Proculeia gens
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The gens Proculeia was a minor
plebeian In ancient Rome, the plebeians (also called plebs) were the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census, or in other words " commoners". Both classes were hereditary. Etymology The precise origins of ...
family at ancient Rome. Members of this
gens In ancient Rome, a gens ( or , ; plural: ''gentes'' ) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same Roman naming conventions#Nomen, nomen and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens was called a ''stirps'' (p ...
are first mentioned at the end of the
Republic A republic () is a "state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th c ...
.
Gaius Proculeius Gaius, sometimes spelled ''Gajus'', Kaius, Cajus, Caius, was a common Latin praenomen; see Gaius (praenomen). People * Gaius (jurist) (), Roman jurist *Gaius Acilius *Gaius Antonius *Gaius Antonius Hybrida *Gaius Asinius Gallus *Gaius Asinius P ...
was one of the most trusted friends and advisers of Octavian, and one of those whom he considered a possible heir. None of the Proculeii ever obtained the consulship, but a number are known from inscriptions.


Origin

The nomen ''Proculeius'', belongs to a common class of gentilicia ending in the diminutive suffix '-eius', often although not exclusively formed from other names ending in '-a' or '-as'. In this case, the name is a patronymic surname derived from the old
praenomen The ''praenomen'' (; plural: ''praenomina'') was a personal name chosen by the parents of a Roman child. It was first bestowed on the ''dies lustricus'' (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the bi ...
'' Proculus'', which
Festus Festus may refer to: People Ancient world *Porcius Festus, Roman governor of Judea from approximately 58 to 62 AD *Sextus Pompeius Festus (later 2nd century), Roman grammarian *Festus (died 305), martyr along with Proculus of Pozzuoli *Festus (h ...
reported was originally given to a child born when his father was far from home, although the name has the appearance of a diminutive of some other word or name, such as ''procus'', a suitor, or perhaps more likely ''procer'', a prince.Chase, p. 145. ''Proca'', sometimes given as ''Procas'', another possibility, was the name of one of the legendary
Kings of Alba Longa The kings of Alba Longa, or Alban kings (Latin: ''reges Albani''), were a series of legendary kings of Latium, who ruled from the ancient city of Alba Longa. In the mythic tradition of ancient Rome, they fill the 400-year gap between the settlem ...
, Rome's mother city in story and song, and may be the root form of the name, perhaps with the same meaning as ''procer''. In later times, ''Proculus'' was widely used as a surname, with which ''Proculeius'' is easily confused.


Praenomina

The chief praenomina associated with the Proculeii are ''
Gaius Gaius, sometimes spelled ''Gajus'', Kaius, Cajus, Caius, was a common Latin praenomen; see Gaius (praenomen). People *Gaius (jurist) (), Roman jurist *Gaius Acilius *Gaius Antonius *Gaius Antonius Hybrida *Gaius Asinius Gallus *Gaius Asinius Pol ...
'', '' Lucius'', '' Publius'', and ''
Quintus Quintus is a male given name derived from '' Quintus'', a common Latin forename (''praenomen'') found in the culture of ancient Rome. Quintus derives from Latin word ''quintus'', meaning "fifth". Quintus is an English masculine given name and ...
''. Other names are occasionally found, including ''
Marcus Marcus, Markus, Márkus or Mărcuș may refer to: * Marcus (name), a masculine given name * Marcus (praenomen), a Roman personal name Places * Marcus, a main belt asteroid, also known as (369088) Marcus 2008 GG44 * Mărcuş, a village in Dobârl ...
'', ''
Sextus Sextus is an ancient Roman '' praenomen'' or "first name". Its standard abbreviation is Sex., and the feminine form would be Sexta. It is one of the numeral ''praenomina'', like Quintus ("fifth") and Decimus ("tenth"), and means "sixth". Althoug ...
'', and ''
Aulus Aulus (abbreviated A.) is one of the small group of common forenames found in the culture of ancient Rome. The name was traditionally connected with Latin ''aula'', ''olla'', "palace", but this is most likely a false etymology. ''Aulus'' in fact p ...
''. All of these were common names throughout Roman history.


Members

* Gaius Proculeius L. f., struck a coin bearing the head of an uncertain figure, and on the reverse a ''bipennis'', or double-headed axe. *
Gaius Proculeius Gaius, sometimes spelled ''Gajus'', Kaius, Cajus, Caius, was a common Latin praenomen; see Gaius (praenomen). People * Gaius (jurist) (), Roman jurist *Gaius Acilius *Gaius Antonius *Gaius Antonius Hybrida *Gaius Asinius Gallus *Gaius Asinius P ...
, an intimate friend of Octavian, who sent him as an emissary to
Marcus Antonius Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from a constitutional republic into the autoc ...
and
Cleopatra Cleopatra VII Philopator ( grc-gre, Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ}, "Cleopatra the father-beloved"; 69 BC10 August 30 BC) was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and its last active ruler.She was also a ...
after his victory at Actium. He was the half-brother of
Aulus Terentius Varro Murena Aulus Terentius Varro Murena (died 24 BC) was a Roman general and politician of the 1st century BC. Biography Murena was the natural born son of Aulus Terentius Varro, and adopted brother to Lucius Licinius Varro Murena. He was well connected t ...
, and brother-in-law of Gaius Maecenas, another of Octavian's closest friends. * Proculeius, better known as Proclus of Laodicea, was hierophant at Laodicea in
Syria Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...
, and the author of several books on philosophy and mathematics. * Proculeia, wife of Danfeianus, and mother of two children buried at Lugdunum in Gallia Lugdunensis: Danfiola, aged seventeen years, one month, and twelve days, having been married for one year, two months, and a day, and Vincentius or Danfius, aged three years, eight months, and two days. * Proculeia, buried at Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium in Germania Inferior. * Proculeia, wife of Gaius Duronius Martialis, with whom she was buried in Noricum, aged thirty, between AD 131 and 170. * Proculeia C. l., a freedwoman buried at Rome. * Proculeia P. f., buried at Amiternum. * Proculeius, named in an inscription from Rome. * Proculeius P. f., an aedile who held a festival, recorded at Amiternum in
Sabinum Sabina (Latin: ''Sabinum''), also called the Sabine Hills, is a region in central Italy. It is named after Sabina, the territory of the ancient Sabines, which was once bordered by Latium to the south, Picenum to the east, ancient Umbria to ...
. * Gaius Proculeius, a priest of the Magna Mater at Blera in
Etruria Etruria () was a region of Central Italy, located in an area that covered part of what are now most of Tuscany, northern Lazio, and northern and western Umbria. Etruscan Etruria The ancient people of Etruria are identified as Etruscan civiliza ...
. * Gaius Proculeius, named in an inscription from Flavia Solva in Noricum. * Lucius Proculeius A. f. Titia gnatus, one of the municipal
duumvirs The duumviri (Latin for "two men"), originally duoviri and also known in English as the duumvirs, were any of various joint magistrates of ancient Rome. Such pairs of magistrates were appointed at various periods of Roman history both in Rome its ...
at
Perusia The ancient Perusia, now Perugia, first appears in history as one of the 12 confederate cities of Etruria. It is first mentioned in the account of the war of 310 or 309 BC between the Etruscans and the Romans. It took, however, an important par ...
in Etruria. * Gaius Proculeius Albanus, a soldier stationed at
Herculaneum Herculaneum (; Neapolitan and it, Ercolano) was an ancient town, located in the modern-day ''comune'' of Ercolano, Campania, Italy. Herculaneum was buried under volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. Like the nea ...
in Campania.. * Gaius Proculeius (C. f.) Alexander, a freedman, was the husband of Proculeia Calyx, and father of Gaius Proculeius Magnus. Buried with his wife at Salernum in Campania, in a tomb dedicated by their son.. * Gaius Proculeius C. l. Apollonis, a ''topiarius'', or landscape gardener, at Rome. * Proculeia Boniata, buried at the present site of Zreče, formerly part of Noricum, aged sixty. * Proculeia (C. l.) Calyx, a freedwoman, was the wife of Gaius Proculeius Alexander, and mother of Gaius Proculeius Magnus. Buried at Salernum with her husband, in a tomb dedicated by their son. * Proculeia Capriola, mother of Publius Proculeius Celer, Publius Proculeius Clemens, and Publius Proculeius Celerinus, buried at Amiternum.. * Publius Proculeius Celer, son of Proculeia Capriola, and brother of Publius Proculeius Clemens and Publius Proculeius Celerinus, was a soldier in one of the
urban cohorts The ''cohortes urbanae'' (Latin meaning ''urban cohorts'') of ancient Rome were created by Augustus to counterbalance the enormous power of the Praetorian Guard in the city of Rome and serve as a police service. They were led by the urban prefect ...
, in the century of Serenus, serving for seventeen years. He was buried at Amiternum. * Publius Proculeius Celerinus, son of Proculeia Capriola, and brother of Publius Proculeius Celer and Publius Proculeius Clemens, buried at Amiternum. * Publius Proculeius Clemens, son of Proculeia Capriola, and brother of Publius Proculeius Celer and Publius Proculeius Celerinus, buried at Amiternum. * Quintus Proculeius Euphrates, one of the vigiles at Rome in AD 202. * Proculeia Felicitas, the mother of Herennius Aventius, buried at Rome aged eighteen months, three days. * Proculeius Fidus, named in a funerary inscription from Perusia. * Quintus Proculeius Finitus, named in a libationary inscription from Celeia in Noricum. * Proculeia Firmilla, buried at Rome. * Proculeius P. f. Galba Crispinus, one of the duumvirs at Amiternum. * Proculeius Gracilis, buried at
Aquae Flaviae Aquae Flaviae (or ''Aquæ Flaviæ'') is the ancient Roman city and former bishopric (now a Latin Catholic titular see) of Chaves, a municipality in the Portuguese district of Vila Real. History The northwest peninsular region is an area of ho ...
in
Hispania Citerior Hispania Citerior (English: "Hither Iberia", or "Nearer Iberia") was a Roman province in Hispania during the Roman Republic. It was on the eastern coast of Iberia down to the town of Cartago Nova, today's Cartagena in the autonomous community of ...
, aged fifty-five. * Gaius Proculeius C. l. Heracleo, a freedman named in an inscription from Rome, dating to the latter part of the first century BC.. * Quintus Proculeius Q. l. Hilarus, a freedman buried at Sora in Latium. * Proculeia C. f. Honorata, daughter of Gaius Proculeius Honoratus, and wife of Quintus Pescennius Avitus, buried at
Thubursicum Khamissa, ancient ''Thubursicum Numidarum'' or ''Thubursicum'', is an Ancient Rome, Ancient Roman and Byzantine Empire, Byzantine archeological site, in Souk Ahras Province of northeastern Algeria.
in Africa Proconsularis, aged fifty-three. * Marcus Proculeius M. f. Justinus, son of Marcus Proculeius Martialis and Gavia Justina, buried at Bedaium in Noricum.. * Gaius Proculeius C. f. Magnus, son of Gaius Proculeius Alexander and Proculeia Calyx, to whom he dedicated a monument at Salernum. * Marcus Proculeius Martialis, one of the municipal officials of Bedaium, husband of Gavia Justina, and father of Marcus Proculeius Justinus. * Publius Proculeius Proculinus, one of the
duumvirs The duumviri (Latin for "two men"), originally duoviri and also known in English as the duumvirs, were any of various joint magistrates of ancient Rome. Such pairs of magistrates were appointed at various periods of Roman history both in Rome its ...
appointed to govern the colony of Aquincum in Pannonia Inferior, between AD 197 and 209. * Gaius Proculeius Ɔ. l. Prophetes, a freedman, and a soldier stationed at Herculaneum. * Gaius Proculeius Pylades, buried at Puteoli in Campania. * Sextus Proculeius L. f. Rufus, a veteran of the fifteenth legion, made a sacrifice to Jupiter Optimus Maximus at
Scarbantia Sopron (; german: Ödenburg, ; sl, Šopron) is a city in Hungary on the Austrian border, near Lake Neusiedl/Lake Fertő. History Ancient times-13th century When the area that is today Western Hungary was a province of the Roman Empire, a ...
in Pannonia Superior. * Gaius Proculeius C. f. Rufus Asturicus, a soldier in the fourth cohort of the praetorian guard, buried at Rome aged twenty-five, having served six years. * Lucius Proculeius Secundus, a ''
cornicularius A corniculary ( lat, corniculārius) or cornicular was an officer of the Roman legions who served as the adjutant to a centurion, so named for wearing a cornicule (''corniculum''), a small, horn-shaped badge. See also * List of Roman army unit t ...
'' serving at Gerasa in Arabia Petraea between AD 151 and 170. * Proculeia Sextulla, wife of Marcus Basilius Hospitalis, buried at Nattabutes in Africa Proconsularis, aged thirty-five. * Proculeia Stibas, named in an inscription from Rome, dating to the latter part of the first century BC. * Proculeia P. l. Thaïs, built a tomb at Amiternum for herself and two others. * Lucius Proculeius Thamyras, named in an inscription from Rome. * Proculeia Ɔ. l. Tyche, a freedwoman buried at Rome. * Proculeia Valentina, the wife of Lucius Septimius Florianus, and mother of Lucius Septimius Florentinus, buried with her husband at Jovia in Pannonia Inferior. * Proculeia Zosime, built a tomb at Rome for her husband Gaius Carvilius Castor, in the latter part of the first century..


See also

* List of Roman gentes


References


Bibliography

* ''Liber de Praenominibus'', a short treatise of uncertain authorship, traditionally appended to Valerius Maximus' ''
Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium ''Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX'' ("nine books of memorable deeds and sayings", also known as ''De factis dictisque memorabilibus'' or ''Facta et dicta memorabilia'') by Valerius Maximus (c. 20 BC – c. AD 50) was written arou ...
'' (Memorable Facts and Sayings). * Quintus Horatius Flaccus (
Horace Quintus Horatius Flaccus (; 8 December 65 – 27 November 8 BC), known in the English-speaking world as Horace (), was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his ' ...
), '' Carmina'' (Odes). * Titus Livius ( Livy), '' History of Rome''. *
Dionysius of Halicarnassus Dionysius of Halicarnassus ( grc, Διονύσιος Ἀλεξάνδρου Ἁλικαρνασσεύς, ; – after 7 BC) was a Greek historian and teacher of rhetoric, who flourished during the reign of Emperor Augustus. His literary sty ...
, ''Romaike Archaiologia''. * Gaius Plinius Secundus ( Pliny the Elder), '' Historia Naturalis'' (Natural History). * Publius Cornelius Tacitus, '' Annales''. * Plutarchus, '' Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans''. * Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus ( Cassius Dio), ''Roman History''. * Paulus Diaconus, ''Epitome de Sex. Pompeio Festo de Significatu Verborum'' (Epitome of Festus' ''De Significatu Verborum''). * Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, ''Doctrina Numorum Veterum'' (The Study of Ancient Coins, 1792–1798). * '' Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). * Theodor Mommsen ''et alii'', ''
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum The ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'' (''CIL'') is a comprehensive collection of ancient Latin inscriptions. It forms an authoritative source for documenting the surviving epigraphy of classical antiquity. Public and personal inscriptions throw ...
'' (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated ''CIL''), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present). * Giovanni Battista de Rossi, ''Inscriptiones Christianae Urbis Romanae Septimo Saeculo Antiquiores'' (Christian Inscriptions from Rome of the First Seven Centuries, abbreviated ''ICUR''), Vatican Library, Rome (1857–1861, 1888). * René Cagnat ''et alii'', '' L'Année épigraphique'' (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated ''AE''), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present). * George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', vol. VIII (1897). * Stéphane Gsell, ''Inscriptions Latines de L'Algérie'' (Latin Inscriptions from Algeria, abbreviated ''ILAlg''), Edouard Champion, Paris (1922–present). * Anna and Jaroslav Šašel, ''Inscriptiones Latinae quae in Iugoslavia inter annos MCMXL et MCMLX repertae et editae sunt'' (Inscriptions from Yugoslavia Found and Published between 1940 and 1960, abbreviated ''ILJug''), Ljubljana (1963–1986). * Brigitte and Hartmut Galsterer, ''Die Römischen Steininschriften aus Köln'' (The Roman Stone Inscriptions of Cologne, abbreviated ''RSK''), Cologne (1975). {{DEFAULTSORT:Proculeia gens Roman gentes