Port-Royal Logic

''Port-Royal Logic'', or ''Logique de Port-Royal'', is the common name of ''La logique, ou l'art de penser'', an important textbook on logic first published anonymously in 1662 by Antoine Arnauld and Pierre Nicole, two prominent members of the Jansenist movement, centered on Port-Royal. Blaise Pascal likely contributed considerable portions of the text. Its linguistic companion piece is the ''Port-Royal Grammar'' (1660) by Arnauld and Lancelot.

Written in French, it became quite popular and was in use up to the twentieth century, introducing the reader to logic, and exhibiting strong Cartesian elements in its metaphysics and epistemology (Arnauld having been one of the main philosophers whose objections were published, with replies, in Descartes' '' Meditations on First Philosophy''). The ''Port-Royal Logic'' is sometimes cited as a paradigmatic example of traditional term logic.

The philosopher Louis Marin particularly studied it in the 20th century (''La Critique du discours'', Éditions de Minuit, 1975), while Michel Foucault considered it, in ''The Order of Things'', one of the bases of the classical ''épistémè''.

Among the contributions of the ''Port-Royal Logic'' is the popularization of the distinction between comprehension and extension, which would later become a more refined distinction between intension and extension. Roughly speaking: a definition with more qualifications or features (the intension) denotes a class with fewer members (the extension), and vice versa.
The main idea traces back through the scholastic philosophers to Aristotle's ideas about ''genus'' and ''species'', and is fundamental in the philosophy of Leibniz. More recently, it has been related to mathematical lattice theory in formal concept analysis, and independently formalized similarly by Yu. Schreider's group in Moscow, Jon Barwise & Jerry Seligman in ''Information Flow'',Jon Barwise and Jerry Seligman, ''Information Flow: The Logic of Distributed Systems'', Cambridge University Press, 1997, and others.

References

Bibliography

* Arnauld, Antoine, and Pierre Nicole. ''La logique ou l’Art de penser''. 1st ed. Paris: Jean Guignart, Charles Savreux, & Jean de Lavnay, 1662.
* Arnauld, Antoine, and Pierre Nicole. ''La logique ou l’Art de penser, contenant, outre les regles communes, plusieurs observations nouvelles, propres à former le jugement''. 6th ed. Amsterdam: Abraham Wolfgang, 1685.
* Arnauld, Antoine, and Pierre Nicole. ''Logic; or, The Art of Thinking''. Translated by Several Hands. 1st ed. London: H. Sawbridge, 1685.
* Arnauld, Antoine, and Pierre Nicole. ''Logic; or, The Art of Thinking''. Translated by John Ozell. London: William Taylor, 1717.
* Arnauld, Antoine, and Pierre Nicole. ''The Art of Thinking; Port-Royal Logic''. Translated, with an introduction by James Dickoff and Patricia James, and a foreword by Charles W. Hendel. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1964.
* Arnauld, Antoine, and Pierre Nicole. ''Logic or the Art of Thinking''. Translated by Jill V. Buroker. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

External links

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History of logic
Term logic
Logic books
1662 books

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