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Newspeak is the
fictional language Fictional languages are the subset of constructed languages (conlangs) that have been created as part of a fictional setting (e.g. for use in a book, movie, television show, or video game). Typically they are the creation of one individual, while ...
of
Oceania Oceania (, , ) is a geographical region that includes Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Spanning the Eastern and Western hemispheres, Oceania is estimated to have a land area of and a population of around 44.5 million ...
, a
totalitarian Totalitarianism is a form of government and a political system that prohibits all opposition parties, outlaws individual and group opposition to the state and its claims, and exercises an extremely high if not complete degree of control and reg ...
superstate that is the setting of the 1949 dystopian novel ''
Nineteen Eighty-Four ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' (also stylised as ''1984'') is a dystopian social science fiction novel and cautionary tale written by the English writer George Orwell. It was published on 8 June 1949 by Secker & Warburg as Orwell's ninth and fina ...
'', by George Orwell. In the novel, the Party created Newspeak to meet the ideological requirements of
Ingsoc In George Orwell's 1949 dystopian novel ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'', the world is divided into three superstates: Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia, who are all fighting each other in a perpetual war in a disputed area called the Equatorial Front. Al ...
(English Socialism) in Oceania. Newspeak is a
controlled language Controlled natural languages (CNLs) are subsets of natural languages that are obtained by restricting the grammar and vocabulary in order to reduce or eliminate ambiguity and complexity. Traditionally, controlled languages fall into two major types ...
of simplified grammar and restricted vocabulary designed to limit the individual's ability to think and articulate "subversive" concepts such as personal identity, self-expression, and free will. Such concepts are criminalized as thoughtcrime since they contradict the prevailing Ingsoc orthodoxy. In "The Principles of Newspeak", the appendix to the novel, Orwell explains that Newspeak follows most of the rules of English grammar, yet is a language characterised by a continually diminishing vocabulary; complete thoughts are reduced to simple terms of simplistic meaning. The political contractions of Newspeak—''Ingsoc'' (English Socialism), ''Minitrue'' (Ministry of Truth), ''Miniplenty'' ( Ministry of Plenty)—are described by Orwell as similar to real examples of German and Russian contractions in the 20th century. Like ''Nazi'' (''Nationalsozialist''), ''Gestapo'' (''Geheime Staatspolizei''), ''politburo'' ( Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union), ''Comintern'' (
Communist International The Communist International (Comintern), also known as the Third International, was a Soviet-controlled international organization founded in 1919 that advocated world communism. The Comintern resolved at its Second Congress to "struggle by ...
), ''
kolkhoz A kolkhoz ( rus, колхо́з, a=ru-kolkhoz.ogg, p=kɐlˈxos) was a form of collective farm in the Soviet Union. Kolkhozes existed along with state farms or sovkhoz., a contraction of советское хозяйство, soviet ownership or ...
'' (collective farm), and '' Komsomol'' (communist youth union), the contractions in Newspeak, often syllabic abbreviations, are supposed to have a political function already in virtue of their abbreviated structure itself: nice-sounding and easily pronounceable, their purpose is to mask all ideological content from the speaker. The word ''Newspeak'' is sometimes used in contemporary political debate as an allegation that one tries to introduce new meanings of words to suit one's agenda.


Orwell and Newspeak

Orwell was interested in linguistic questions and questions pertaining to the function and change of language. This can be seen in his essay "
Politics and the English Language "Politics and the English Language" (1946) is an essay by George Orwell that criticised the "ugly and inaccurate" written English of his time and examined the connection between political orthodoxies and the debasement of language. The essay ...
" (1946) as well as in the Appendix to ''Nineteen Eighty-Four''. As in "Politics and the English Language", the perceived decline and decadence of the English Language is a central theme in ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' and Newspeak. In the essay Orwell criticises standard English, with its perceived dying metaphors, pretentious diction, and high-flown rhetoric, which he would later satirise in the meaningless words of ''
doublespeak Doublespeak is language that deliberately obscures, disguises, distorts, or reverses the meaning of words. Doublespeak may take the form of euphemisms (e.g., "downsizing" for layoffs and "servicing the target" for bombing), in which case it is ...
'', the product of unclear reasoning. The conclusion thematically reiterates linguistic decline: "I said earlier that the decadence of our language is probably curable. Those who deny this may argue that language merely reflects existing social conditions, and that we cannot influence its development, by any direct tinkering with words or constructions." Orwell's main objection against this decline of the English language is not so much based on aesthetic grounds, but rather that for him the linguistic decline goes hand-in-hand with a decline of thought, the real possibility of manipulation of speakers as well as listeners and eventually political chaos. The recurring theme in ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' of a connection between authoritarian regimes and (authoritarian) language is already found in "Politics and the English Language": Newspeak is a
constructed language A constructed language (sometimes called a conlang) is a language whose phonology, grammar, and vocabulary, instead of having developed naturally, are consciously devised for some purpose, which may include being devised for a work of fiction ...
, of planned
phonology Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a ...
, grammar, and vocabulary, like
Basic English Basic English (British American Scientific International and Commercial English) is an English-based controlled language created by the linguist and philosopher Charles Kay Ogden as an international auxiliary language, and as an aid for teach ...
, in which Orwell showed interest while working at the
BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board exam. ...
...
during the Second World War (1939–1945), but soon came to see the disadvantages of. Newspeak has considerable similarities to the system of
Basic English Basic English (British American Scientific International and Commercial English) is an English-based controlled language created by the linguist and philosopher Charles Kay Ogden as an international auxiliary language, and as an aid for teach ...
proposed by
Charles Kay Ogden Charles Kay Ogden (; 1 June 1889 – 20 March 1957) was an English linguist, philosopher, and writer. Described as a polymath but also an eccentric and outsider, he took part in many ventures related to literature, politics, the arts, and philos ...
in 1930. Basic ('British American Scientific International Commercial') English was a
controlled language Controlled natural languages (CNLs) are subsets of natural languages that are obtained by restricting the grammar and vocabulary in order to reduce or eliminate ambiguity and complexity. Traditionally, controlled languages fall into two major types ...
and designed to be an easy-to-learn English with only 850 core words. Like Newspeak, the Basic vocabulary is classified into three categories, two of them with two subcategories. The classification systems, however, do not coincide.


Principles

The political purpose of Newspeak is to eliminate the expression of the shades of meaning inherent in ambiguity and nuance from Oldspeak (Standard English). In order to reduce the language's function of communication, Newspeak uses concepts of simple construction, such as pleasure vs. pain and happiness vs. sadness. Additionally, ''goodthink'' and ''crimethink'' linguistically reinforce the State's
totalitarian Totalitarianism is a form of government and a political system that prohibits all opposition parties, outlaws individual and group opposition to the state and its claims, and exercises an extremely high if not complete degree of control and reg ...
dominance of the people of
Oceania Oceania (, , ) is a geographical region that includes Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Spanning the Eastern and Western hemispheres, Oceania is estimated to have a land area of and a population of around 44.5 million ...
. The Party's long-term goal with regard to the new language is for every member of the Party and society, except the Proles—the working-class of Oceania—to exclusively communicate in Newspeak, by A.D. 2050. In Newspeak, English root words function as both nouns and verbs, which reduce the vocabulary available for the speaker to communicate meaning. For example, ''think'' is both a noun and a verb, thus, the word ''thought'' is not functionally required to communicate the concepts of thought in Newspeak and therefore is not in the Newspeak vocabulary. As personal communication, Newspeak is to be spoken in staccato rhythm, using words that are short and easy to pronounce. The Party intends to make speech physically automatic and intellectually unconscious in order to diminish the possibility of critical thought occurring to the speaker. English words of comparative and superlative meanings and irregular spellings were simplified into regular spellings; thus, ''better'' becomes ''gooder'' and ''best'' becomes ''goodest''. The prefixes ''plus-'' and ''doubleplus-'' are used for emphasis (for example, ''pluscold'' meaning "very cold" and ''doublepluscold'' meaning "extremely cold"). Adjectives are formed by adding the suffix ''–ful'' to a root-word, e.g. ''goodthinkful'' means "Orthodox in thought."; while adverbs are formed by adding the suffix ''–wise'', e.g. ''goodthinkwise'' means "In an orthodox manner".


Thought control

The intellectual purpose of Newspeak is to make all anti-
Ingsoc In George Orwell's 1949 dystopian novel ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'', the world is divided into three superstates: Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia, who are all fighting each other in a perpetual war in a disputed area called the Equatorial Front. Al ...
thoughts "literally unthinkable" in terms of words. As constructed, Newspeak's vocabulary communicates the exact expression of sense and meaning that a member of the Party could wish to express, while excluding secondary denotations and connotations, eliminating the ways of indirect thinking that allow a word to have additional meanings. The linguistic simplification of Oldspeak into Newspeak was realised with neologisms, the elimination of ideologically undesirable words, and the elimination of the politically unorthodox meanings of words. The word ''free'' still existed in Newspeak, but only to communicate the absence of something, e.g. "The dog is free from lice" or "This field is free of weeds". The word could not denote
free will Free will is the capacity of agents to choose between different possible courses of action unimpeded. Free will is closely linked to the concepts of moral responsibility, praise, culpability, sin, and other judgements which apply only to ac ...
, because intellectual freedom was no longer supposed to exist in Oceania. The limitations of Newspeak's vocabulary enabled the Party to effectively control the population's minds, by allowing the user only a very narrow range of spoken and written thought; hence, words such as: '' crimethink'' (thought crime), ''
doublethink Doublethink is a process of indoctrination in which subjects are expected to simultaneously accept two conflicting beliefs as truth, often at odds with their own memory or sense of reality. Doublethink is related to, but differs from, hypocrisy. ...
'' (accepting contradictory beliefs), and ''Ingsoc'' communicated only their surface meanings. In the story of ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'', the lexicologist character Syme discusses his editorial work on the latest edition of the ''Newspeak Dictionary'':


Vocabulary

Newspeak words are classified by three distinct classes: the A, B, and C vocabularies. The words of the A vocabulary describe the functional concepts of daily life (e.g. eating and drinking, working and cooking). It consists mostly of English words, but they are very small in number compared to English, while for each word, its meanings are "far more rigidly defined" than in English. The words of the B vocabulary are deliberately constructed for political purposes to convey complex ideas in a simple form. They are compound words and noun-verbs with political significance that are meant to impose and instill upon Oceania's citizens politically correct mental attitudes required by the Party. In the appendix, Orwell explains that the very structure of the B vocabulary (the fact that they are compound words) carries ideological weight. The large amounts of contractions in the B vocabulary—for example, the Ministry of Truth being called Minitrue, the Records department being called Recdep, the Fiction Department being called Ficdep, the Teleprogrammes Department being called Teledep—is not done simply to save time. Like with examples of compound words in the political language of the 20th century—Nazi, Gestapo, Politburo, Comintern, Inprecor, Agitprop, and many others—Orwell remarks that the Party believed that abbreviating a name could "narrowly and subtly" alter a word's meaning. Newspeak is supposed to make this effort a conscious purpose: The B words in Newspeak are supposed to sound pleasant, while also being easily pronounceable, in an attempt to make speech on anything political "staccato and monotonous" and, ultimately, mask from the speaker all ideological content. The words of the C vocabulary are scientific and technical terms that supplement the linguistic functions of the A and B vocabularies. These words are the same scientific terms in English, but many of them have had their meanings rigidified in order to, just like with the A vocabulary, attempt to prevent speakers from being able to express anti-government thoughts. Distribution of the C vocabulary is limited, because the Party do not want the citizens of Oceania to know more than a select few ways of life or techniques of production. Hence, the Oldspeak word ''science'' has no equivalent term in Newspeak; instead, these words are simply treated as specific technical words for speaking of technical fields.


Grammar

Newspeak's grammar is greatly simplifed compared to English. It also has two "outstanding" characteristics: Almost completely interchangeable linguistic functions between the parts of speech (any word could function as a verb, noun, adjective, or adverb), and heavy inflectional regularity in the construction of usages and of words. Inflectional regularity means that most irregular words were replaced with regular words combined with prefixes and suffixes. For example, the preterite and the
past participle In linguistics, a participle () (from Latin ' a "sharing, partaking") is a nonfinite verb form that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives. More narrowly, ''participle'' has been defined as "a word derived from ...
constructions of verbs are alike, with both ending in ''–ed.'' Hence, the Newspeak preterite of the English word ''steal'' is ''stealed,'' and that of the word ''think'' is ''thinked.'' Likewise, the past participles of ''swim, give, bring, speak,'' and ''take'' were, respectively ''swimmed, gived, bringed, speaked,'' and ''taked,'' with all irregular forms (such as ''swam, gave,'' and ''brought'') being eliminated. The auxiliaries (including ''to be''), pronouns, demonstratives, and relatives still inflect irregularly. They mostly follow their use in English, but the word ''whom'' and the ''shall'' and ''should'' tenses were dropped, ''whom'' being replaced by ''who'' and ''shall'' and ''should'' by ''will'' and ''would''.


Prefixes

* "Un–" is used to indicate negation, as Newspeak has no non-political antonyms. For example, the standard English words ''warm'' and ''hot'' are replaced by ''uncold'', and the moral concept communicated with the word ''bad'' is expressed as ''ungood''. When appended to a verb, the prefix "un–" communicates a negative
imperative mood The imperative mood is a grammatical mood that forms a command or request. The imperative mood is used to demand or require that an action be performed. It is usually found only in the present tense, second person. To form the imperative mood, ...
, thus, the Newspeak word ''unproceed'' means "do not proceed" in Standard English. * "Plus–" is an intensifier that replaces ''very'' and ''more''; thus, ''plusgood'' replaced ''very good'' and English words such as ''great''. * "Doubleplus–" is an intensifier that replaces ''extremely'' and superlatives; to that purpose, the Newspeak word ''doubleplusgood'' replaced words such as ''fantastic'' and ''excellent''. * "Ante–" is the prefix that replaces ''before;'' thus ''antefilling'' replaces the English phrase "before filling." * "Post–" is the prefix that replaces ''after.''


Suffixes

In spoken and written Newspeak, suffixes are also used in the elimination of irregular conjugations: * "–ful" transforms any word into an adjective, e.g. the English words ''fast'', ''quick'', and ''rapid'' are replaced by ''speedful'' and ''slow'' is replaced by ''unspeedful''. * "–d" and "–ed" form the past tense of a verb, e.g. ''ran'' becomes ''runned'', ''stole'' becomes ''stealed'', ''drove'' becomes ''drived'', ''thought'' becomes ''thinked'', and ''drank'' becomes ''drinked''. * "–er" forms the ''more'' comparison of an adjective, e.g. ''better'' becomes ''gooder''. * "–est" forms the ''most'' comparison of an adjective, e.g. ''best'' becomes ''goodest''. * "–s" and "–es" transform a noun into its plural form, e.g. ''men'' becomes ''mans'', ''oxen'' becomes ''oxes'', and ''lives'' becomes ''lifes''. * "–wise" transforms any word into an adverb by eliminating all English adverbs not already ending in "–wise", e.g. ''quickly'' becomes ''speedwise'', ''slowly'' becomes ''unspeedwise'', ''carefully'' becomes ''carewise'', and words like ''fully'', ''completely'', and ''totally'' become ''fullwise''. Therefore, the Oldspeak sentence "He ran extremely quickly" would become "He runned doubleplusspeedwise".


List of Newspeak words

This is a list of Newspeak words known from the novel. It does not include words carried over directly from English with no change in meaning, nor does it include regular uses of the listed affixes (e.g. ''unbellyfeel'') unless they are particularly significant. The novel says that the Ministry of Truth uses a jargon "not actually Newspeak, but consisting largely of Newspeak words" for its internal memos. As many of the words in this list (e.g. "bb", "upsub") come from such memos, it is not certain whether those words are actually Newspeak. *ante — The prefix that replaces ''before'' *artsem —
Artificial insemination Artificial insemination is the deliberate introduction of sperm into a female's cervix or uterine cavity for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual intercourse. It is a fertility treatment ...
*bb — Big Brother *bellyfeel — The blind, enthusiastic acceptance of an idea *blackwhite — To accept whatever one is told, regardless of the facts. In the novel, it is described as "...to say that black is white when he Party says so and "...to ''believe'' that black is white, and more, to ''know'' that black is white, and to forget that one has ever believed the contrary". (See also
2 + 2 = 5 "Two plus two equals five" (2 + 2 = 5) is a mathematically incorrect phrase used in the 1949 dystopian novel ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' by George Orwell. It appears as a possible statement of Ingsoc ( English Socialism) philosophy, like the ...
) *
crimestop Thoughtcrime is a word coined by George Orwell in his 1949 dystopian novel ''Nineteen Eighty-Four''. It describes a person's politically unorthodox thoughts, such as beliefs and doubts that contradict the tenets of Ingsoc (English Socialism) ...
— To rid oneself of or fail to understand unorthodox thoughts that go against Ingsoc's ideology * crimethink — Thoughts and concepts that go against Ingsoc such as liberty, equality, and privacy, and also the criminal act of holding such thoughts. Frequently referred to by the standard English “thoughtcrime”. *dayorder — Order of the day *dep — Department *doubleplusgood — The word that replaced Oldspeak words meaning "superlatively good", such as ''excellent'', ''fabulous'', and ''fantastic'' *doubleplusungood — The word that replaced Oldspeak words meaning "superlatively bad", such as ''terrible'' and ''horrible'' *
doublethink Doublethink is a process of indoctrination in which subjects are expected to simultaneously accept two conflicting beliefs as truth, often at odds with their own memory or sense of reality. Doublethink is related to, but differs from, hypocrisy. ...
— The act of simultaneously believing two, mutually contradictory ideas *duckspeak — Automatic, vocal support of political orthodoxies *equal — The same in amount or quantity. Not used in the sense of having equal rights or freedoms. *facecrime — A facial expression which reveals that one has committed thoughtcrime *Ficdep — The Ministry of Truth's Fiction Department *free — The absence and the lack of something. "Intellectually free" and "politically free" have been replaced by ''crimethinkful''. *fullwise — The word that replaces words such as ''fully'', ''completely'', and ''totally'' *goodthink — A synonym for "political orthodoxy" and "a politically orthodox thought" as defined by the Party *goodsex — Sexual intercourse only for procreation, without any physical pleasure on the part of the woman, and strictly within marriage *goodwise — The word that replaced ''well'' as an adverb *Ingsoc — English Socialism (the political ideology of The Party) *joycamp —
Labour camp A labor camp (or labour camp, see spelling differences) or work camp is a detention facility where inmates are forced to engage in penal labor as a form of punishment. Labor camps have many common aspects with slavery and with prisons (especi ...
*malquoted — Inaccurate representations of the words of Big Brother and of the Party *Miniluv — The Ministry of Love, where the secret police interrogate and torture the enemies of Oceania (torture and brainwashing) *Minipax — The Ministry of Peace, who wage war for Oceania *Miniplenty — The Ministry of Plenty, who keep the population in continual economic hardship (starvation and rationing) *Minitrue — The Ministry of Truth, who manufacture consent by way of lies, propaganda, and distorted historical records, while supplying the proles ( proletariat) with synthetic culture and entertainment *Oldspeak — Standard English *oldthink — Ideas from the time before the Party's revolution, such as objectivity and rationalism *ownlife — A person's anti-social tendency to enjoy solitude and individualism *plusgood — The word that replaced Oldspeak words meaning "very good", such as ''great'' *plusungood — The word that replaced "very bad" *Pornosec — The pornography production section (Porno Sector) of the Ministry of Truth's Fiction Department *prolefeed —
Popular culture Popular culture (also called mass culture or pop culture) is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of practices, beliefs, artistic output (also known as, popular art or mass art) and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a ...
for entertaining Oceania's working class *Recdep — The Ministry of Truth's Records Department, where Winston Smith rewrites historical records so they conform to the Party's agenda *rectify — The Ministry of Truth's euphemism for distorting a historical record *ref — To refer (to someone or something) *sec — Sector *sexcrime — A sexual immorality, such as fornication, adultery, oral sex, and homosexuality; any sex act that deviates from Party directives to use sex only for government approved procreation *speakwrite — A machine that transcribes speech into text *Teledep — The Ministry of Truth's Telecommunications Department *
telescreen Telescreens are devices that operate simultaneously as televisions, security cameras, and microphones. They are featured in George Orwell's dystopian 1949 novel ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' as well as all film adaptations of the novel. In the novel a ...
— A two-way television set with which the Party spy upon Oceania's population * thinkpol — The Thought Police, the secret police force of Oceania's government *unperson — An executed person whose existence is erased from history and memory *upsub — An upwards submission to higher authority


See also

*
2 + 2 = 5 "Two plus two equals five" (2 + 2 = 5) is a mathematically incorrect phrase used in the 1949 dystopian novel ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' by George Orwell. It appears as a possible statement of Ingsoc ( English Socialism) philosophy, like the ...
* Authoritarian socialism *
Glossary of Nazi Germany This is a list of words, terms, concepts and slogans of Nazi Germany used in the historiography covering the Nazi regime. Some words were coined by Adolf Hitler and other Nazi Party members. Other words and concepts were borrowed and appropriated, ...
*
Groupthink Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome. Cohesiveness, or the desire for cohesiveness ...
*
Language and thought The study of how language influences thought has a long history in a variety of fields. There are two bodies of thought forming around this debate. One body of thought stems from linguistics and is known as the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. There is ...
* '' LTI – Lingua Tertii Imperii'' ("The Language of the Third Reich") * Logocracy *
Philosophy of language In analytic philosophy, philosophy of language investigates the nature of language and the relations between language, language users, and the world. Investigations may include inquiry into the nature of meaning, intentionality, reference, ...
*
Sapir–Whorf hypothesis The hypothesis of linguistic relativity, also known as the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis , the Whorf hypothesis, or Whorfianism, is a principle suggesting that the structure of a language affects its speakers' worldview or cognition, and thus people' ...
* Linguistic determinism *
Soviet phraseology Soviet phraseology, or Sovietisms, i.e., the neologisms and cliches in Russian language of the epoch of the Soviet Union, has a number of distinct traits that reflect the Soviet way of life and Soviet culture and politics. Most of these distinc ...
*
Un-word of the year Un-word of the year (german: Unwort des Jahres) is an annual selection of one new or recently popularized term that violates human rights or infringes upon democratic principles, made by a panel of German linguists. The term may be one that discri ...
Fiction: * Ascian language *
Nadsat Nadsat is a fictional register or argot used by the teenage gang members in Anthony Burgess's dystopian novel ''A Clockwork Orange''. Burgess was a linguist and he used this background to depict his characters as speaking a form of Russian-infl ...


Notes


References


Further reading

*Burgess, Anthony. '' Nineteen Eighty-Five''. Boston: Little Brown & Co, 1978. .
Anthony Burgess John Anthony Burgess Wilson, (; 25 February 1917 – 22 November 1993), who published under the name Anthony Burgess, was an English writer and composer. Although Burgess was primarily a comic writer, his dystopian satire ''A Clockwork ...
discusses the plausibility of Newspeak. * Green, Jonathon. ''Newspeak: a dictionary of jargon''. London, Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985, 1984. . * Klemperer, Victor. '' LTI - Lingua Tertii Imperii: Notizbuch eines Philologen.''. Original German language editions. * Klemperer, Victor & Watt, Roderick H. '' LTI - Lingua Tertii Imperii: A Philologist's Notebook''.
Lewiston, New York Lewiston is a town in Niagara County, New York, United States. The population was 15,944 at the 2020 census. The town and its contained village are named after Morgan Lewis, a governor of New York. The Town of Lewiston is on the western bord ...
: Edwin Mellen Press, 1997. . An annotated edition of Victor Klemperer's ''LTI, Notizbuch eines Philologen'' with English notes and commentary by Roderick H. Watt. * Klemperer, Victor & Brady, Martin (tr.). ''The language of the Third Reich: LTI - Lingua Tertii Imperii: A Philologist's Notebook''. London, UK; New Brunswick, NJ: Athlone Press, 2000. (alk. paper). Translated by Martin Brady. *Young, John Wesley . ''Totalitarian Language: Orwell's Newspeak and Its Nazi and Communist Antecedents''. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991. . John Wesley Young wrote this scholarly work about Newspeak and historical examples of language control.
The Principles of Newspeak
{{Propaganda Censorship Constructed languages introduced in the 1940s Controlled English Fictional elements introduced in 1949 Fictional languages Historical negationism Nineteen Eighty-Four Political linguistics Propaganda techniques using words Satire Words originating in fiction