Presumption in the

canon law Canon law (from grc, κανών, , a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (church leadership) for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is th ...

of the Catholic Church is a term signifying a reasonable conjecture concerning something doubtful,Fanning, "Presumption (in Canon Law)". drawn from arguments and appearances, which by the force of circumstances can be accepted as a proof. It is on this presumption our common adage is based: "Possession is nine points of the law". Presumption has its place in canon law only when positive proofs are wanting, and yet the formulation of some judgment is necessary. It is never in itself an absolute proof, as it only presumes that something is true. Canonists divide presumption into: #presumption of law (''juris''), or that which is deduced from some legal precept or authority expressed in law or based upon precedents or similarities, and #presumption of a judge or man (''judicis'' or ''hominis''), when the law is silent on the subject and an opinion must be formed according to the way that circumstances and indications would affect a prudent man or judge.

Canon 1584

Canon 1584 of the

1983 Code of Canon Law The 1983 ''Code of Canon Law'' (abbreviated 1983 CIC from its Latin title ''Codex Iuris Canonici''), also called the Johanno-Pauline Code, is the "fundamental body of ecclesiastical laws for the Latin Church". It is the second and current comp ...

defines the current canonical jurisprudence around presumption: This canon of the 1983 Code removes the distinction between relative and absolute legal presumption that was present in the 1917 Code of Canon Law.

Varieties of presumption

There are several sub-varieties of presumption of law. The foundation of these legal presumptions is to be sought in the natural conclusions drawn from the ordinary happenings of common life and the consideration of the motives that usually sway men in given circumstances. The general rules are thus formulated: "What is natural is presumed to be in the person or case in question"; "Change is not to be presumed"; "Presumption is to be formed from the favourable side". As to effects, when there is question of presumption ''juris,'' it abstracts from the necessity of proof; not so presumption ''hominis.'' A judge can follow the first in civil cases even when doubt remains, not so the second. The former places the burden of proof on the adversary, but the latter does not. Finally, the first is considered of itself equivalent to proof, while the second needs corroboration from something extraneous to itself.

''Presumptio juris''

A legal presumption (''presumptio juris''Della Rocca, ''Manual of Canon Law'', pg. 395.) is a presumption that is stated in the positive canon law (''ab ipsa lege''Coriden, ''The Code of Canon Law'', pg. 988 (commentary on canon 1584).). Under the 1917 Code of Canon Law, legal presumption was divided into two kinds: ''juris tantum'' "which is relative and vincible by both direct and indirect proof to the contrary", and ''juris et de jure'' or absolute presumption which can only be refuted by indirect proof (undermining the fact(s) upon which the presumption is based). This distinction between the subdivisions of legal presumption, the relative (''juris simpliciter'') and the absolute (''juris et de jure'') was not continued into the

and was dropped.

''Juris tantum''

Thus, it is called presumption of law alone (''juris tantum'') when a thing is judged to be so until the contrary is proved. Hence the legal formulæ: "Everyone is presumed innocent until his guilt is proved"; "Once bad always bad" (i. e. in the same species of ill-doing, if amendment is not certain); "What is known in a remote place is known in a neighbouring place", and others similar.

''Juris et de jure''

It is denominated presumption ''juris et de jure,'' when the law so strongly supports the presumption that it is held to be certain in judicial proceedings. Against such a presumption no proofs are admitted except the evident truth. Thus, goods described in the inventory made by a guardian are presumed to belong to the possessions of the deceased, nor would the later testimony of the guardian himself to the contrary ordinarily be admitted.

''Presumptio juris naturalis''

Natural presumptions (''presumptiones juris naturales'') fall under the definition of ''presumptio hominis''. According to a generally held opinion of canonists, "presumptions ''hominis'' and ''naturae'' are, in as far as they are moral, in contrast to presumptions ''juris'' or legal presumptions."Della Rocca, ''Manual of Canon Law'', pg. 396,
citing Augustine, ''A Commentary on the New Code of Canon Law, Vol. VII'' (St. Louis: 1923), pg. 269. Presumptions of the

natural law Natural law ( la, ius naturale, ''lex naturalis'') is a system of law based on a close observation of human nature, and based on values intrinsic to human nature that can be deduced and applied independently of positive law (the express enacte ...

are those presumptions that are not stated in the positive canon law, and as such do not constitute ''legal'' presumptions. Some presumptions of the natural law have been incorporated into the '' Rules of Law''. Sometimes judges use natural law presumptions as their basis for judicial presumptions.

''Judicis'' or ''hominis''

As to the presumption ''judicis'' or ''hominis'', it is denoted by the following: #It is called ''vehement,'' when the probability is very strongly supported by most urgent conjectures. Thus, a birth would be held illegitimate, which took place eleven months after a husband's decease. A vehement presumption is considered equivalent to a full proof in civil causes of not too great importance. As to whether it should have sufficient effect in criminal causes to produce the condemnation of an accused person, canonists do not agree. #It is termed ''probable,'' when it arises from less urgent and only less probable conjectures and indications. Such presumption is looked on as merely a semi-proof, unless it be sustained by public rumour, in which case it is held as sufficient proof. #Finally, it is denominated ''rash,'' or ''temerarious,'' if it rests on insufficient conjectures or scarcely probable arguments. Such presumption is to be entirely rejected as a proof.

References

Bibliography

*Coriden, James A., Thomas J. Green, Donald E. Heintschel (editors). ''The Code of Canon Law: A Text and Commentary'' (New York: Paulist Press, 1985). Commissioned by the

Canon Law Society of America The Canon Law Society of America or CLSA is a professional association dedicated to the promotion of both the study and the application of canon law in the Catholic Church. The Society's membership includes over fifteen hundred men and women who ...

. *Della Rocca, Fernando. ''Manual of Canon Law'' (Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company, 1959) translated by Rev. Anselm Thatcher, O.S.B. *{{catholic, last=Fanning, first=William H. W., wstitle=Presumption (in Canon Law), volume=12 Canon law of the Catholic Church Tribunals of the Catholic Church Legal doctrines and principles