true bugs
Hemiptera (; ) is an order (biology), order of insects, commonly called true bugs, comprising over 80,000 species within groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, Reduviidae, assassin bugs, Cimex, bed bugs, and shield bugs. ...
, including the jumping plant lice and others which have recently been classified as distinct families. Though the group first appeared during the Early Jurassic, modern members of the group do not appear until the
Eocene
The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...
, and
Mesozoic
The Mesozoic Era ( ), also called the Age of Reptiles, the Age of Conifers, and colloquially as the Age of the Dinosaurs is the second-to-last era of Earth's geological history, lasting from about , comprising the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretace ...
members of the order are usually assigned to the possibly paraphyletic family
Liadopsyllidae
Liadopsyllidae is an extinct family of hemipteran insects belonging to Psylloidea ranging from the Early Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous. The family was named by Andrey Vasilyevich Martynov in 1926.A. V. Martynov. 1926. Jurassic fossil Insect from Tu ...
Liviidae
Liviidae is a family of plant-parasitic hemipterans in the order Hemiptera. There are more than 20 genera and 370 described species in Liviidae.
Taxonomy
The family Liviidae can further subdivided into subfamilies and tribes, from which was b ...
Psyllidae
Psyllidae, the jumping plant lice or psyllids, are a family of small plant-feeding insects that tend to be very host-specific, i.e. each plant-louse species only feeds on one plant species (monophagous) or feeds on a few closely related plants ( ...
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Triozidae
Triozidae is one of seven families collectively referred to as jumping plant lice. They have traditionally been considered part of a single family, Psyllidae, but recent classifications divide the group into a total of seven families; most of th ...
In addition, the following extinct families are recognised:
* †
Liadopsyllidae
Liadopsyllidae is an extinct family of hemipteran insects belonging to Psylloidea ranging from the Early Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous. The family was named by Andrey Vasilyevich Martynov in 1926.A. V. Martynov. 1926. Jurassic fossil Insect from Tu ...
Pachypsylla celtidismamma
''Pachypsylla celtidismamma'', known generally as the hackberry nipplegall maker or hackberry psylla, is a species of plant-parasitic hemipteran in the family Aphalaridae
Aphalaridae is a bug family in the superfamily Psylloidea.
Description
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Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus
''Pachypsylla'' is a genus of psyllids. Species of the genus ''Pachypsylla'' lay eggs on the leaves of the ''Celtis occidentalis'' tree. Upon hatching, the young psyllids become encased in a gall
Galls (from the Latin , 'oak-apple') or ''ce ...
Rubus
''Rubus'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae, with over 1,350 species.
Raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries are common, widely distributed members of the genus. Most of the ...