Plasmodium species infecting reptiles
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Over 90 species and subspecies of ''
Plasmodium ''Plasmodium'' is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects. The life cycles of ''Plasmodium'' species involve development in a blood-feeding insect host which then injects parasites into a ve ...
'' infect lizards. They have been reported from over 3200 species of lizard but only 29 species of snake. Three species - ''P. pessoai'', ''P. tomodoni'' and ''P. wenyoni'' - infect snakes. These species belong to the subgenera '' Asiamoeba'', ''
Carinamoeba ''Carinamoeba'' is a subgenus of the genus '' Plasmodium'' - all of which are parasitic unicellular eukaryotes. The subgenus was created in 1966 by Garnham.Garnham P.C.C. (1966) Malaria parasttes and other haemospordia. Oxford, Blackwell Speci ...
'', ''
Fallisia ''Fallisia'' is a genus of the family Plasmodiidae'' The genus was created by Lainson, Landau and Shaw in 1974. A revision of the genus ''Plasmodium'' by Levine in 1985 considered this subgenus to be a synonym of ''Plasmodium''. The description ...
'', '' Garnia'', ''
Lacertamoeba ''Lacertamoeba'' is a subgenus of the genus '' Plasmodium'' — all of which are parasites. All species in this subgenus infect reptiles. Taxonomy This subgenus was created by Telford to refine the classification of species then given as '' Pl ...
'', '' Ophidiella'', ''
Paraplasmodium ''Paraplasmodium'' is a subgenus of the genus ''Plasmodium'' - all of which are parasitic eukaryotes. The subgenus was created by Telford in 1988. Species in this subgenus infect lizards. Species *''Plasmodium chiricahuae'' *''Plasmodium mexic ...
'' and ''
Sauramoeba ''Sauramoeba'' is a subgenus of the genus ''Plasmodium'', all of which are parasitic eukaryotes. The subgenus was created in 1966 by Garnham. Species in this subgenus infect reptiles. Description The original criterion for inclusion in this g ...
''.Schall J.J. (2000) Transmission success of the malaria parasite ''Plasmodium mexicanum'' into its vector: role of gametocyte density and sex ratio. Parasitol. 121 (6):575-580 Additional species continue to be described.Perkins S.L., Austin C. (2008) Four new species of Plasmodium from New Guinea lizards: Integrating morphology and molecules. J. Parasitol.


Host records

*''P. agamae'' - the rainbow
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
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Agama agama The common agama, red-headed rock agama or rainbow agama (''Agama agama'') is a species of lizard from the family Agamidae found in most of sub-Saharan Africa. To clear up historical confusion based on Linnaeus and other authors, Wagner, et al. ( ...
'') *''P. attenuatum'' - '' Ameiva ameiva'' *''P. arachniformis'' -
chameleon Chameleons or chamaeleons (family Chamaeleonidae) are a distinctive and highly specialized clade of Old World lizards with 202 species described as of June 2015. The members of this family are best known for their distinct range of colors, bein ...
s *''P. aurulentum'' - neotropical
forest A forest is an area of land dominated by trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, and ecological function. The United Nations' ...
gecko Geckos are small, mostly carnivorous lizards that have a wide distribution, found on every continent except Antarctica. Belonging to the infraorder Gekkota, geckos are found in warm climates throughout the world. They range from . Geckos a ...
('' Thecadactylus rapicaudus'') *''P. azurophilum'' - anole
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
s (''
Anolis gingivinus ''Anolis gingivinus'', also known as the Anguilla Bank tree anole, Anguilla bank anole, and Anguilla anole, is a species of anole lizard that is endemic to the Caribbean Lesser Antilles islands of Anguilla and its satellites, such as Saint Mart ...
'', ''
Anolis gundlachi ''Anolis gundlachi'', also commonly known as the yellow-chinned anole, Gundlach's anole, or yellow-beard anole, is an oviparous, sexually dimorphic species of lizard in the Family (biology), family Dactyloidae. The species is endemic to Puerto Ri ...
'', '' Anolis sabanus'') *''P. bailli'' -
Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
s (''
Anolis limifrons ''Anolis limifrons'', also known commonly as the slender anole or the border anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is native to Central America. Geographic range ''A. limifrons'' is found in Guatemala, Belize, Hon ...
'', ''
Anolis lionotus ''Anolis lionotus'', the lion anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Panama Panama ( , ; es, link=no, Panamá ), officially the Republic of Panama ( es, República de Panamá), is a transconti ...
'' and '' Anolis poecilopus'') *''P. basilisci'' - the striped basilisk ('' Basiliscus vittatus'') *''P. beebei'' - the
gecko Geckos are small, mostly carnivorous lizards that have a wide distribution, found on every continent except Antarctica. Belonging to the infraorder Gekkota, geckos are found in warm climates throughout the world. They range from . Geckos a ...
('' Gonatodes taniae'') *''P. brygooi'' - short-horned
chameleon Chameleons or chamaeleons (family Chamaeleonidae) are a distinctive and highly specialized clade of Old World lizards with 202 species described as of June 2015. The members of this family are best known for their distinct range of colors, bein ...
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Chamaeleo brevicornis ''Chamaeleo'' is a genus of chameleons in the family Chamaeleonidae. Most species of the genus ''Chamaeleo'' are found in sub-Saharan Africa, but a few species are also present in northern Africa, southern Europe, and southern Asia east to Indi ...
'') *''P. chiricahuae'' - fence
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
('' Sceloporus jarrovi'') *''P. circularis'' -
Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of , Australia is the largest country by ...
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skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. ...
('' Egernia stokesii'') *''P. cnemaspi'' - African gecko ('' Cnemaspis africana'') *''P. cnemidophori'' - '' Ameiva ameiva'' *''P. colombiense'' -
Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
('' Anolis auratus'') *''P. diploglossi'' - Anguid
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
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Diploglossus fasciatus ''Diploglossus fasciatus'', the banded galliwasp, is a species of lizard of the Diploglossidae family. It is found in Brazil, Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tric ...
'') *''P. draconis'' - the flying
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
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Draco volans ''Draco volans'', also commonly known as the common flying dragon, is a species of lizard in the family Agamidae. The species is endemic to Southeast Asia. www.reptile-database.org. Like other members of genus ''Draco'', this species has the ab ...
'') *''P. egerniae'' - the land mullet ('' Egernia major'') *''P. fairchildi'' -
Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
('' Anolis cupreus'') *''P. floridense'' - anole
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
s ('' Anolis biporcatus'', ''
Anolis carolinensis ''Anolis carolinensis'' or green anole () (among other names below) is a tree-dwelling species of anole lizard native to the southeastern United States and introduced to islands in the Pacific and Caribbean. A small to medium-sized lizard, th ...
'', '' Anolis frenatus'', ''
Anolis gingivinus ''Anolis gingivinus'', also known as the Anguilla Bank tree anole, Anguilla bank anole, and Anguilla anole, is a species of anole lizard that is endemic to the Caribbean Lesser Antilles islands of Anguilla and its satellites, such as Saint Mart ...
'', ''
Anolis gundlachi ''Anolis gundlachi'', also commonly known as the yellow-chinned anole, Gundlach's anole, or yellow-beard anole, is an oviparous, sexually dimorphic species of lizard in the Family (biology), family Dactyloidae. The species is endemic to Puerto Ri ...
'', ''
Anolis limifrons ''Anolis limifrons'', also known commonly as the slender anole or the border anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is native to Central America. Geographic range ''A. limifrons'' is found in Guatemala, Belize, Hon ...
'', '' Anolis pentaprion'', '' Anolis sabanus'' and '' Anolis sagrei'') *''P. giganteum'' - the rainbow
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
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Agama agama The common agama, red-headed rock agama or rainbow agama (''Agama agama'') is a species of lizard from the family Agamidae found in most of sub-Saharan Africa. To clear up historical confusion based on Linnaeus and other authors, Wagner, et al. ( ...
''), the
Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
n tropical lizard ('' Agama cyanogaster'')Southgate B.A. (1970) ''Plasmodium (Sauramoeba) giganteum'' in ''Agama cyanogaster'': a new host record. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 64(1):12-13 *''P. gologoense'' -
chameleon Chameleons or chamaeleons (family Chamaeleonidae) are a distinctive and highly specialized clade of Old World lizards with 202 species described as of June 2015. The members of this family are best known for their distinct range of colors, bein ...
s *''P. gracilis'' -
skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. ...
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Tribolonotus gracilis ''Tribolonotus gracilis'', commonly known as the red-eyed crocodile skink, is a species of skink that is sometimes kept as an exotic pet. The species is endemic to New Guinea, where it lives in a tropical rainforest habitat. It was first descr ...
'') *''P. guyannense'' - the iguanid
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
('' Plica plica'') *''P. heischi'' -
skinks Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. Sk ...
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Mabuya striata The African striped skink (''Trachylepis striata''), commonly called the striped skink, is a species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of bio ...
'')Garnham P.C., Telford S.R. Jr. (1984) A new malaria parasite ''Plasmodium (Sauramoeba) heischi'' in skinks (''Mabuya striata'') from Nairobi, with a brief discussion of the distribution of malaria parasites in the family ''Scincidae''. J Protozool. 31(4):518-521. *''P. hispaniolae'' - ''
Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
'' lizards *''P. holaspi'' - African flying
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
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Holaspis guentheri ''Holaspis guentheri'', commonly known as the sawtail lizard or western neon blue-tailed tree lizard is a species of lizard occurring in Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central ...
'') *''P. iguanae'' - '' Iguana iguana iguana'' *''P. kentropyxi'' - teiid
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
('' Kentropyx calcarata'') *''P. lacertiliae'' - crocodile
skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. ...
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Tribolonotus ''Tribolonotus'' is a genus of lizards, commonly known as crocodile skinks. Geographic range Species in the genus ''Tribolonotus'' are found in New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Solomon Islands. Species The genus includes the follow ...
'' species) *''P. lainsoni'' - the
gecko Geckos are small, mostly carnivorous lizards that have a wide distribution, found on every continent except Antarctica. Belonging to the infraorder Gekkota, geckos are found in warm climates throughout the world. They range from . Geckos a ...
('' Phyllodactylus ventralis'') *''P. lepidoptiformis'' - teiid
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
('' Kentropyx calcarata'') *''P. lionatum'' - the flying gecko ('' Ptychozoon lionatum'') *''P. loveridgei'' - African gecko ('' Lygodactylus picturatus'') *''P. lygosomae'' -
skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. ...
('' Lygosoma moco'') *''P. mabuiae'' -
Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
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skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. ...
('' Mabuya quinquetaeiata'') *''P. mackerrasae'' -
Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of , Australia is the largest country by ...
n
skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. ...
s ('' Egernia cunninghami'', '' Egernia stokesii'' and '' Egernia striolata'') *''P. maculilabre'' -
Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
n
skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. ...
(''
Mabuya ''Mabuya'' is a genus of long-tailed skinks restricted to species from various Caribbean islands. They are primarily carnivorous, though many are omnivorous. The genus is viviparous, having a highly evolved placenta that resembles that of eutheri ...
'' species) *''P. marginatum'' -
Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
('' Anolis frenatus'') *''P. mexicanum'' - fence
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
s (''
Sceloporus occidentalis The western fence lizard (''Sceloporus occidentalis'') is a common lizard of Arizona, New Mexico, California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Northern Mexico, and the surrounding area. As the ventral abdomen of an adult is characteristi ...
'') *''P. michikoa'' -
chameleon Chameleons or chamaeleons (family Chamaeleonidae) are a distinctive and highly specialized clade of Old World lizards with 202 species described as of June 2015. The members of this family are best known for their distinct range of colors, bein ...
s *''P. minasense'' -
Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
n
skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. ...
(''
Mabuya agilis ''Mabuya'' is a genus of long-tailed skinks restricted to species from various Caribbean islands. They are primarily carnivorous, though many are omnivorous. The genus is viviparous, having a highly evolved placenta that resembles that of eutheri ...
'') *''P. minasense anolisi'' -
Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
s ('' Anolis cybotes'', '' Anolis distichus'', '' Anolis frenatus'' and ''
Anolis limifrons ''Anolis limifrons'', also known commonly as the slender anole or the border anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is native to Central America. Geographic range ''A. limifrons'' is found in Guatemala, Belize, Hon ...
'') *''P. minasense calcaratae'' - teiid
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
('' Kentropyx calcarata'') *''P. minasense capitoi'' -
Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
('' Anolis capito'') *''P. minasense carinii'' - iguanid
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
('' Iguana iguana'') *''P. minasense diminutivum'' - dwarf tegu
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
('' Ameiva ameiva'') *''P. minasense minasense'' -
Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
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skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. ...
('' Mabuya mabouya'') *''P. minasense plicae'' - olive tree runner
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
('' Plica umbra'') *''P. minasense tegui'' - blue tengu
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
('' Tupinambis teguixin'') *''P. pelaezi'' - the iguanid
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
('' Urosaurus bicarinatus bicarinatus'') *''P. pessoai'' - snakes (''
Spilotes pullatus ''Spilotes pullatus'', commonly known as the caninana, tiger rat snake, chicken snake, yellow rat snake, or ''serpiente tigre'', is a species of large nonvenomous colubrid snake endemic to warmer parts of the Americas. Geographic range It is fou ...
'' and ''
Lachesis muta ''Lachesis muta'', also known as the Southern American bushmaster or Atlantic bushmaster, is a venomous pit viper species found in South America, as well as the island of Trinidad in the Caribbean. Two subspecies are currently recognized, includi ...
'') *''P. pifanoi'' - the green ameiva lizard ('' Ameiva ameiva'') and a teiid
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
('' Kentropyx calcarata'') *''P. pitmani'' -
Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
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skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. ...
(''
Mabuya ''Mabuya'' is a genus of long-tailed skinks restricted to species from various Caribbean islands. They are primarily carnivorous, though many are omnivorous. The genus is viviparous, having a highly evolved placenta that resembles that of eutheri ...
'' species) *''P. rhadinurum'' - Iguana iguana iguana *''P. robinsoni'' - the Parson's
Chameleon Chameleons or chamaeleons (family Chamaeleonidae) are a distinctive and highly specialized clade of Old World lizards with 202 species described as of June 2015. The members of this family are best known for their distinct range of colors, bein ...
('' Chamaelo parsoni crucifer'') *''P. sasai'' -
Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the n ...
ese lacertids ('' Takydromus tachydromoides'' and '' Takydromus smaragdinus'') *''P. saurocaudatum'' - the many-lined sun skink ('' Mabuya multifasciata'') *''P. scorzai'' - the
gecko Geckos are small, mostly carnivorous lizards that have a wide distribution, found on every continent except Antarctica. Belonging to the infraorder Gekkota, geckos are found in warm climates throughout the world. They range from . Geckos a ...
'' Phyllodactylus ventralis'' *''P. siamense'' -
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
s.Telford S.R. (1986) ''Fallisia'' parasites (''Haemosporidia: Plasmodiidae'') from the flying lizard, ''Draco maculatus'' (''Agamidae'') in Thailand. J. Parasitol. 72(5):766-769 *''P. tanzaniae'' -
chameleon Chameleons or chamaeleons (family Chamaeleonidae) are a distinctive and highly specialized clade of Old World lizards with 202 species described as of June 2015. The members of this family are best known for their distinct range of colors, bein ...
s *''P. tomodoni'' -
snake Snakes are elongated, limbless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes . Like all other squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales. Many species of snakes have skulls with several more ...
s *''P. torrealbai'' -
Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
s *''P. tribolonoti'' -
skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. ...
s (''
Tribolonotus gracilis ''Tribolonotus gracilis'', commonly known as the red-eyed crocodile skink, is a species of skink that is sometimes kept as an exotic pet. The species is endemic to New Guinea, where it lives in a tropical rainforest habitat. It was first descr ...
'') *''P. tropiduri'' - iguanid
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
('' Tropidurus torquatus''),
Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
lizards ('' Anolis biporcatus'', '' Anolis cybotes'', '' Anolis frenatus'', ''
Anolis limifrons ''Anolis limifrons'', also known commonly as the slender anole or the border anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is native to Central America. Geographic range ''A. limifrons'' is found in Guatemala, Belize, Hon ...
'', ''
Anolis lionotus ''Anolis lionotus'', the lion anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Panama Panama ( , ; es, link=no, Panamá ), officially the Republic of Panama ( es, República de Panamá), is a transconti ...
'', '' Anolis pentaprion'' and '' Anolis poecilopus''), teiid lizard ('' Kentropyx calcarata'') *''P. tropiduri aquaticum'' -
Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
s (''
Anolis lionotus ''Anolis lionotus'', the lion anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Panama Panama ( , ; es, link=no, Panamá ), officially the Republic of Panama ( es, República de Panamá), is a transconti ...
'' and '' Anolis poecilopus'') *''P. tropiduri panamense'' -
Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
('' Anolis biporcatus'') *''P. tropiduri tropiduri'' - '' Tropidurus hispidus'' *''P. robinsoni'' - the red-headed rock agama
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
(''
Agama agama The common agama, red-headed rock agama or rainbow agama (''Agama agama'') is a species of lizard from the family Agamidae found in most of sub-Saharan Africa. To clear up historical confusion based on Linnaeus and other authors, Wagner, et al. ( ...
'') *''P. uluguruense'' - African gecko ('' Hemidactylus platycephalus'') *''P. uzungwiense'' -
chameleon Chameleons or chamaeleons (family Chamaeleonidae) are a distinctive and highly specialized clade of Old World lizards with 202 species described as of June 2015. The members of this family are best known for their distinct range of colors, bein ...
s *''P. vacuolatum'' - the
rainforest Rainforests are characterized by a closed and continuous tree canopy, moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire. Rainforest can be classified as tropical rainforest or temperate rainfores ...
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
('' Plica umbra'') *''P. vastator'' - the flying
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
(''
Draco volans ''Draco volans'', also commonly known as the common flying dragon, is a species of lizard in the family Agamidae. The species is endemic to Southeast Asia. www.reptile-database.org. Like other members of genus ''Draco'', this species has the ab ...
'') *''P. volans'' - the flying
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia altho ...
(''
Draco volans ''Draco volans'', also commonly known as the common flying dragon, is a species of lizard in the family Agamidae. The species is endemic to Southeast Asia. www.reptile-database.org. Like other members of genus ''Draco'', this species has the ab ...
'') *''P. wenyoni'' -
snake Snakes are elongated, limbless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes . Like all other squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales. Many species of snakes have skulls with several more ...
s


Subspecies

*''P. fairchildi'' - ''P. fairchildi fairchildi'' and ''P. fairchildi hispaniolae'' *''P. lygosomae'' - ''P. lygosomae nucleoversans'' and ''P. lygosomae nucleoversans'' *''P. minasense'' - ''P. minasense anolisi'', ''P. minasense capitoi'', ''P. minasense carinii'', *''P. minasense diminutivum'', ''P. minasense minasense'', ''P. minasense plicae'', and ''P. minasense tegui''.Telford S.R. Jr. (1979) A taxonomic revision of small neotropical saurian Malarias allied to ''Plasmodium minasense''. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 54(4):409-422 An additional subspecies ''P. minasense calcaratae'' has also been described.Telford S.R. Jr., Telford S.R. 3rd. (2003) Rediscovery and redescription of ''Plasmodium pifanoi'' and description of two additional ''Plasmodium'' parasites of Venezuelan lizards. J. Parasitol. 89(2):362-368 *''P. traguli'' - ''P. traguli traguli'' and ''P. traguli memmina''. *''P. tropiduri'' - ''P. tropiduri aquaticum'', ''P. tropiduri panamense'' and ''P. tropiduri tropiduri''.Telford S.R. Jr. (1979) A taxonomic reconsideration of some ''Plasmodium'' species from iguanid lizards. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 54(2):129-144


Vectors

Compared with those known for the species infecting humans, few vectors are known for these species. *''P. agamae'' - ''
Lutzomyia ''Lutzomyia'' is a genus of phlebotomine sand flies consisting of nearly 400 species, at least 33 of which have medical importance as vectors of human disease. Species of the genus ''Lutzomyia'' are found only in the New World, distributed in ...
'' or ''
Culicoides ''Culicoides'' is a genus of biting midges in the family Ceratopogonidae. There are over 1000 species in the genus,Connelly, C. RBiting midges: ''Culicoides'' spp.Featured Creatures, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida IF ...
'' species
Culex ''Culex'' is a genus of mosquitoes, several species of which serve as vectors of one or more important diseases of birds, humans, and other animals. The diseases they vector include arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus, Japanese encep ...
: *'' Culex fatigans'' - ''P. rhadinurum''
Aedes ''Aedes'' is a genus of mosquitoes originally found in tropical and subtropical zones, but now found on all continents except perhaps Antarctica. Some species have been spread by human activity: '' Aedes albopictus'', a particularly invasive sp ...
: *''
Aedes aegypti ''Aedes aegypti'', the yellow fever mosquito, is a mosquito that can spread dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika fever, Mayaro and yellow fever viruses, and other disease agents. The mosquito can be recognized by black and white markings on its l ...
'' - ''P. rhadinurum''


Interrelatedness

*''P. floridense'' is closely related to ''P. tropiduri'' and ''P. minasense''


References

{{Reflist List of Plasmodium species infecting reptiles