Proceratosauridae is a family or clade of

tyrannosauroid Tyrannosauroidea (meaning 'tyrant lizard forms') is a superfamily (or clade) of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs that includes the family Tyrannosauridae as well as more basal relatives. Tyrannosauroids lived on the Laurasian supercontinent b ...

theropod Theropoda (; ), whose members are known as theropods, is a dinosaur clade that is characterized by hollow bones and three toes and claws on each limb. Theropods are generally classed as a group of saurischian dinosaurs. They were ancestrally c ...

dinosaur Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic period, between 243 and 233.23 million years ago (mya), although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is t ...

s from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous.

Distinguishing features

Unlike the advanced tyrannosaurids but similar to primitive tyrannosauroids like ''

Dilong ''Dilong'' (; lit. "earth dragon") is a Chinese dragon name that is also used to mean "earthworm" in traditional Chinese medicine and '' Geosaurus'' in zoological nomenclature. Dragon In Chinese mythology, ''dilong'' "earth dragon" is one of ...

'', proceratosaurids were generally small (with the exception of the possible proceratosaurids ''

Yutyrannus ''Yutyrannus'' (meaning "feathered tyrant") is a genus of proceratosaurid tyrannosauroid dinosaur which contains a single known species, ''Yutyrannus huali''. This species lived during the early Cretaceous period in what is now northeastern Chi ...

'' and '' Sinotyrannus'') and had fairly long, three-fingered arms capable of grasping prey. In comparison to other members of Tyrannosauroidea, proceratosaurids can be distinguished by the following features according to phylogenetic analyses by Averianov ''et al''. (2010) and Loewen ''et al''. (2013) : * A sagittal cranial crest formed by the

nasals In phonetics, a nasal, also called a nasal occlusive or nasal stop in contrast with an oral stop or nasalized consonant, is an occlusive consonant produced with a lowered velum, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. The vast majorit ...

starting at the junction of the

premaxilla The premaxilla (or praemaxilla) is one of a pair of small cranial bones at the very tip of the upper jaw of many animals, usually, but not always, bearing teeth. In humans, they are fused with the maxilla. The "premaxilla" of therian mammal has ...

and nasals. * Extremely elongated external nares, with posterior margins posterior to the anterior margin of the antorbital fossa and maxillary fenestrae. * A short ventral margin of the premaxilla. * The depth of the antorbital fossa ventral to the

antorbital fenestra An antorbital fenestra (plural: fenestrae) is an opening in the skull that is in front of the eye sockets. This skull character is largely associated with archosauriforms, first appearing during the Triassic Period. Among extant archosaurs, bird ...

being much greater than that of the

maxilla The maxilla (plural: ''maxillae'' ) in vertebrates is the upper fixed (not fixed in Neopterygii) bone of the jaw formed from the fusion of two maxillary bones. In humans, the upper jaw includes the hard palate in the front of the mouth. T ...

below the antorbital fossa. * A ventrally concave ischium. * A convex tubercule on the anterior margin of the pubis just ventral to contact with the ilium. * A short and shallow concave step on the anterior margin of the maxilla.

Classification

The family belongs to the tyrannosaur lineage. It was first named in 2010 by Oliver Rauhut and colleagues in their re-evaluation of the

type genus In biological taxonomy, the type genus is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name. Zoological nomenclature According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearing type of a nominal ...

, '' Proceratosaurus''. Their study supported the idea that ''Proceratosaurus'' is a coelurosaur, a

, and most closely related to the Chinese tyrannosauroid '' Guanlong''. They defined the clade containing these two dinosaurs as all theropods closer to ''Proceratosaurus'' than to ''Tyrannosaurus'', ''

Allosaurus ''Allosaurus'' () is a genus of large carnosaurian theropod dinosaur that lived 155 to 145 million years ago during the Late Jurassic epoch ( Kimmeridgian to late Tithonian). The name "''Allosaurus''" means "different lizard" alludin ...

'', ''

Compsognathus ''Compsognathus'' (; Ancient Greek, Greek ''kompsos''/κομψός; "elegant", "refined" or "dainty", and ''gnathos''/γνάθος; "jaw") is a genus of small, bipedalism, bipedal, carnivore, carnivorous theropoda, theropod dinosaur. Members o ...

'', ''

Coelurus ''Coelurus'' ( ) is a genus of coelurosaurian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period (mid-late Kimmeridgian faunal stage, 155–152 million years ago). The name means "hollow tail", referring to its hollow tail vertebrae ( Greek κο� ...

'', '' Ornithomimus'', or ''

Deinonychus ''Deinonychus'' ( ; ) is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur with one described species, ''Deinonychus antirrhopus''. This species, which could grow up to long, lived during the early Cretaceous Period, about 115–108 million y ...

''. Later studies included the Russian ''

Kileskus ''Kileskus'' (meaning ''lizard'' in the Khakas language) is a genus of tyrannosauroid dinosaur known from partial remains found in Middle Jurassic (Bathonian stage) Itat Formation of Sharypovsky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai (Russia). Fossils r ...

'' and the Chinese '' Sinotyrannus'' in the family. Recently, Proceratosauridae has been found to include ''Proceratosaurus'', ''Guanlong'', ''Kileskus'', ''Sinotyrannus'', and the genera ''Stokesosaurus'', ''Juratyrant'', and ''Dilong'' previously recognized as non-proceratosaurid tyrannosauroids. In their re-evaluation of '' Proceratosaurus'', Rauhut ''et al.'' stated that tooth taxa from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous previously assigned to the dromaeosaurid subfamily

Velociraptorinae Velociraptorinae is a subfamily of the theropod group Dromaeosauridae. The earliest velociraptorines are probably ''Nuthetes'' from the United Kingdom, and possibly '' Deinonychus'' from North America. However, several indeterminate velociraptor ...

may instead be proceratosaurid in nature, due to the similarity between the teeth of the two groups and the fact that velociraptorines are otherwise unknown from the fossil record until the Late Cretaceous. This would mean that '' Nuthetes'' and other dubious genera are potential proceratosaurids. Below is the cladogram by Loewen ''et al.'' in 2013. Proceratosaurus holotype

An analysis by Brusatte ''et al.'' in 2016 provides both parsimony and

Bayesian Thomas Bayes (/beɪz/; c. 1701 – 1761) was an English statistician, philosopher, and Presbyterian minister. Bayesian () refers either to a range of concepts and approaches that relate to statistical methods based on Bayes' theorem, or a followe ...

phylogenetic analyses, with ''

'' being placed within Proceratosauridae as a sister taxon to ''Sinotyrannus'' and '' Juratyrant'' and ''

Stokesosaurus ''Stokesosaurus'' (meaning "Stokes' lizard") is a genus of small (around in length), carnivorous early tyrannosauroid theropod dinosaurs from the late Jurassic period of Utah, United States. History From 1960 onwards Utah geologist William ...

'' being placed as more advanced tyrannosauroids in each instance. The Bayesian analysis is shown below.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q134304 Tyrannosaurs Dinosaurs of Europe Dinosaurs of North America Middle Jurassic first appearances Aptian extinctions Prehistoric dinosaur families

Distinguishing features

Classification

See also

References