Species in six subgenera of ''

Plasmodium ''Plasmodium'' is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects. The life cycles of ''Plasmodium'' species involve development in a blood-feeding insect host which then injects parasites into a ver ...

'' infect

bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweig ...

s - ''

Bennettinia ''Plasmodium juxtanucleare'' is a species of parasite in the family Plasmodiidae. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds. Description This species was first described in 1941 by Versiani and Gomes.Versiani, V. & Gomes, B. F. 1941 Sobre ...

'', '' Giovannolaia'', '' Haemamoeba'', ''

Huffia Huffia is a subgenus of the genus ''Plasmodium'' - all of which are parasites. The subgenus was created in 1963 by Corradetti ''et al.''. Species in this subgenus infect bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting t ...

'', '' Novyella'' and '' Papernaia''. ''Giovannolaia'' appears to be a polyphytic group and may be subdivided in the future.Martinsen E.S.,Waite J.L.,Schall J.J. Morphologically defined subgenera of ''Plasmodium'' from avian hosts: test of monophyly by phylogenetic analysis of two mitochondrial genes (2006) Parasitol. 1-8

Avian host records

*''P. accipiteris'' - Levant sparrowhawk ('' Accipiter brevipes'') *''P. alloelongatum'' - Levant sparrowhawk ('' Accipiter brevipes'') *''P. ashfordi'' - great reed warblers ('' Acrocephalus arundinaceus''),Valkiūnas G., Zehtindjiev P., Hellgren O., Ilieva M., Iezhova T.A., Bensch S. (2007) Linkage between mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages and morphospecies of two avian malaria parasites, with a description of ''Plasmodium (Novyella) ashfordi'' sp. nov. Parasitol. Res. crossbill (''

Loxia curvirostra The red crossbill or common crossbill (''Loxia curvirostra'') is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae. Crossbills have distinctive mandibles, crossed at the tips, which enable them to extract seeds from conifer cones and other ...

''), siskin ('' Spinus spinus'') *''P. bioccai'' - skylark (''

Alauda arvensis The Eurasian skylark (''Alauda arvensis'') is a passerine bird in the lark family, Alaudidae. It is a widespread species found across Europe and the Palearctic with introduced populations in New Zealand, Australia and on the Hawaiian Islands. I ...

''), magpie (''

Pica pica The Eurasian magpie or common magpie (''Pica pica'') is a resident breeding bird throughout the northern part of the Eurasian continent. It is one of several birds in the crow family (corvids) designated magpies, and belongs to the Holarctic r ...

'') *''P. bigueti'' - house sparrow (''

Passer domesticus The house sparrow (''Passer domesticus'') is a bird of the sparrow family Passeridae, found in most parts of the world. It is a small bird that has a typical length of and a mass of . Females and young birds are coloured pale brown and grey, an ...

'')Landau I, Chabaud AG, Bertani S, and Snounou G. (2003) Parassitologia. 45(3-4):119-123 Taxonomic status and re-description of ''Plasmodium relictum'' (Grassi et Feletti, 1891), ''Plasmodium maior'' Raffaele, 1931, and description of ''P. bigueti'' n. sp. in sparrows. *''P. biziurae'' - musk duck ('' Biziura lobata'') *''P. buteonis'' - common buzzard ('' Buteo buteo'') *''P. cathemerium'' - red-winged blackbird ('' Agelaius phoeniceus''), great horned owl (''

Bubo virginianus The great horned owl (''Bubo virginianus''), also known as the tiger owl (originally derived from early naturalists' description as the "winged tiger" or "tiger of the air"), or the hoot owl, is a large owl native to the Americas. It is an extrem ...

''), house finch ('' Carpodacus mexicanus''), blue jay ('' Cyanocitta cristata''), blue tit (''

Cyanistes caeruleus The Eurasian blue tit (''Cyanistes caeruleus'') is a small passerine bird in the tit (bird), tit family, Paridae. It is easily recognisable by its blue and yellow plumage and small size. Eurasian blue tits, usually resident bird, resident and ...

''), wood thrush ('' Hylocichla mustelina''), song sparrow ('' Melospiza melodia''), northern mockingbird ('' Mimus polyglottos leucopterus''), cowbirds ('' Molothrus ater ater''), house sparrow (''

''), magpies ('' Pica pica budsonia''), bronze grackle ('' Quiscalus quiscula aeneus''), northern cardinal ('' Richmondena cardinalis''), canary (''

Serinus canaria The Atlantic canary (''Serinus canaria''), known worldwide simply as the wild canary and also called the island canary, common canary, or canary, is a small passerine bird belonging to the genus '' Serinus'' in the finch family, Fringillidae. I ...

''), starling (''

Sturnus vulgaris The common starling or European starling (''Sturnus vulgaris''), also known simply as the starling in Great Britain and Ireland, is a medium-sized passerine bird in the starling family, Sturnidae. It is about long and has glossy black plumage ...

''), house wren (''

Troglodytes aedon The house wren (''Troglodytes aedon'') is a very small bird of the wren family, Troglodytidae. It occurs from Canada to southernmost South America, and is thus the most widely distributed native bird in the Americas. It occurs in most suburban ar ...

''), robin ('' Turdus migratorius''), white-throated sparrow (''

Zonotrichia albicollis The white-throated sparrow (''Zonotrichia albicollis'') is a passerine bird of the New World sparrow family Passerellidae. Etymology The genus name ''Zonotrichia'' is from Ancient Greek (, ) and (, ). The specific ''albicollis'' is from Lati ...

'') *''P. circumflexum'' - sharp-shinned hawk ('' Accipiter striatus''), red-winged blackbird ('' Agelaius phoeniceus''), wood duck (''

Aix sponsa The wood duck or Carolina duck (''Aix sponsa'') is a species of perching duck found in North America. The drake wood duck is one of the most colorful North American waterfowl. Description The wood duck is a medium-sized perching duck. A typi ...

''), canvasbacks ('' Aythya valisineria''), common pochard (''

Aythya ferina The common pochard (; ''Aythya ferina'') is a medium-sized diving duck. The scientific name is derived from Greek '' aithuia'', an unidentified seabird mentioned by authors including Hesychius and Aristotle, and Latin ''ferina'', "wild game", ...

''), blue jay ('' Cyanocitta cristata''), Cape May warbler ('' Dendroica tigrina''), gray cat bird ('' Dumetella carolinensis''), slate colour junicao ('' Junico hymenalis''), song sparrow ('' Melospiza melodia''), common merganser ('' Mergus merganser''), cowbird ('' Molothrus ater ater''), northern cardinal ('' Richmondena cardinalis cardinalis''), trumpeter swan ('' Olor buccinator''), chestnut-tailed starling ('' Sturnus malabaricus''), brown thrasher (''

Toxostoma rufum The brown thrasher (''Toxostoma rufum''), sometimes erroneously called the brown thrush or fox-coloured thrush, is a bird in the family Mimidae, which also includes the New World catbirds and mockingbirds. The brown thrasher is abundant through ...

''), American robin ('' Turdus migratorius''), juniper thrush ('' Turdus pilaris''), wild guineafowl ('' Numida meleagris'') and white-throated sparrow (''

'') *''P. dissanaikei'' - Ross-ringed

parakeet A parakeet is any one of many small to medium-sized species of parrot, in multiple genera, that generally has long tail feathers. Etymology and naming The name ''parakeet'' is derived from the French wor''perroquet'' which is reflected in ...

('' Psittacula krameri manillensis'') *''P. dherteae'' - skylark (''

''), magpie (''

'') *''P. dorseti'' - skylark (''

''), magpie (''

'') *''P. durae'' - turkeys ('' Meleagris'' species), common peafowl ('' Pavo cristatus''), francolins ('' Franoclinus leucoscepus'' and '' Franoclinus levialanti levialanti''), Japanese quail ('' Coturnix japonica''), Lady Amherst pheasants ('' Chrysophus amherstiae'') *''P. elongatum'' - great reed warblers ('' Acrocephalus arundinaceus''), red-tailed hawk ('' Buteo jamaicensis''), New Zealand bellbird ('' Anthornis melanura''), bobwhite quail ('' Colinus virginianus virginianus''), bald eagle ('' Haliaeetus leucocephalus''), honeycreeper ('' Loxops parva''), eastern screech owl ('' Otus asio''), black-footed penguins (''

Spheniscus demersus The African penguin (''Spheniscus demersus''), also known as Cape penguin or South African penguin, is a species of penguin confined to southern African waters. Like all extant penguins, it is flightless, with a streamlined body and wings stiff ...

''), *''P. fallax'' - pygmy owl ('' Glaucidium passerinum''),

turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in ...

s ('' Meleagris'' species), helmeted guineafowl ('' Numida meleagris'') *''P. forresteri'' - eastern screech-owls ('' Otus asio''), great horned owls (''

''), barred owls ('' Strix varia''), bald eagles ('' Haliaeetus leucocephalus''), red-shouldered hawks (''

Buteo lineatus The red-shouldered hawk (''Buteo lineatus'') is a medium-sized buteo. Its breeding range spans eastern North America and along the coast of California and northern to northeastern-central Mexico. It is a permanent resident throughout most of its ...

''), broad-winged hawks ('' Buteo platypterus''), red-tailed hawks ('' Buteo jamaicensis'') *''P. gabaldoni'' - muscovy duck (''

Cairina moschata The Muscovy duck (''Cairina moschata'') is a large duck native to the Americas, from the Rio Grande Valley of Texas and Mexico south to Argentina and Uruguay. Small wild and feral breeding populations have established themselves in the United Sta ...

''), rock pigeon (''

Columba livia The rock dove, rock pigeon, or common pigeon ( also ; ''Columba livia'') is a member of the bird family Columbidae (doves and pigeons). In common usage, it is often simply referred to as the "pigeon". The domestic pigeon (''Columba livia domes ...

'') *''P. gallinaceum'' - red junglefowl (''

Gallus gallus The red junglefowl (''Gallus gallus'') is a tropical bird in the family Phasianidae. It ranges across much of Southeast Asia and parts of South Asia. It was formerly known as the Bankiva or Bankiva Fowl. It is the species that gave rise to the ...

'') *''P. garnhami'' - rain quail ('' Coturnix coromandelica'') *''P. ghadiriani'' - skylark (''

''), magpie (''

'') *''P. giovannolai'' - red-billed choughs (''

Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax The red-billed chough, Cornish chough or simply chough ( ; ''Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax''), is a bird in the crow family, one of only two species in the genus '' Pyrrhocorax''. Its eight subspecies breed on mountains and coastal cliffs from the we ...

''), blackbird ('' Turdus merula'') *''P. globularis'' - yellow-whiskered greenbul ('' Andropadus latirostris'') *''P. griffithsi'' - wild turkeys (''

Meleagris gallopavo intermedia The wild turkey (''Meleagris gallopavo'') is an Upland game bird, upland ground bird native to North America, one of two extant species of Turkey (bird), turkey and the heaviest member of the order Galliformes. It is the ancestor to the domestic ...

'') *''P. gundersi'' - eastern screech owl ('' Otus asio'') *''P. guangdong'' - red-whiskered bulbul ('' Pycnonotus jocosus'') *''P. hegneri'' - common teal ('' Anas crecca'') *''P. hermani'' - turkey ('' Meleagris gallopavo''), bobwhite (''

Colinus virginianus The northern bobwhite (''Colinus virginianus''), also known as the Virginia quail or (in its home range) bobwhite quail, is a ground-dwelling bird native to Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Cuba, with introduced populations elsewhere in th ...

'') *''P. hexamerium'' - skylark (''

''), magpie (''

''), eastern bluebird ('' Sialia sialis'') *''P. jiangi'' - red-whiskered bulbul ('' Pycnonotus jocosus'') *''P. juxtanucleare'' - red junglefowl (''

''), black-footed penguins (''

''), white eared-pheasant (''

Crossoptilon crossoptilon The white eared pheasant (''Crossoptilon crossoptilon''), also known as Dolan’s eared pheasant or Bee's pheasant, is a species of " eared pheasant" that get its name because its colouration is white and has the prominent ear tufts of the genu ...

'') *''P. kempi'' - turkey ('' Meleagris gallopavo''), bobwhite (''

''), chukar ('' Alectoris graeca''), guinea fowl ('' Numida meleagris''), peacocks ('' Pavo cristatus''), canary (''

''). Mallards (''

Anas platyrhynchos The mallard () or wild duck (''Anas platyrhynchos'') is a dabbling duck that breeds throughout the temperate and subtropical Americas, Eurasia, and North Africa, and has been introduced to New Zealand, Australia, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay, Arge ...

'') and domestic geese ('' Anser anser'') may be transiently infected.Christensen B.M., Barnes H.J., Rowley W.A. (1983) Vertebrate host specificity and experimental vectors of ''Plasmodium (Novyella) kempi'' sp. n. from the eastern wild turkey in Iowa. J. Wildl. Dis. 19(3):204-213 *''P. loprae'' - Peking duck (''

'') *''P. lucens'' - olive sunbird ('' Cyanomitra (Nectarinia) olivacea'') *''P. lutzi'' - grey necked wood rail ('' Aramides cajaneus'') and the great thrush (Turdus fuscater) *''P. matutinum'' -

pigeon Columbidae () is a bird family consisting of doves and pigeons. It is the only family in the order Columbiformes. These are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills that in some species feature fleshy ceres. They primarily ...

and

dove Columbidae () is a bird family consisting of doves and pigeons. It is the only family in the order Columbiformes. These are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills that in some species feature fleshy ceres. They primarily ...

('' Colubma'' species) *''P. megaglobularis'' - olive sunbird ('' Cyanomitra (Nectarinia) olivacea'') *''P. merulae'' - blackbird ('' Turdus merula'') *''P. mohammedi'' - house sparrow ('' Passer domesticus biblicus'') *''P. multivacuolaris'' - yellow-whiskered greenbul ('' Andropadus latirostris'') *''P. nucleophilium'' - great tit ('' Parus major''), gray catbird ('' Dumetella carolinensis'') *''P. nucleophilum toucani'' - Swainson's toucan ('' Ramphastos swainsonii'') *''P. octamerium'' - pintail whydah bird ('' Vidua macroura'')Manwell R.D. (1968) ''Plasmodium octamerium'' n. sp., an avian malaria parasite from the pintail whydah bird ''Vidua macroura''. J. Protozool. 15(4):680-685 *''P. pachysomum'' - tawny pipit ('' Anthus campestris'') *''P. paddae'' - Java sparrow (''

Padda oryzivora The Java sparrow (''Padda oryzivora''), also known as Java finch, Java rice sparrow or Java rice bird, is a small passerine bird. This estrildid finch is a resident breeding bird in Java, Bali and Bawean in Indonesia. It is a popular cage bird, ...

'') *''P. parahexamerium'' - white-tailed alethe ('' Alethe diademata'') *''P. paranucleophilum'' - South American

tanager The tanagers (singular ) comprise the bird family Thraupidae, in the order Passeriformes. The family has a Neotropical distribution and is the second-largest family of birds. It represents about 4% of all avian species and 12% of the Neotropica ...

*''P. parvulum'' -

vanga The family Vangidae (from ''vanga'', Malagasy for the hook-billed vanga, ''Vanga curvirostris'') comprises a group of often shrike-like medium-sized birds distributed from Asia to Africa, including the vangas of Madagascar to which the family ...

species *''P. pedioecetii'' - lesser prairie-chicken ('' Tympanuchus pallidicinctus''), Darwin's nothura ('' Nothura darwinii''),

grouse Grouse are a group of birds from the order Galliformes, in the family Phasianidae. Grouse are presently assigned to the tribe Tetraonini (formerly the subfamily Tetraoninae and the family Tetraonidae), a classification supported by mitochondria ...

*''P. pfefferi'' - magpie (''

'') *''P. pinotti'' - bananaquit ('' Coereba flaveola''), orangequit ('' Euneornis campestris''), yellow-shouldered grassquit ('' Loxipasser anoxanthus''), black-faced grassquit ('' Tiaris bicolor'') *''P. polare'' - bald eagle ('' Haliaeetus leucocephalus''), barn swallow ('' Hirundo rustica''), yellow wagtails ('' Motacilla flava'') and cliff swallows ('' Petrochelidon pyrrhonota'') *''P. polymorphum'' - skylark (''

'') *''P. relictum'' - skylark (''

''), reed warbler (''

Acrocephalus scirpaceus The common reed warbler (''Acrocephalus scirpaceus'') is an Old World warbler in the genus '' Acrocephalus''. It breeds across Europe into the temperate western Palaearctic where it is migratory, wintering in sub- Saharan Africa. It is also a re ...

''), New Zealand bellbird ('' Anthornis melanura''), little night owl ('' Athene noctua''), house finch ('' Carpodacus mexicanus''), blue quail ('' Coturnix chinensis''), blue tit (''

''), Gyr falcons ('' Falco rusticolus''), chaffinch (''

Fringilla coelebs The common chaffinch or simply the chaffinch (''Fringilla coelebs'') is a common and widespread small passerine bird in the finch family. The male is brightly coloured with a blue-grey cap and rust-red underparts. The female is more subdued in ...

''), red-backed shrike ('' Lanius collurio''), common crossbill (''

''),

Hawaiian honeycreeper Hawaiian honeycreepers are a group of small, passerine birds endemic to Hawaii. They are closely related to the rosefinches in the genus ''Carpodacus'', but many species have evolved features unlike those present in any other finch. Their great ...

, yellow wagtail ('' Motacilla flava''), house sparrow (''

''), magpie (''

''), red-billed choughs (''

''), tree sparrow (''

Passer montanus The Eurasian tree sparrow (''Passer montanus'') is a passerine bird in the sparrow family with a rich chestnut crown and nape, and a black patch on each pure white cheek. The sexes are similarly plumaged, and young birds are a duller version o ...

''), great tit ('' Parus major''), the bearded tit ('' Panurus biarmicus''), siskin ('' Spinus spinus''), Magellanic penguins ('' Spheniscus magellanicus''), black-footed penguins (''

''), starling (''

''), pheasant ('' Tragopan satyra''), white-eyed thrush ('' Turdus jamaicensis''), yellow-faced grassquit ('' Tiaris olivacea'') *''P. rouxi'' - skylark (''

''),

partridge A partridge is a medium-sized galliform bird in any of several genera, with a wide native distribution throughout parts of Europe, Asia and Africa. Several species have been introduced to the Americas. They are sometimes grouped in the Perd ...

*''P. sergentorum'' - skylark (''

''), magpie (''

'') *''P. snounoui'' - magpie (''

'') *''P. stellatum'' - spotted flycatcher ('' Muscicapa striata'') *''P. tenue'' - babbler ('' Garrulax canorus taewanus''), Pekin robin ('' Leiothrix lutea'') *''P. tejerai'' - turkey ('' Meleagris gallopavo'') *''P. tumbayaensis'' - thrush ('' Planethicus anthracinus'') *''P. vaughani'' - warbler (''

Acrocephalus schoenobaenus The sedge warbler (''Acrocephalus schoenobaenus'') is an Old World warbler in the genus '' Acrocephalus''. It is a medium-sized warbler with a brown, streaked back and wings and a distinct pale supercilium. Sedge warblers are migratory, crossin ...

''), blackbird ('' Agelaius phoeniceus''), goldfinch (''

Carduelis carduelis The European goldfinch or simply the goldfinch (''Carduelis carduelis'') is a small passerine bird in the finch family that is native to Europe, North Africa and western and central Asia. It has been introduced to other areas, including Austral ...

''), blue jay ('' Cyanocitta cristata''), yellow warbler ('' Setophaga petechia''), robin (''

Erithacus rubecula The European robin (''Erithacus rubecula''), known simply as the robin or robin redbreast in Great Britain & Ireland, is a small insectivorous passerine bird that belongs to the chat subfamily of the Old World flycatcher family. About in len ...

''), junco ('' Junco hyemalis hyemalis''), red-billed leiothrix ('' Leiothrix lutea''), bullfinch ('' Loxigilla violacea''), house sparrow (''

''), the weaver ('' Ploceus cucullatus''), the grackle (''

Quiscalus quiscula The common grackle (''Quiscalus quiscula'') is a species of large icterid bird found in large numbers through much of North America. First described in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus, the common grackle has three subspecies. Adult common grackles have a ...

''), the canary (''

''), the blackcap (''

Sylvia atricapilla The Eurasian blackcap (''Sylvia atricapilla''), usually known simply as the blackcap, is a common and widespread typical warbler. It has mainly olive-grey upperparts and pale grey underparts, and differences between the five subspecies are sm ...

''), the pigeon ('' Spilopelia senegalensis''), eastern meadowlark ('' Sturnella magna''), starling (''

'') black-faced grassquit ('' Tiaris bicolor''), white-eyed thrush ('' Turdus jamaicensis''), the blackbird ('' Turdus merula'') and American sparrows (''

Zonotrichia ''Zonotrichia'' is a genus of five extant American sparrows of the family Passerellidae. Four of the species are North American, but the rufous-collared sparrow breeds in highlands from the extreme southeast of Mexico to Tierra del Fuego, and on ...

'' species).

Subspecies of avian malaria

*''P. nucleophilum'' has at least one subspecies - ''P. nucleophilum toucani'' *''P. relictum'' has been divided into subspecies: ''P. relictum capistranoae'', ''P. relicturn matutinum'', ''P. relictum quentini'' and ''P. relictum relictum''. Interrelatedness *''P. durae'' is related to ''P. asanum'', ''P. circumflexum'', ''P. fallax'', ''P. formosanum'', ''P. gabaldoni'', ''P. hegneri'', ''P. lophrae'', ''P. lophrae'', ''P. pediocetti'', ''P. pinotti'', and ''P. polare''. *''P. gallinacium'' is related to ''P. griffithsi'' *''P. relictum'' is related to ''P. cathemerium'', ''P. giovannolai'' and ''P. matutinum''. ''P. relictum'' may be difficult to distinguish from ''P. giovannolai'' on either morphological grounds or on the basis of host species. *''P. hexamerium'' is related to ''P. vaughni''. *''P. ashfordi'' is related to ''P. vaughni''.

Vectors of avian malaria

*''

Aedes ''Aedes'' is a genus of mosquitoes originally found in tropical and subtropical zones, but now found on all continents except perhaps Antarctica. Some species have been spread by human activity: '' Aedes albopictus'', a particularly invasive sp ...

'' species: *''

Aedes aegypti ''Aedes aegypti'', the yellow fever mosquito, is a mosquito that can spread dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika fever, Mayaro and yellow fever viruses, and other disease agents. The mosquito can be recognized by black and white markings on its le ...

'' - ''P. gallinacium'' *'' Aedes hesperonotius'' - ''P. gallinacium'' *''

Culex ''Culex'' is a genus of mosquitoes, several species of which serve as vectors of one or more important diseases of birds, humans, and other animals. The diseases they vector include arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus, Japanese encep ...

'' species: *'' Culex fatigans'' - ''P. relictum'' *''

Culex pipiens ''Culex pipiens'', commonly referred to as the common house mosquito, is a species of mosquito. House mosquitoes are some of the most common mosquitoes in the United States. More specifically, ''Culex pipiens'' is considered as the northern hous ...

'' - ''P. cathermerium'', ''P. paddae'' *'' Culex pipiens pipiens'' - ''P. kempi'' *'' Culex nigripalpus'' - ''P. elongatum'', ''P. hermani'' *''

Culex quinquefasciatus ''Culex'' is a genus of mosquitoes, several species of which serve as vectors of one or more important diseases of birds, humans, and other animals. The diseases they vector include arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus, Japanese encep ...

'' - ''P. relictum'' *'' Culex restuans'' - ''P. elongatum'', ''P. forresteri'' *'' Culex salinarius'' - ''P. elongatum'', ''P. hermani'' *'' Culex stigmatastoma'' - ''P. relictum'' *'' Culex tarsalis'' - ''P. kempi'', ''P. hexamerium'', ''P. relictum'' *'' Culiseta'' species *'' Culiseta morsitans'' - ''P. circumflexum'' *'' Mansonia'' species: *'' Mansionia crassipes'' - ''P. circumflexum'', ''P. gallinacium'' *'' Theobaldia'' species *'' Theobaldia annulata'' - ''P. circumflexum'' Notes: Sporogeny of ''P. circumflexum'' but not transmission has been recorded in '' Mansonia perturbans''.

Avian malaria notes

*''P. relictum'' is known to infect over 70 bird families and 359 wild bird species so the record here should be regarded as incomplete. Additional host species can be found under the link '' Plasmodium relictum''. It is likely that this species has been responsible for more bird extinctions than any other protist. *''P. vaughani'' is the second commonest species of avian malaria parasites after ''P. relictum''. *''P. inconstans'', ''P. irae'', ''P. praecox'', ''P. subpraecox'' and ''P. wasielewski'' have been re classified as ''P. relictum''. ''P. subpraecox'' was described by Grassi and Feletti in 1892. ''P. wasielewski'' was described by Brumpt in 1909. *''P. elongatum'' infects 21 bird families and 59 species of bird. Additional host species are given under the link ''

Plasmodium elongatum ''Plasmodium'' is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects. The life cycles of ''Plasmodium'' species involve development in a blood-feeding insect host which then injects parasites into a verte ...

''. *''P. dominicana'' is a species known only from fossil amber. It is thought to have been a species infecting birds. It has been placed in the subgenus '' Nyssorhynchus''. *The taxonomic status of ''P. corradettii'' (Laird, 1998) is currently regarded as dubious and may be revised. *''P. huffi'' may be the same species as ''P. nucleophilum toucani''. *''P. oti'' is now regarded as the same species as ''P. hexamerium''. *There are currently 13 species recognised in the subgenus ''Novyella'' all of which are listed here. A number of additional species have been described in birds - ''P. centropi'', ''P. chloropsidis'', ''P. gallinuae'', ''P. herodialis'', ''P. heroni'', ''P. mornony'', ''P. pericorcoti'' and ''P. ploceii'' - but the suggested speciation was based at least in part on the idea - 'one host - one species'. It has not been possible to reconcile the descriptions with any of the currently recognised species, and these are not currently regarded as valid species. As further investigations are made into this genus these species may be resurrected. A species ''P. japonicum'' has been reported but this appears to be the only report of this species and should therefore be regarded of dubious validity.

References

{{Reflist , refs= {{cite journal , first1=Rubayet , last1=Elahi , first2=Ausraful , last2=Islam , first3=Mohammad Sharif , last3=Hossain , first4=Khaja , last4=Mohiuddin , first5=Andrea , last5=Mikolon , first6=Suman Kumer , last6=Paul , first7=Parviez Rana , last7=Hosseini , first8=Peter , last8=Daszak , first9=Mohammad Shafiul , last9=Alam , name-list-style=amp , title=Prevalence and Diversity of Avian Haematozoan Parasites in Wetlands of Bangladesh , journal=Journal of Parasitology Research , volume=2014 , year=2014 , pages=1–12 , doi=10.1155/2014/493754 , pmid=24587896 , pmc=3918735 , doi-access=free List of Plasmodium species infecting birds