The Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (PEO ACWA) is responsible for the safe and environmentally sound destruction of chemical weapons stockpiles stored at the

Blue Grass Army Depot Blue Grass Army Depot (BGAD) is a U.S. Army Joint Munitions Command storage facility for conventional munitions and chemical weapons. The facility is located in east central Kentucky, southeast of the cities of Lexington and Richmond, Kentucky. ...

Kentucky Kentucky ( , ), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States and one of the states of the Upper South. It borders Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio to the north; West Virginia and Virginia to ...

and the

U.S. Army The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.Article II, section 2, cl ...

Pueblo Chemical Depot The Pueblo Chemical Depot is a chemical weapons storage site located in Pueblo County, Colorado, United States. The Pueblo Chemical Depot is one of the last two sites in the United States with chemical munitions and chemical material. The Pueblo ...

Colorado Colorado (, other variants) is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains, as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of t ...

. In 1996, the

United States Congress The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...

established the ACWA program to test and demonstrate alternative technologies to baseline

incineration Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of substances contained in waste materials. Industrial plants for waste incineration are commonly referred to as waste-to-energy facilities. Incineration and other high ...

for the destruction of

chemical weapons A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized Ammunition, munition that uses chemicals chemical engineering, formulated to inflict death or harm on humans. According to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), this can be an ...

. The ACWA program oversaw the design and construction of the two chemical weapons destruction pilot plants – the

Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant The Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant (PCAPP) is a chemical weapons destruction facility built to destroy the chemical weapons stockpile formerly stored at the U.S. Army Pueblo Chemical Depot (PCD) in southeastern Colorado. The stockpil ...

(PCAPP) in Colorado, and the

Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant The Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant (BGCAPP) is a facility built to destroy the chemical weapons stockpile at the Blue Grass Army Depot (BGAD), near Richmond, Kentucky. Since 1944, the Army stored 523 short tons (474 t) of nerv ...

(BGCAPP) in Kentucky. Today, PCAPP and BGCAPP are in the operations phase. PEO ACWA will oversee both plants through operations and closure.

History of chemical weapons in the United States

The production of chemical weapons in the United States began during World War I, after their first large-scale use against Allied troops in Belgium. The United States' chemical weapons stockpile was produced as a deterrent against the creation and use of such weapons against the U.S. Chemical weapons include blister agents that were designed to inflict chemical burns or blister the skin and nerve agents that were designed to impair the nervous system. Production ceased in 1968. In 1985, with the rise of international dialogue concerning the effects of chemical warfare, the United States started to destroy its stockpile of chemical weapons. In 1997, the United States formally agreed to destroy its stockpile by ratifying the

Chemical Weapons Convention The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), officially the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction, is an arms control treaty administered by the Organisation for ...

. The international

treaty A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement between actors in international law. It is usually made by and between sovereign states, but can include international organizations An international organization or international o ...

bans the use of all chemical weapons and aims to eliminate them throughout the world. Under the management of the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency, now known as th
U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity
(CMA), chemical stockpile destruction was completed at Army installations near Anniston, Alabama; Pine Bluff, Arkansas; Newport, Indiana; Aberdeen, Maryland; Umatilla, Oregon; Tooele, Utah; and on Johnston Atoll, an island in the Pacific. CMA remains responsible for storage management of the chemical stockpiles at sites near Pueblo, Colorado and Richmond, Kentucky, whereas PEO ACWA is responsible for stockpile destruction at these sites. “Assembled” chemical weapons refer to weapons that contain a chemical agent in addition to fuzes, explosives, propellant, shipping and firing tubes and packaging materials. Examples include

rocket A rocket (from it, rocchetto, , bobbin/spool) is a vehicle that uses jet propulsion to accelerate without using the surrounding air. A rocket engine produces thrust by reaction to exhaust expelled at high speed. Rocket engines work entirely fr ...

projectiles A projectile is an object that is propelled by the application of an external force and then moves freely under the influence of gravity and air resistance. Although any objects in motion through space are projectiles, they are commonly found in ...

and

bomb A bomb is an explosive weapon that uses the Exothermic process, exothermic reaction of an explosive material to provide an extremely sudden and violent release of energy. Detonations inflict damage principally through ground- and atmosphere-t ...

History of PEO ACWA

1990s In 1996, Congress established the Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment (ACWA) program to safely test and demonstrate at least two alternative technologies to the baseline incineration process for the destruction of the nation’s stockpile of assembled chemical weapons. ACWA program leaders implemented an open participatory public process called the ACWA Dialogue in 1997 to engage stakeholders in the program’s decision-making process. Beginning in 1999, Congress authorized ACWA to manage the development and pilot-scale testing of these new technologies. Public Law 106-79 stated that funds would not be allocated for a chemical weapons disposal facility at Blue Grass Army Depot (BGAD) until the Secretary of Defense certified demonstration of six incineration alternatives. ACWA successfully demonstrated three alternative technologies that year. 2000-2009 In 2000, ACWA successfully demonstrated three additional alternative technologies. In total, four of the six demonstrated technologies were found viable for pilot testing. Via Public Law 106-398, the

Department of Defense Department of Defence or Department of Defense may refer to: Current departments of defence * Department of Defence (Australia) * Department of National Defence (Canada) * Department of Defence (Ireland) * Department of National Defense (Philipp ...

had to consider incineration and any demonstrated ACWA technologies for disposal of the Colorado stockpile. Two years later, in 2002, ACWA was assigned responsibility for the destruction of the chemical weapons stockpiles in both Colorado and Kentucky. With community input garnered through the 1997 ACWA Dialogue process, the Department of Defense selected destruction technologies for both sites. Neutralization followed by

biotreatment Bioremediation broadly refers to any process wherein a biological system (typically bacteria, microalgae, fungi, and plants), living or dead, is employed for removing environmental pollutants from air, water, soil, flue gasses, industrial effluent ...

was selected for the Colorado stockpile, and neutralization followed by supercritical water oxidation was selected for the Kentucky stockpile. Once ACWA took on the responsibility for the chemical weapons demilitarization process in Kentucky and Colorado, the organization’s focus shifted from assessing chemical weapon disposal technologies to implementing full-scale pilot testing. In 2003, ACWA changed its name from Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment to Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives to reflect its new program goals. In 2004, ACWA reached a significant milestone with the groundbreaking for the Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant (PCAPP) which marked the start of plant construction in Colorado. In 2006, the program reached another milestone, the groundbreaking for the Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant (BGCAPP), marking the start of construction in Kentucky. In an April 2006 letter to Congress, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld affirmed there were no options by which the U.S. can destroy 100 percent of its remaining national chemical stockpile by the Chemical Weapons Convention treaty deadline of April 29, 2012. In 2007, in response to that letter, Congress enacted legislation (Public Law 104-208 and 110-181) mandating the destruction of the remaining U.S. national chemical stockpile by the Chemical Weapons Convention deadline of April 29, 2012, but in no circumstances later than December 31, 2017. The Department of Defense began working with Congress to develop an accelerated schedule to meet the 2017 date as closely as possible. In 2006, The Department of Defense accepted the final design for PCAPP. Along with congressional changes in 2007, ACWA also experienced a command change. The U.S. Army Element, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives, was formally activated by the Commanding General of the U.S. Army Materiel Command. The new designation as an Army “element,” meaning an Army organization assigned to a non-Army program, signified the official change from the program’s former alignment with the U.S. Army CMA. The change resulted in the ACWA program manager reporting directly to the Department of Defense (

Public Law Public law is the part of law that governs relations between legal persons and a government, between different institutions within a state, between different branches of governments, as well as relationships between persons that are of direct ...

104-208). Two years later, in 2009, the Department of Defense provided Congress options for accelerating the ACWA program per Public Laws 110-116 and 110-181. The proposed plan sought out additional resources to: 1) aim toward the U.S. Army CMA completing stockpile under its purview (90 percent of the U.S. stockpile) by 2012 by utilizing performance incentives and risk mitigation actions; and 2) accelerate the ACWA program schedule towards completing the destruction of an additional eight percent of the U.S. stockpile at PCAPP in 2017 and the remaining two percent of the U.S. stockpile at BGCAPP in 2021. This would result in an acceleration in destruction of three years at PCAPP and two years at BGCAPP. It was decided that on-site treatment and disposal of hydrolysate at PCAPP and BGCAPP would continue, unless unforeseen technical difficulties were to arise. Also in 2009, Operation ''Swift Solution'' Team fulfilled its mission to safely eliminate three deteriorating steel containers that stored a mixture of GB (

sarin Sarin (NATO designation GB G-series, "B"">Nerve_agent#G-series.html" ;"title="hort for Nerve agent#G-series">G-series, "B" is an extremely toxic synthetic organophosphorus compound.Nunn-McCurdy Amendment. The Under Secretary subsequently directed ACWA to proceed with the program without any significant changes to the destruction technology. Later that same year, BCAPP partners, along with the Blue Grass Chemical Activity, conducted an X-ray assessment of the mustard agent stockpile. This assessment showed that removal of the mustard agent from the projectiles would be difficult using the current BGCAPP design. The Blue Grass team needed to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing EDT to destroy this specific segment of the stockpile. In 2012, to increase the program’s visibility and obtain necessary support and resources, ACWA was redesignated Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (PEO ACWA) and reassigned to the U.S. Army Acquisition Support Center. As mandated by law, the program’s direct reporting connection continued to be the Department of Defense. To meet the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and Title 32 Code of Federal Regulations Part 651, PEO ACWA, in conjunction with the U.S. Army Pueblo Chemical Depot (PCD), completed an environmental assessment regarding the possible use of EDT in Pueblo. Following a public comment period, and review of those comments, it was concluded that no significant environmental impacts would occur due to the proposed installation and operation of EDT. PCAPP leadership officially declared construction complete on Dec. 12, 2012 and moved solely into the systemization phase of the project. In 2013, Program Executive Officer Conrad F. Whyne announced his selection of the U.S. Army’s EDS to augment PCAPP at PCD in Colorado. The decision followed a lengthy review of several EDTs designed for the safe destruction of chemical munitions unsuited for processing by the main plant’s automated equipment. In June, BGAD and PEO ACWA completed an environmental assessment to meet the requirements of the NEPA, and Title 32 Code of Federal Regulations Part 651, to address any potential impacts of the installation and operation of EDT at the depot. An initial draft Finding of No Significant Impact was prepared and provided for a 60-day period for public comments. After those 60-days, it was concluded that no additional analysis was necessary for the proposed action under NEPA. The Bechtel Parsons Blue Grass team received approval from PEO ACWA to begin initial work on an EDT system at BGCAPP. Following an extensive competitive procurement process, PEO ACWA selected the Static Detonation Chamber (SDC). In 2014, construction began on the PCAPP EDS site, located at PCD. The first of two EDS units arrived on site, aligning with the completion of the specially designed environmental enclosures that housed the EDS units for added protection. Also, in 2014, the Kentucky Department for Environmental Protection approved the initiation of construction activities of the EDT facility at BGCAPP. Provisional Operations, a two-month period in which operations and maintenance staff trained with simulated munitions and agent, began at PCAPP. This extensive training was conducted on a large-scale to ensure employees were prepared for plant operations. Systemization reached 67 percent completion at the PCAPP and 25 percent completion at the BGCAPP by early 2014. To ensure the project maintained technical expertise, in June 2014, the PEO ACWA Anniston Field Office was established to retain the staff at the former Anniston Chemical Agent Disposal Facility. An SDC at Anniston was maintained for training purposes and for future destruction of non-contaminated energetics resulting from chemical weapons destruction in both Colorado and Kentucky. On March 18, 2015, chemical stockpile destruction in Colorado was initiated on location at PCD near PCAPP. The event marked the first step towards eliminating the final 10 percent of the U.S. chemical weapons stockpile. In June, operations at the PCAPP EDS expanded with the introduction of 4.2-inch mortars into the destruction process. The first three mortars were joined by three 105mm projectiles. All were safely detonated in the EDS vessel on June 18. On July 26, the first 155mm projectiles from Pueblo’s stockpile were safely destroyed in the PCAPP EDS. At BGCAPP, in June 2015, the SDC completed Factory Acceptance Testing at the Dynasafe workshop in Kristinehanm, Sweden. The SDC arrived at BGCAPP in August to be assembled, tested and installed. On October 28, BGCAPP declared construction of the main facility substantially completed and the project fully transitioned into the systemization phase. On February 11, 2016, the PCAPP EDS successfully completed its first campaign at PCD in Colorado, destroying 560 problematic munitions. At that time, the EDS went on stand-by with plans to resume further EDS operations at a later date. PCAPP technicians began testing the Biotreatment Area using a surrogate solution, thiodiglycol. Preliminary results showed the system worked effectively. In September, PCAPP entered into the pilot testing phase, where destruction operations were tested. The main plant began chemical weapons destruction operations on Sept. 7, 2016. In October, the plant began the neutralization process. At BGCAPP in Kentucky, sole systemization activities began, where workers tested various equipment. The SDC was placed and walls were built around it. At PEO ACWA headquarters in Maryland, Tamika Atkins was named chief of staff and Joseph Novad was named deputy program executive officer. On April 28, 2017, Conrad Whyne retired as program executive officer, and on June 25, 2017, Suzanne S. Milchling assumed duty as the newly assigned program executive officer. On February 15, 2018, PCAPP ordnance technicians reached a plant milestone when the last of more than 28,000 105mm projectiles went through baseline reconfiguration. By July, the BGCAPP systemization team turned over more than half of the 59 plant systems to operations. On September 10, Michael S. Abaie assumed duties as the program executive officer. On November 13, PCAPP Integrated Facility Demonstrations (IFDs) began. On December 5, the PCAPP EDS finished its second and final campaign destroying 391 munitions. As of April 1, 2019, PCAPP destroyed a quarter (25%) of the mustard agent stockpile at PCD. On May 3, PCAPP IFDs successfully concluded and PCAPP transitioned from the pilot testing phase to full operations. By Aug. 1, more than half of the 155mm munitions at PCD were destroyed. On August 6, the components for the first of three SDC units arrived at the depot in Colorado and assembly began on Oct. 31. Also in April 2019, officials from the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, or OPCW, toured BGCAPP as part of a final oversight technical review prior to operations. On May 29, BGCAPP held the Start of Agent Operations event at the Armed Forces Reserve Center in Richmond, Kentucky to recognize the start of chemical weapons stockpile destruction in Kentucky. On June 7, BGCAPP successfully destroyed the first mustard agent-filled munition in the Static Detonation Chamber marking the beginning of SDC operations in Kentucky. 2020s On January 17, 2020, BGCAPP main plant entered the operations phase with the destruction of the first 8-inch projectile containing GB nerve agent. In March, the first concrete foundation was placed for a support building for the Static Detonation Chamber 2000 facility, which will augment main plant processing. On February 26, PCAPP exceeded destruction of half of the agent stored at PCD. On May 11, BGCAPP destroyed all 8-inch projectiles containing GB nerve agent, marking the completion of the first munitions campaign for the project. On June 20, PEO ACWA reached a mission milestone with the destruction of half the remaining stockpile, a combined 1,568 U.S. tons in Colorado and Kentucky. On June 23, PCAPP finished baseline reconfiguration of the 4.2-inch mortar rounds containing mustard agent. On September 5, 2020, the first munitions campaign at PCAPP was completed with nearly 300,000 155mm projectiles stored at the Pueblo Chemical Depot destroyed. In August 2020, the decision was made to not use the supercritical water oxidation system at BGCAPP to process hydrolysate, the product of the neutralization process. On December 11, PCAPP began its second destruction campaign with the 105mm projectiles. On January 10, 2021, BGCAPP began its second main plant destruction campaign with the 155mm projectiles containing VX nerve agent. On June 30, PCAPP destroyed 75% of the mustard agent stockpiled in chemical weapons at the Pueblo Chemical Depot. On July 9, BGCAPP destroyed M55 rockets containing VX nerve agent for the first time marking the start of the fourth of five destruction campaigns. As of August 13, more than 2,000 U.S. tons of mustard agent was destroyed at PCAPP. On September 4, the third destruction campaign was completed at BGCAPP as the final mustard 155mm projectiles were destroyed. On September 15, PCAPP reached the destruction milestone with more than half (50%) of the 105mm projectiles stored at the Pueblo Chemical Depot destroyed. As of September 27, 2021, a half-million projectiles containing mustard agent were destroyed at PCAPP On February 19, 2022, The Pueblo Static Detonation Chamber complex began agent-destruction operations, destroying 4.2-inch mortar rounds. SDC operations marked the beginning of the third and final chemical weapons destruction campaign at PCAPP. On April 19, 2022, BGCAPP destroyed the last M55 rocket containing VX nerve agent, thus completing the fourth and penultimate destruction campaign. On July 6, 2022, the fifth and final destruction campaign at BGCAPP began when the first M55 rocket containing GB nerve agent was destroyed. On July 20, 2022, the second munitions campaign at PCAPP was completed with more than 383,000 105mm projectiles destroyed. As of September 9, 2022, 50% of the original stockpile of chemical agent at BGCAPP has been destroyed.

Chemical weapons destruction in Colorado

PEO ACWA is responsible for the management of PCAPP at the U.S. Army Pueblo Chemical Depot, located near Pueblo, Colorado. The Pueblo Chemical Depot was originally constructed as the Pueblo Ordnance Depot in 1942 and has been responsible for safe and secure storage of 2,613 U.S. tons of

mustard agent Mustard gas or sulfur mustard is a chemical compound belonging to a family of cytotoxic and blister agents known as mustard agents. The name ''mustard gas'' is technically incorrect: the substance, when dispersed, is often not actually a gas, ...

in projectiles and mortars, though PCAPP operations are reducing the amount of agent stored at PCD. The weapons have been stored at the depot since the 1950s. The destruction technology used is neutralization followed by biotreatment. The follow-on process, biological treatment, consists of breaking down the product of neutralization called

hydrolysate Hydrolysate refers to any product of hydrolysis. Protein hydrolysate has special application in sports medicine because its consumption allows amino acids to be absorbed by the body more rapidly than intact proteins, thus maximizing nutrient delive ...

by microbial

digestion Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intest ...

. Additionally, three SDCs will augment PCAPP's neutralization/biotreatment technology to destroy 4.2-inch mortar rounds and any projectiles which have been found unsuited for processing through the main plant.

Chemical weapons destruction in Kentucky

PEO ACWA is responsible for the management of BGCAPP at the Blue Grass Army Depot located in east central Kentucky. The installation stores and maintains conventional munitions and provides chemical defense equipment and special operations support to the Department of Defense. The Blue Grass Chemical Activity, a tenant of the depot, is responsible for the safeguarding of a portion of the U.S. chemical weapons stockpile, 523 tons of nerve agents GB and VX and mustard agent in rockets and projectiles. BGCAPP will also use neutralization to destroy chemical agent while the Static Detonation Chamber will be used to process mustard agent-filled projectiles, and drained and overpacked M55 rockets warheads.

PEO ACWA schedule

Destruction of the remaining U.S. chemical weapons stockpile should be completed by the Chemical Weapons Convention treaty commitment of Sept. 30, 2023. U.S. Public Law mandates stockpile destruction Dec. 31, 2023.

Public Involvement

The Blue Grass Chemical Stockpile Outreach Office in Kentucky and the Pueblo Chemical Stockpile Outreach Office in Colorado serve as the local communities' primary resource for information regarding chemical weapons destruction. The offices work closely with Army leadership and its contractors to respond to inquiries, develop and provide information materials, coordinate guest speakers for a variety of different civic groups and organizations and interface with the governor-appointed Colorado and Kentucky Chemical Demilitarization Citizens’ Advisory Commissions.