Pluckemin Continental Artillery Cantonment Site
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

The Pluckemin Continental Artillery Cantonment Site in
Pluckemin, New Jersey Pluckemin is an unincorporated community located within Bedminster Township, in Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. It was also known historically as Pluckamin. It was the site of several historic events during the American Revolutionary ...
, at the southern section of
Bedminster Township, New Jersey Bedminster is a Township (New Jersey), township in Somerset County, New Jersey, Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States census, the township's population was 8,165, reflecting a decline of 137 (−1.7%) from th ...
, holds historic
American Revolutionary War The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of t ...
importance as the
Continental Army The Continental Army was the army of the United Colonies (the Thirteen Colonies) in the Revolutionary-era United States. It was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, and was establis ...
's artillery winter cantonment during the winter of 1778–79. It was nestled on the western side of the
Second Watchung Mountain The Watchung Mountains (once called the Blue Hills) are a group of three long low ridges of volcanic origin, between high, lying parallel to each other in northern New Jersey in the United States. The name is derived from the American Native Lena ...
just to the North of the village of Pluckemin. The major significance of the site lies with the very different picture it yields of military organization during the Revolutionary War, although some point to it as the birthplace of the American military academy, 24 years prior to the founding of the
United States Military Academy The United States Military Academy (USMA), also known metonymically as West Point or simply as Army, is a United States service academy in West Point, New York. It was originally established as a fort, since it sits on strategic high groun ...
at West Point. Other terms used to reference the site include the Pluckemin Artillery Park, The Pluckemin Military Academy, and The Pluckemin Artillery Encampment. The Pluckemin Artillery Cantonment site is currently not accessible to the public. There are no buildings, no trails, and it is left as an overgrown wooded area. The only place for visitors to learn about the cantonment site is at the Vanderveer/Knox House & Museum, just to the north and west of the site on Route 202/206 Southbound in
Bedminster Township, New Jersey Bedminster is a Township (New Jersey), township in Somerset County, New Jersey, Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States census, the township's population was 8,165, reflecting a decline of 137 (−1.7%) from th ...
.


Overview

The Pluckemin Cantonment was the artillery portion of the
second Middlebrook encampment "Middlebrook encampment" may refer to one of two different seasonal stays of the Continental Army in central New Jersey near the Middlebrook in Bridgewater Township in Somerset County. They are usually differentiated by either the date of the encamp ...
(1778–79), the seasonal encampment of the
Continental Army The Continental Army was the army of the United Colonies (the Thirteen Colonies) in the Revolutionary-era United States. It was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, and was establis ...
during the
American War for Independence The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of t ...
near Middlebrook in
Somerset County, New Jersey Somerset County is a county located in the north-central part of the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States Census, the county's population was 345,361, an increase of 21,917 (6.8%) from the 323,444 counted at the 2010 U.S Cen ...
. The site includes part of the ridge of the First Watchung Mountain. Its position provided a natural fortress not only protecting the
Continental Army The Continental Army was the army of the United Colonies (the Thirteen Colonies) in the Revolutionary-era United States. It was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, and was establis ...
, but also overlooking the plains towards
New Brunswick New Brunswick (french: Nouveau-Brunswick, , locally ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. It is the only province with both English and ...
where the British forces were stationed in 1777. The strategic strength of the position contributed ultimately to the success of the Continental Army. A "cantonment" is "a group of buildings constructed primarily for the purpose of housing troops"; the term camp or "encampment" refers to troops quartered in their regimental or brigade lines. While some have used the term encampment, the national register recognizes the site as a cantonment. The
Jacobus Vanderveer house The Jacobus Vanderveer House, also known as Knox House, is a U.S. Federal style house located just north of the community of Pluckemin in Bedminster Township, Somerset County, New Jersey at the junction of US 202 and 206 north of River Road. ...
, just to the north and west of the cantonment site served as headquarters for General Henry Knox during the winter of 1778–79, when the Continental Army artillery was located in the village of Pluckemin during the Revolutionary War's Second Middlebrook Encampment. The house is the only known building still standing that was associated with the Pluckemin Artillery Cantonment. It is noted that Knox arrived at Pluckemin on December 7, 1778, and departed June 3, 1779, moving towards Pompton with the Continental Army that arrived from Middlebrook. The area was most likely owned on a southern portion of land owned by Jacobus Vanderveer, although Jacob Eoff, a Holland native, was one of the first to settle in the area. Eoff purchased of land around 1743 known then as Bedminstertown or the Pluckemin Crossroads. The next major land owner and resident was Jacobus Vanderveer who on May 10, 1743 purchased just to the north of Eoff's property. Early deeds and wills recognize the cantonment area as belonging to the Vanderveers. The land was later purchased at auction on April 1, 1875 by Tunis Van Arsdale, then to Kate Wickoff (1891), Elizabeth Schley 1902, Hills Development Company, and lastly Bedminster Township.


The Pluckemin Academy

General Knox enlisted
Christopher Colles Christopher Colles (1739–1816) was an Irish and American engineer and inventor, known for his work on numerous inland improvement projects, among them a water distribution system in New York City, canals to link the Atlantic seaboard to the Am ...
as preceptor of the academy. As noted in the Regimental Orderly Book 3 on February 23, 1779, "General Knox states "The Academy is to be opened on Monday next when Mr. Colles the preceptor will attend every day in the wee Sundy excepted for the purpose of teaching the Mathematicks & cc. ... As the Officers of the Corps will be those means have an opportunity of acquiring a more particular and expansive knowledge of the profession and making themselves better qualified to discharge the duties of their respective stations - The General expect that they will apply themselves in good earnest to the study of this so essential & necessary Branch of Science - The duty they owe themselves - a regard for their own reputation and the just expectations of their Country: The General hopes will induce every Officer to pay the closest & most diligent attention."


Other operations at Pluckemin

* Military Store Department * Laboratory - to repair and produce ammunition * Magazine - Ammunition/powder storage * Hospital (winter of 1779-1780)


The First Pluckemin Dig

Henry (Max) Schrabisch, the former New Jersey State Archeologist began his archeological efforts on the Pluckemin countryside when the term "The Dig" originated. Other phrases that were used to identify specific archeological projects at the Pluckemin Cantonment Site include the Pluckemin Dig, the Pluckemin Archeological Dig, and the Pluckemin Archeological Project. The Dig took place over eleven weeks in 1916. The excavations appear to have been completed in 1917, but no field notes or records have been found. Only a series of articles in the local ''Bernardsville News'' and a ''Somerset Quarterly'' article described the work.


The Pluckemin Archeological Project

Beginning in 1979, a not for profit research group was formed, combining the efforts of Bedminster Township, the Hills Development Corporation, and academics financially supported by local businesses, individuals, and small foundations. The project was incorporated in 1980 by three principals: John L. Seidel, then a graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania; Clifford Sekel, an historian and area resident who wrote a Masters thesis on the history of the site; and Anne O'Brien, a local historian and Bedminster Township Committeewoman. The Project was supported by contributions from the Hills Development Corporation and local foundations and donors. Seidel conducted the first systematic survey of the site in 1979 and prepared a detailed map of surface features. Excavations at the site began in earnest in 1981 and continued through 1989. The excavation techniques were unusual in uncovering wide areas, preceded by careful plotting and collection of surface finds. A number of advanced techniques were employed, including the use of overhead photomosaics and a variety of remote sensing techniques. The results were reported on annually, in a 1987 PhD dissertation written by Seidel, and in subsequent articles. In 1984 the New Jersey Historical Commission presented the Pluckemin Archaeological Project an award of recognition for helping to preserve New Jersey history and increasing public awareness of and appreciation for that history. The decade of excavation produced one of the largest and best recorded collections of Revolutionary War artifacts in the country. The picture that emerged from the work was that of an army that had found itself after the terrible experience of Valley Forge, building sophisticated barracks and workshops, and as the Pluckemin cantonment became the hub of a remarkably successful re-supply effort. Some portions of the site were subsequently built on by the Hills, although these were primarily areas that had been plowed and then archaeologically investigated. The bulk of the site is owned and preserved by Bedminster Township and patrolled to prevent vandalism and looting. Since the completion of excavations in 1989, work on the artifact assemblage has continued. Under Seidel's direction, a team at Washington College collaborated with experts from Colonial Williamsburg and other sites to produce two generations of a "virtual cantonment" under contract to the Friends of the Jacobus Vanderveer House. The digital reconstruction is based on the extensive archaeological and historical evidence, as well as advice from architectural historians and other specialists. A
animation
can be viewed at the nearb
Vanderveer House
and can be found o
YouTube
along with additiona
materials
Work continues on the assemblage, includin
experimental archaeology
to better understand life during the period.


Notable guests

Notable visitors to the cantonment, and current and former residents of Bedminster Township (and references of interest) include: *General George Washington *
Nathanael Greene Nathanael Greene (June 19, 1786, sometimes misspelled Nathaniel) was a major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War. He emerged from the war with a reputation as General George Washington's most talented and dependabl ...
- Pluckemin Ball February 18, 1779 with his wife
Captain John Lillie
Commander of the 12th Company of the 3rd Continental Artillery * Richard Frothingham - Deputy Commissary of Military Stores - possibly one responsible for choosing Pluckemin. Directed the Laboratory. * Captain Noah Nichols and Anthony Post - Command of the artificer companies at Pluckemin * Lieutenant Colonel Carrington & Stevens - Superintended the barracks construction at Pluckemin * Captain McDonald * Colonel William McDonald * Ebenezer Stevens - Commander of Lamb's regiment. * Samuel Hodgdon - Field Commissary of Military Stores under command of Knox while at Pluckemin *
Christopher Colles Christopher Colles (1739–1816) was an Irish and American engineer and inventor, known for his work on numerous inland improvement projects, among them a water distribution system in New York City, canals to link the Atlantic seaboard to the Am ...
- Preceptor, led Academy activities and training at the Pluckemin Academy, Barrack Master and Storekeeper - Pluckemin * Samuel Shaw - aide to General Knox * John Hiwill - Inspector and Superintendent of Music for the Army (Military Band) * Captain Cornelius Austin - Armourers supervisor after army left Pluckemin * Henry (Max) Schrabisch papers - early archaeologist, published 1916-1917 Articles in Bernardsville News and 1917 Somerset County Historical Quarterly * Clifford Sekel - historian and principal in the Pluckemin Archaeological Project - MA thesis "The Continental Artillery in Winter Encampment at Pluckemin, New Jersey, December 1778-June 1779," by Clifford Sekel, Jr., 1972, Master of Arts Thesis, Wagner College * Samuel Shaw - aide to General Knox - 1847 Journals of Major Samuel Shaw - Josiah Quincy, Boston. * John L. Seidel - archaeologist and Project Director; principal, Pluckemin Archaeological Project - Dissertation- The Archaeology of the American Revolution: A Reappraisal & Case Study at the Continental Cantonment of 1778–1779, Pluckemin, New Jersey," 1987 *Anne O'Brien - historian and Bedminster Township Committee woman - principal, Pluckemin Archaeological Project * Frederick Wilhelm von Steuben, 1779 - Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States, Phila, PA * Lamb Papers - New York Historical Society, New York * Regimental Orderly Book 3, 2nd Continental Army - 1779 - Feb 5 thru May 30, 1779 - New York Historical Society * Regimental Orderly Book 2,2nd Continental Army - 1778-1779 - Nov 30,1778 thru Feb 4, 1779 - New York Historical Society * Regimental Orderly Book 1,2nd Continental Army - 1778 - Sept 27, 1778 thru Nov 27 - New York Historical Society * Andrew Mellick Jr.- This Old Farm book 1889 * Samuel Hodgdon Letters * Dr. Samuel Adams Diary * John Muller - 1780 A Treatise of Artillery - American version printed in 1779 * Lieutenant John Hills of the 23rd Regiment (British) - Map of Somerset County - Library of Congress 1781 Scale ca. 1:85,000
US Army Center of Military History
* Pennsylvania Packet - 1779, March 6 reference to Pluckemin Cantonment and Academy


See also

*
Jacobus Vanderveer House The Jacobus Vanderveer House, also known as Knox House, is a U.S. Federal style house located just north of the community of Pluckemin in Bedminster Township, Somerset County, New Jersey at the junction of US 202 and 206 north of River Road. ...


References


External links


The Historical Society of the Somerset Hills
{{NRHP in Somerset County, New Jersey Bedminster, New Jersey National Register of Historic Places in Somerset County, New Jersey Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey New Jersey Register of Historic Places 1778 establishments in New Jersey American Revolution on the National Register of Historic Places