A prefecture (from the
Latin ''Praefectura'') is an administrative jurisdiction traditionally governed by an appointed
prefect. This can be a regional or local government subdivision in various countries, or a subdivision in certain international church structures, as well as in
antiquity a
Roman district
Literal prefectures
Antiquity
''Prefecture'' originally refers to a self-governing body or area since the
tetrarchy, when Emperor
Diocletian divided the
Roman Empire into four districts (each divided into
dioceses), grouped under ''a
Vicarius'' (a number of
Roman provinces, listed under that article), although he maintained two pretorian prefectures as an administrative level above the also surviving dioceses (a few of which were split).
Ecclesiastic
As
canon law is strongly inspired by Roman law, it is not surprising that the Catholic Church has several offices under a prefect. That term occurs also in otherwise styled offices, such as the head of a congregation or department of the
Roman Curia. Various ecclesiastical areas, too small for a
diocese, are termed prefects.
Analogous prefectures
Brazilian equivalent of ''prefecture''
In
Brazil, the prefecture (''prefeitura'' or ''prefeitura municipal'' in
Portuguese) is the
executive branch of the government of each Brazilian
municipality (''município'' in Portuguese). The term also refers to the office of the
mayor (''prefeito'' in Portuguese).
Central African Republic
The
Central African Republic is divided into sixteen
prefectures.
Greek equivalent of ''prefecture''
From 1836 until 2011, modern
Greece was divided into (, singular , ) which formed the country's main administrative units. These are most commonly translated into
English as "prefectures" or "counties".
Each was headed by a prefect (, ), who was a ministerial appointee until ca. 1990, but was then elected by direct popular vote in a process of decentralization that saw the prefectures become
local government units. Municipal elections in Greece are held every four years and voting for the election of prefects and mayors was carried out concurrently but with separate ballots.
The 2010
Kallikratis plan, which took effect on 1 January 2011, abolished the prefectures as separate administrative units, and transformed them into
regional units within the country's thirteen
administrative regions.
Chinese equivalents of ''prefecture''
The ancient sense
;Xian ()
When used in the context of
Chinese history, especially China before the
Tang Dynasty, the word "prefecture" is used to translate ''xian'' (). This unit of administration is translated as "county" when used in a contemporary context, because of the increase of the number of "xian" and the decrease of their sizes over time in the Chinese history.
;Zhou () or Fu ()
In the context of Chinese history during or after the
Tang Dynasty, the word "prefecture" is used to translate ''zhou'' (Wade–Giles ''chou'' (), another ancient unit of administration in China, equivalent to the modern ''province''.
The modern sense
In modern-day
China, the prefecture (;
pinyin: ) is an administrative division found in the
second level of the administrative hierarchy. In addition to prefectures, this level also includes autonomous prefectures,
leagues, and
prefecture-level cities. The prefecture level comes under the
province level, and in turn oversees the
county level.
Italian ''prefettura''
In
Italy a ''prefettura'' is the office of
prefetto; like in
France he is the representative of the Government in each
provincia.
French ''préfecture''
In
France, a ''préfecture'' is the
capital city of a ''
département''. As there are 101 départements in France, there are 101 ''préfectures''. A ''préfecture de région'' is the capital city of a ''
région''. This is the city where the
préfet - the appointed government representative - resides.
Japanese sense of ''prefecture''
In English, "prefecture" is used as the translation for , which are the main subdivisions of Japan. They consist of 43 prefectures (県 ken) proper, two urban prefectures (府 fu, Osaka and Kyoto), one "circuit" or "territory" (道 dō, Hokkaido) and one "metropolis" (都 to, Tokyo). Before the end of World War II, the word was also used for overseas areas 庁 (chō)、州 (shu) and 道 (dō, in Korea).
Korean equivalents of ''prefecture''
Until 1894 (; ) was the lowest level administrative division in Korea and can be translated into "Petty Prefecture" in the modern sense. It was below (, ; "county") in the administrative hierarchy.
(; ) was a higher level administrative division and can be translated into "Protectorate General", "Greater Prefecture", "Metropolitan Prefecture", or "Martial Prefecture" in the modern sense. The capital, Hanyang (
Seoul), can sometimes be translated as "Hanseong Prefecture".
In 1895, and divisions were abolished. From 1910 to 1949, the term "prefecture" was used to translate (; ). Since 1949 neither nor have been used, and there has been no division in either the South Korean or North Korean administrative system which translates as "prefecture".
Mongolian equivalent
Mongolian prefectures (
Aimags) were adopted during
Qing Dynasty's rule. Today these are usually translated as "provinces".
Moroccan ''Préfecture''
In
Morocco, the 75 second-level
administrative subdivisions are 13 prefectures and 62
provinces. They are subdivisions of the 12
regions of Morocco. Each prefecture and province are subdivided in their turn into
districts (''cercles'', sing. ''cercle''),
municipalities (''communes'', sing. ''commune'') or urban municipalities (''communes urbaines'', sing. ''commune urbaine''), and ''
arrondissements'' in some metropolitan areas.
Venezuelan equivalent
Traditionally the prefecture as being the
City Hall and the prefect as being the equivalent of a mayor and commissioner until recently; now the prefectures and prefect are analogous with the figure of
Town Clerk.
See also
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Apostolic prefecture
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County
*
Prefectures of China
*
Politics of the People's Republic of China
*
Prefectures of Japan
*
Politics of Japan
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Politics of the Republic of China
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Politics of Mongolia
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Province
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State
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Subprefecture
{{Authority control
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Category:Types of administrative division