Pradofloxacin (trade name Veraflox) is a 3rd generation enhanced spectrum

veterinary Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, management, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, disorder, and injury in animals. Along with this, it deals with animal rearing, husbandry, breeding, research on nutri ...

antibiotic of the

fluoroquinolone A quinolone antibiotic is a member of a large group of broad-spectrum bacteriocidals that share a bicyclic core structure related to the substance 4-quinolone. They are used in human and veterinary medicine to treat bacterial infections, as wel ...

class. It was developed by Bayer HealthCare AG, Animal Health GmbH, and received approval from the

European Commission The European Commission (EC) is the executive of the European Union (EU). It operates as a cabinet government, with 27 members of the Commission (informally known as "Commissioners") headed by a President. It includes an administrative body ...

in April 2011 for prescription-only use in veterinary medicine for the treatment of

bacterial infections Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease. This article focuses on the bacteria that are pathogenic to humans. Most species of bacteria are harmless and are often beneficial but others can cause infectious diseases. The number of t ...

in dogs and cats.

History

Pradofloxacin was first discovered by chemists at Bayer in 1994 and patented in 1998. The name pradofloxacin was issued in December 2000 by the

World Health Organization The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of ...

. Following submission for marketing authorisation to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2004, the application was refused in 2006, prompting further studies. Having reviewed the additional studies, the EMA

Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use The Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) is the European Medicines Agency's committee responsible for elaborating the agency's opinions on all issues regarding veterinary medicines. Text was copied from this source which is © ...

(CVMP) recommended granting marketing authorisation of pradofloxacin by consensus in February 2011. Marketing authorisation of pradofloxacin was granted by the European Commission in April 2011.

Mechanism of action

The primary mode of action of fluoroquinolones involves interaction with enzymes essential for major DNA functions such as replication, transcription and recombination. The primary targets for pradofloxacin are the bacterial

DNA gyrase DNA gyrase, or simply gyrase, is an enzyme within the class of topoisomerase and is a subclass of Type II topoisomerases that reduces topological strain in an ATP dependent manner while double-stranded DNA is being unwound by elongating RNA-poly ...

and

topoisomerase IV Topoisomerase IV is one of two Type II topoisomerases in bacteria, the other being DNA gyrase. Like gyrase, topoisomerase IV is able to pass one double-strand of DNA through another double-strand of DNA, thereby changing the linking number of DNA b ...

enzymes. Reversible association between pradofloxacin and DNA gyrase or DNA topoisomerase IV in the target bacteria results in inhibition of these enzymes and rapid death of the bacterial cell. The rapidity and extent of bacterial killing are directly proportional to the drug concentration. As a result, pradofloxacin is active against a wide range of

Gram-positive In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall. Gram-positive bact ...

and

Gram-negative Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wa ...

bacteria including

anaerobic bacteria An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require molecular oxygen for growth. It may react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present. In contrast, an aerobic organism (aerobe) is an organism that requires an oxygenat ...

Indications

As with all prescription veterinary medicine, advice on the use of pradofloxacin should always be sought from a suitably qualified veterinarian.

Dogs

In Europe Pradofloxacin is indicated for the treatment of: *wound infections and superficial and deep pyoderma caused by susceptible strains of the ''Staphylococcus'' intermedius group (''including S. pseudintermedius''), *acute urinary tract infections caused by susceptible strains of ''

Escherichia coli ''Escherichia coli'' (),Wells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Harlow ngland Pearson Education Ltd. also known as ''E. coli'' (), is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus '' Esc ...

'' and the ''Staphylococcus intermedius'' group (including ''S. pseudintermedius'') and *as adjunctive treatment to mechanical or surgical periodontal therapy in the treatment of severe infections of the

gingiva The gums or gingiva (plural: ''gingivae'') consist of the mucosal tissue that lies over the mandible and maxilla inside the mouth. Gum health and disease can have an effect on general health. Structure The gums are part of the soft tissue lin ...

and periodontal tissues caused by susceptible strains of anaerobic organisms, for example ''

Porphyromonas ''Porphyromonas'' is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, obligately anaerobic and non-motile genus from the family of Porphyromonadaceae. There were 16 different Porphyromonas species documented as of 2015 which reside in both animal and human ...

'' spp. and ''

Prevotella ''Prevotella'' is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. ''Prevotella'' spp. are members of the oral, vaginal, and gut microbiota and are often recovered from anaerobic infections of the respiratory tract. These infections include aspiration pn ...

'' spp.

Cats

Pradofloxacin is indicated for the treatment of: *acute infections of the upper respiratory tract caused by susceptible strains of ''

Pasteurella multocida ''Pasteurella multocida'' is a Gram-negative, nonmotile, penicillin-sensitive coccobacillus of the family Pasteurellaceae. Strains of the species are currently classified into five serogroups (A, B, D, E, F) based on capsular composition and ...

'', ''Escherichia coli'' and the ''Staphylococcus intermedius'' group (including ''S. pseudintermedius''). *wound infections and abscesses caused by susceptible strains of Pasteurella multocida and the ''Staphylococcus intermedius'' group (including ''S. pseudintermedius'') or oral suspension only

References

External links

Summary of Product Characteristics
{{QuinoloneAntiBiotics Fluoroquinolone antibiotics Fluoroarenes Nitriles Pyrrolopyridines Cyclopropanes Carboxylic acids