Polish–Bohemian War (1345–1348)
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The Polish–Bohemian War or Polish–Czech War ( pl, Wojna polsko-czeska) was fought between the Kingdom of Bohemia under
John of Bohemia John the Blind or John of Luxembourg ( lb, Jang de Blannen; german: link=no, Johann der Blinde; cz, Jan Lucemburský; 10 August 1296 – 26 August 1346), was the Count of Luxembourg from 1313 and King of Bohemia from 1310 and titular King of ...
and the Kingdom of Poland under Casimir III the Great between 1345 and 1348. After fighting in Silesia and Lesser Poland, the Bohemian army advanced on Silesia and Lesser Poland in 1345, including on the Polish capital of Kraków. An armistice signed later that year held until 1348, when hostilities resumed. Although Poland had a slight military advantage, the war ended with the
Treaty of Namysłów The Treaty of Namslau or Namysłów, also known as the Peace of Namslau/Namysłów, was a peace treaty between King Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles IV of Bohemia and King Casimir III of Poland. It was signed at Namysłów (german: Namslau ...
signed in November 1348. No territorial changes were made. The Poles renounced their claims to Silesia, and the Bohemians their claims to the Polish throne.


Background

Kingdoms of Bohemia and Poland had fought over border territories before since at least 990; in 1327,
John of Bohemia John the Blind or John of Luxembourg ( lb, Jang de Blannen; german: link=no, Johann der Blinde; cz, Jan Lucemburský; 10 August 1296 – 26 August 1346), was the Count of Luxembourg from 1313 and King of Bohemia from 1310 and titular King of ...
raided Silesia and Lesser Poland and reached the Polish capital of Kraków. Silesia, in particular, divided into numerous Duchies of Silesia following the fragmentation of Poland, was a target for Bohemian expansion. Polish King
Casimir the Great Casimir III the Great ( pl, Kazimierz III Wielki; 30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370) reigned as the King of Poland from 1333 to 1370. He also later became King of Ruthenia in 1340, and fought to retain the title in the Galicia-Volhynia Wars. He w ...
already had acknowledged Bohemian control of Silesia in the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin. However, neither Poland nor Bohemia was satisfied with the status quo, and every few years the border would shift due to diplomatic negotiations or small military escapades.


The war

The immediate cause of the war was the imprisonment of
Charles Charles is a masculine given name predominantly found in English language, English and French language, French speaking countries. It is from the French form ''Charles'' of the Proto-Germanic, Proto-Germanic name (in runic alphabet) or ''*k ...
, son of John, by the Poles. While he was freed shortly afterwards, this gave the Bohemians a pretext to begin a more extensive military operation against Poland. The Polish army, led by the king and aided by Lithuanian units, advanced on the borderland Duchy of Troppau, and captured the towns of Pszczyna and Rybnik. However, the John of Bohemia stood in the military camp near Wodzisław. Faced with a Bohemian counter-attack, Poles retreated to Kraków. Bohemian army unsuccessfully besieged Kraków (around 12 to 20 July 1345; ), and suffered further defeats at the and the . An armistice was signed later that year, and soon the Bohemians found themselves in a much stronger position, as Charles was elected the
Holy Roman Emperor The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans ( la, Imperator Romanorum, german: Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period ( la, Imperat ...
in 1346. Fighting was renewed in spring/summer of 1348, with engagements near Wrocław (Breslau). Through the engagements were not conclusive, and even favorable to the Polish side, the two sides decided to settle the issue through diplomacy, to focus on more other threats (such as, for Poland, that of the Teutonic Knights).


Aftermath

The war ended with the
Treaty of Namysłów The Treaty of Namslau or Namysłów, also known as the Peace of Namslau/Namysłów, was a peace treaty between King Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles IV of Bohemia and King Casimir III of Poland. It was signed at Namysłów (german: Namslau ...
signed on 22 November 1348 in which the Poles ''de facto'' renounced their claims to Silesia (the documents do not contain a clear statement to that effect but have been interpreted in such a way by later historians, since it left most of Silesia under ''de jure'' control of Bohemians), and the Bohemians renounced their claims to the Polish throne. No territorial changes occurred. This cemented Bohemian control over most of Silesia.


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Polish-Bohemian War 1345-1348 History of Silesia History of Lesser Poland Wars involving Poland Wars involving Bohemia Conflicts in 1345 Conflicts in 1346 Conflicts in 1347 Conflicts in 1348 14th century in Poland 14th century in Bohemia