
** Genus '' Crassuncus''
** Genus '' Emmelina'' Tutt, 1905
*** '' Emmelina monodactyla''
** Genus '' Gypsochares''
** Genus '' Hellinsia'' Tutt, 1905
*** '' Hellinsia balanotes''
*** '' Hellinsia emmelinoida''
** Genus '' Helpaphorus''
** Genus '' Karachia''
** Genus '' Oidaematophorus'' Wallengren, 1862
*** '' Oidaematophorus beneficus''
** Genus '' Picardia''
** Genus '' Pselnophorus'' Wallengren, 1881
*** '' Pselnophorus meruensis''
** Genus '' Puerphorus''
** Genus '' Setosipennula''
* Tribe Pterophorini
** Genus '' Calyciphora''
** Genus '' Cosmoclostis''
*** '' Cosmoclostis aglaodesma''
*** '' Cosmoclostis hemiadelpha''
*** '' Cosmoclostis pesseuta''
** Genus '' Diacrotricha''
** Genus '' Imbophorus''
*** '' Imbophorus aptalis''
*** '' Imbophorus leucophasmus''
*** '' Imbophorus pallidus''
** Genus '' Merrifieldia''
** Genus '' Oirata''
** Genus '' Patagonophorus''
** Genus '' Porrittia''
** Genus '' Pterophorus''
*** '' Pterophorus pentadactyla'' – white plume moth
** Genus ''Septuaginta
The Greek Old Testament, or Septuagint (, ; from the la, septuaginta, lit=seventy; often abbreviated ''70''; in Roman numerals, LXX), is the earliest extant Greek translation of books from the Hebrew Bible. It includes several books beyond ...
''
** Genus '' Singularia''
** Genus '' Tabulaephorus''
** Genus '' Wheeleria'' Tutt, 1905
*** '' Wheeleria spilodactylus''
Footnotes
References
* (2002): Factors affecting the establishment of a classical biological control agent, the horehound plume moth (''Wheeleria spilodactylus'') in South Australia. (A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Applied and Molecular Ecology, Adelaide University, AustraliaPDF fulltext
* (1980): Geranium Plume Moth Quarantine
PDF fulltext
* (1992): Foodplant Specificity and Biology of Oidaematophorus balanotes (Pterophoridae): A North American Moth Introduced into Australia for the Control of Baccharis halimifolia (Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 46(3), 1992: 195-202)
PDF fulltext
* (1984): Mate-locating and courtship behaviors of the artichoke plume moth, Platyptilia carduidactyla (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae) (Environmental Entomology 13.2 1984: 399-408). https://academic.oup.com/ee/article-abstract/13/2/399/2393151]
External links
British Insects: the Families of Lepidoptera
* http://www.plumemoth.com/ D.L. Matthews, PhD. Florida Museum
The Plume Moths of Australia
* A slow-motion video of a flying plume moth, taken by three fast cameras https://www.beatus-lab.org/fun-stuff {{DEFAULTSORT:Plume Moth Pterophoridae, Moth families