Neoptera (

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic p ...

''néos'' (“new”) + ''pterón'' (“wing”)) is a classification group that includes most orders of the winged

insect Insects (from Latin ') are pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body ( head, thorax and abdomen), three ...

s, specifically those that can flex their wings over their

abdomen The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the front part of the abdominal segment of the to ...

s. This is in contrast with the more basal orders of winged insects (the "

Palaeoptera The name Palaeoptera (from Greek ( 'old') + ( 'wing')) has been traditionally applied to those ancestral groups of winged insects (most of them extinct) that lacked the ability to fold the wings back over the abdomen as characterizes the Neopte ...

" assemblage), which are unable to flex their wings in this way.

Classification

The taxon Neoptera was proposed by А.М. Martynov in 1923 and 1924, in the following classification: Pterygota *division

**order

Odonata Odonata is an order of flying insects that includes the dragonflies and damselflies. Members of the group first appeared during the Triassic, though members of their total group, Odonatoptera, first appeared in Late Carboniferous. The two com ...

**order Agnatha (correct name: Ephemeroptera) **†order Dictyoneuridea **†order

Megasecoptera Megasecoptera is a Paleozoic insect order. There are 22 known families of megasecopterans, with about 35 known genera. Overview Like all other paleodictyopteroids, the megasecopterans had sucking mouthparts. The suctorial mouth parts were proba ...

**†order Meganisoptera **†order Protephemeroidea *division Neoptera **superorder Endopterygota **subdivision

Polyneoptera The cohort Polyneoptera is a proposed taxonomic ranking for the Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, etc.) and all other Neopteran insects believed to be more closely related to Orthoptera than to any other insect orders. These winged insects, no ...

***superorder Orthopteroidea (Anartioptera) ****order Orthoptera ****order Plecoptera ****order Dermaptera ****order Embioptera ****order Phasmatodea ***superorder Blattopteroidea (senior name: Pan dictyoptera) ****order Blattodea ****order

Mantodea Mantises are an order (Mantodea) of insects that contains over 2,400 species in about 460 genera in 33 families. The largest family is the Mantidae ("mantids"). Mantises are distributed worldwide in temperate and tropical habitats. They ha ...

***subdivision

Paraneoptera Paraneoptera or Acercaria is a superorder of insects which includes lice (bark lice and true lice), thrips, and hemipterans, the true bugs. It also includes the extinct order Permopsocida, known from fossils dating from the Early Permian to the ...

****order Hemiptera *****suborder Phytophtires (correct name: Plantisuga) *****suborder

Auchenorrhyncha The Auchenorrhyncha suborder of the Hemiptera contains most of the familiar members of what was called the "Homoptera" – groups such as cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, planthoppers, and spittlebugs. The aphids and scale insects are the othe ...

*****suborder Heteroptera ****subdivision Oligoneoptera The order

Thysanoptera Thrips (order Thysanoptera) are minute (mostly long or less), slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are ...

originally had uncertain systematic position, and later was attributed to Paraneoptera. Other classifications were proposed, subordinating Neoptera either directly to Pterygota (as in Martynov's classification), or to Metapterygota: * Pterygota Gegenbaur 1878 ** Ephemeroptera Hyatt & Arms 1890 ** Metapterygota Börner 1909 ***

Fabricius 1793 *** Neoptera Martynov 1923

Phylogeny

The phylogeny of Neoptera is shown in the

cladogram A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to ...

, not fully resolved, according to Kluge 2004, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2019, 2020 using morphological characteristics according to the principles of what he calls cladoendesis. Further material from Kluge is available at
Tegminoptera & Calyptroptera 2013Tetrastigmoptera 2019
This does not agree with the molecular phylogeny of e.g. Song et al 2016 for the

, who include Zoraptera in that clade, nor e.g. with Kjer et al 2016 for the Endopterygota, who offer a fully-resolved tree for that clade.

References

External links

* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q23005 Insect taxonomy Extant Pennsylvanian first appearances