Plains Algonquian languages
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The Plains Algonquian languages are commonly grouped together as a subgroup of the larger Algonquian family, itself a member of the Algic family. Though the grouping is often encountered in the literature, it is an areal grouping rather than a genetic one. In other words, the languages are grouped together because they were spoken near one another, not because they are more closely related to one another than to any other Algonquian language. Most studies indicate that within the Algonquian family, only
Eastern Algonquian The Eastern Algonquian languages constitute a subgroup of the Algonquian languages. Prior to European contact, Eastern Algonquian consisted of at least 17 languages, whose speakers collectively occupied the Atlantic coast of North America and adj ...
constitutes a separate genetic subgroup.


Family

The Plains Algonquian languages are well known for having diverged significantly from
Proto-Algonquian Proto-Algonquian (commonly abbreviated PA) is the proto-language from which the various Algonquian languages are descended. It is generally estimated to have been spoken around 2,500 to 3,000 years ago, but there is less agreement on where it was ...
(the parent of all Algonquian languages), both phonologically and lexically. For example, Proto-Algonquian ''*keriwa'', "eagle", becomes
Cheyenne The Cheyenne ( ) are an Indigenous people of the Great Plains. Their Cheyenne language belongs to the Algonquian language family. Today, the Cheyenne people are split into two federally recognized nations: the Southern Cheyenne, who are enr ...
''netse''; Proto-Algonquian ''*weθali'', "her husband", becomes
Arapaho The Arapaho (; french: Arapahos, ) are a Native American people historically living on the plains of Colorado and Wyoming. They were close allies of the Cheyenne tribe and loosely aligned with the Lakota and Dakota. By the 1850s, Arapaho ba ...
''ííx'', ''*nepyi'', "water" becomes Gros Ventre ''níc'', ''*wa·poswa'', "hare" becomes Arapaho ''nóóku'', ''*maθkwa'', "bear" becomes Arapaho ''wox'', and ''*sakime·wa'', "fly" becomes Arapaho ''noubee''. Proto-Algonquian *'' eθkwe·wa'' 'woman' becomes Arapaho ''hisei'', Cheyenne ''hé’e'', Gros Ventre ''iiθe'', and Nitsitapi ''skiima'' "female animal" and ''-ohkiimi-'' "have a wife".Berman (2006:280)


Family division

The languages are listed below along with dialects and subdialects. This classification follows Goddard (1996, 2001) and Mithun (1999). 1.
Blackfoot The Blackfoot Confederacy, ''Niitsitapi'' or ''Siksikaitsitapi'' (ᖹᐟᒧᐧᒣᑯ, meaning "the people" or "Blackfoot language, Blackfoot-speaking real people"), is a historic collective name for linguistically related groups that make up t ...
(also known as Blackfeet)
2. Arapahoan : i. Arapaho-Atsina ::*
Arapaho The Arapaho (; french: Arapahos, ) are a Native American people historically living on the plains of Colorado and Wyoming. They were close allies of the Cheyenne tribe and loosely aligned with the Lakota and Dakota. By the 1850s, Arapaho ba ...
''(also known as Arapahoe or Arapafoe)'' ::* Gros Ventre ''(also known as Atsina, Aáni, Ahahnelin, Ahe, A'aninin, A'ane, or A'ananin)'' ''(†)'' ::* Besawunena ''(†)'' :* Nawathinehena ''(†)'' :* Ha’anahawunena ''(†)'' 3.
Cheyenne The Cheyenne ( ) are an Indigenous people of the Great Plains. Their Cheyenne language belongs to the Algonquian language family. Today, the Cheyenne people are split into two federally recognized nations: the Southern Cheyenne, who are enr ...
:* Cheyenne :* Sutaio ''(also known as Soʼtaaʼe)'' ''(†)''


See also

*
Algonquian peoples The Algonquian are one of the most populous and widespread North American native language groups. Historically, the peoples were prominent along the Atlantic Coast and into the interior along the Saint Lawrence River and around the Great Lakes. T ...


References


External links


Algonquian Family


Bibliography

* Berman, Howard (2006). "Studies in Blackfoot prehistory". ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', vol. 72, no. 2, 264–284. * Campbell, Lyle (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. . * Goddard, Ives (1994). "The West-to-East Cline in Algonquian Dialectology." In William Cowan, ed., ''Papers of the 25th Algonquian Conference'' 187-211. Ottawa: Carleton University. *———— (1996). "Introduction". In Ives Goddard, ed., "Languages". Vol. 17 of William Sturtevant, ed., ''The Handbook of North American Indians''. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. *———— (2001). "The Algonquian Languages of the Plains". In Raymond J. DeMaille, ed., "Plains". Vol. 13 of William Sturtevant, ed., ''The Handbook of North American Indians''. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. * Mithun, Marianne (1999). ''The languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (hbk); . {{Algonquian languages Algonquian languages Indigenous languages of the North American Plains Indigenous languages of North America