The palm cockatoo (''Probosciger aterrimus''), also known as the goliath cockatoo or great black cockatoo, is a large smoky-grey or black Psittaciformes, parrot of the cockatoo family native to New Guinea, Aru Islands Regency, Aru Islands, and Cape York Peninsula. It has a very large black beak and prominent red cheek patches.

Taxonomy

The palm cockatoo was originally described by German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1788 as ''Psittacus aterrimus''. Its specific name, ''Probosciger aterrimus'', is from Latin ''proboscis'', long thin nose + ''-ger'', carry, and Latin superlative adjective for ''ater'', black, hence a "black [bird] with a long thin nose (beak)". The only member of the monotypic genus, ''Probosciger'', the palm cockatoo is a member of the white cockatoo subfamily Cacatuinae. Earlier limited genetic studies found it to be the earliest offshoot from the ancestors of what have become the cockatoo family. Four subspecies are recognized, three poorly differentiated and one distinctive. The Cape York cockatoo (''P. a. aterrimus''), the larger goliath cockatoo (''P. a. goliath''), ''P. a. macgillivrayi'', intermediate in size, and the northern palm cockatoo (''P. a. stenolophus'', similar to the goliath, but crest feathers are much narrower). "Palm cockatoo" has been designated the official name by the International Ornithological Committee (IOC). The species was named the "Goliath Aratoo" in Wood's Natural History (1862). It is also sometimes given the misnomer "black macaw" in aviculture – the macaws are unrelated New World parrots. Confusingly, this name was also used by early naturalists and Brazilian natives to refer to the dark blue hyacinth macaw.

Description

The palm cockatoo is in length and weighs . It may be the largest cockatoo species and largest parrot in Australia, although large races of yellow-tailed black cockatoos and sulphur-crested cockatoos broadly overlap in size. It is a distinctive Aves, bird with a large Crest (feathers), crest and has one of the largest beak, bills of any parrot (only the hyacinth macaw's is larger). This powerful bill enables palm cockatoos not only to eat very hard Nut (fruit), nuts and seeds, but also enables males to break off thick (about 1 in) sticks from live trees to use for a drumming display. The male has a larger beak than the female. The beak is unusual, as the lower and upper mandibles do not meet for much of its length, allowing the tongue to hold a nut against the top mandible while the lower mandible works to open it. The palm cockatoo also has a distinctive red cheek patch that changes colour when the bird is alarmed or excited. The palm cockatoo has a large and complex vocal repertoire, including many whistles and even a "hello" call that sounds surprisingly human-like. Distinct dialects occur throughout the species' range. Anecdotal evidence indicates a palm cockatoo reaching 80 or 90 years of age in an Australian zoo, although the oldest confirmed individual was aged 56 in London Zoo in 2000. Although longevity of captive birds is known, the lifespan of palm cockatoos that live in the wild is still unknown .

Distribution and habitat

The palm cockatoo is found in rainforests and woodlands of New Guinea and Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia. It can still be found near Sorong (city), Sorong, West Papua (province), West Papua, Indonesia, where it is sometimes seen in trees along the roads.Indonesian Parrot Project

Behaviour

It has a unique territorial display where the bird (typically the male) drums with a large (i.e. up to 2.5 cm diameter, 15 cm long) stick or seed pod against a dead bough or tree, creating a loud noise that can be heard up to 100 m away. After drumming, the male occasionally strips the drum tool into small pieces to line the nest. Although this drumming behaviour was discovered over three decades ago (in 1984 by G.A. Wood), the reason why palm cockatoos drum is still a mystery. One reason could be that females can assess the durability of the nesting hollow by the resonance of the drumming. Another possibility could be that males drum to mark their territory against other males. The palm cockatoo is an unusual bird, being an ancient species and one of the few bird species known to use tools.

Vocalisation

The vocalizations of palm cockatoos are similar to those of most wild parrots, but they have also been shown to produce a variety of additional syllables in display and exchange with neighbouring individuals. These additional syllables are mainly produced by males and are often combined to form long, complex sequences. In a population in the Kutini-Payamu (Iron Range) National Park, Iron Range, 30 different syllables were distinguished. The palm cockatoos from the east have different call types from the ones from other areas, due to their long term isolation.

Flocking

This species normally does not appear in large numbers. They are not known to flock feed like many of the cockatoo species. Usually only one to six individuals are observed feeding together at one time. As with other large birds, both parents care for young, so seeing a breeding pair is not unusual. If these birds do congregate, it will usually happen in open woodland just after sunrise or along the rainforest edge before returning to individual roosts for the night.Parrot Tag: Palm Cockatoo

Breeding

Palm cockatoos only lay one egg every second year and have one of the lowest breeding success rates reported for any species of parrot. Offsetting this is their very long lifespan. A male commenced breeding at 29 in Taronga Zoo in Sydney, and a female at the London Zoo was 40 when she laid her first egg in 1966. Breeding takes place inside tree hollows that look like standing pipes. Fires play an important role in the destruction and creation of nest hollows. Fires allow the colonisation of microorganisms and termites, which enter the tree and start hollowing out the inside. Cyclones are important in the final stage of nest hollow development.

Feeding

The palm cockatoo often feeds during the early hours of the day on a diet that consists mostly of wild growing Pandanus spiralis, pandanus palm fruit and nuts from the Canarium australasicum, kanari tree. They have also been seen eating fruit from Darwin stringy bark ''Eucalyptus tetradonta'' and Parinari nonda, nonda tree, as well as seeds from the Planchonia careya, cocky apple tree, Terminalia catappa, beach almond, and Castanospermum, black bean tree.

Conservation and status

The palm cockatoo is still relatively common in Cape York Peninsula, Cape York, but is threatened there by habitat destruction, particularly due to bauxite mining around Weipa and altered fire regimens elsewhere. Palm cockatoos are hunted in New Guinea. The palm cockatoo is currently evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix I of CITES. In Australia, palm cockatoos were relisted from Near Threatened to Vulnerable on 31 October 2015
EPBC Act List of Threatened Fauna
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Aviculture

This species is in high demand for the pet trade due to its unusual appearance. In early captive situations, pet owners would either feed dog kibble or generic bird seed mixture, while zoos would give them "monkey biscuits". As their nutritional needs became more apparent over the years, owners have shifted to specially formulated "manufactured diet" pellets along with a wide variety of treats like peanuts, pecans, Brazil nuts, pine nuts, sunflower seeds, oranges, apples, grapes, pomegranate, bananas, sweet potatoes, carrots, beets, broccoli, and kale. Many zoos still give them monkey biscuits to broaden their diet.Nutritional Requirements of Adult Palm Cockatoos
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References

External links

* [http://www.palmcockatoo.org/ The Palm Cockatoo Research Project.]
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) website – Threats to wild bird populations

Oriental Bird Images: ''palm cockatoo''
Selected photos {{Taxonbar, from=Q31501 Cacatuinae, palm cockatoo Birds of the Aru Islands Birds of New Guinea Birds of Cape York Peninsula Talking birds Birds described in 1788, palm cockatoo Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin, palm cockatoo