A pickled cucumber (commonly known as a pickle in the United States and Canada and a gherkin in Britain, Ireland, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand) is a cucumber that has been pickled in a brine, vinegar, or other solution and left to ferment for a period of time, by either immersing the cucumbers in an acidic solution or through souring by lacto-fermentation. Pickles cucumbers are often part of mixed pickles.

Types

Gherkin

A gherkin is a variety of cucumber:^[1] the West Indian or burr gherkin (Cucumis anguria), which produces a somewhat smaller fruit than the garden cucumber (Cucumis sativus).^[2] Gherkins are cooked, eaten raw, or used as pickles.^[3] Gherkins are usually picked when 4 to 8 cm (1 to 3 in) in length and pickled in jars or cans with vinegar (often flavoured with herbs, particularly dill; hence, "dill pickle") or brine. Sugar is also a popular addition, in which case the label typically shows "Sweet Gherkins".

Cornichon

Cornichons are tart French pickles made from small gherkins pickled in vinegar and tarragon. They traditionally accompany pâtés and cold cuts.^[4]

Brined pickles

Brined pickles are prepared using the traditional process of natural fermentation in a brine which makes them grow sour. The brine concentration can vary between 20 to more than 40 grams of salt per litre of water (3.2–6.4 oz/imp gal or 2.7–5.3 oz/US gal). There is no vinegar used in the brine of naturally fermented pickled cucumbers.

The fermentation process is dependent on the Lactobacillus bacteria that naturally occur on the skin of a growing cucumber. These may be removed during commercial harvesting and packing processes. Bacteria cultures can be reintroduced to the vegetables by adding already fermented foods such as yogurt or other fermented milk products, pieces of sourdough bread and of course pickled vegetables such as sauerkraut.^{[citation needed]}

Typically, small cucumbers are placed in a glass or ceramic vessel or a wooden barrel, together with a variety of spices. Among those traditionally used in many recipes are garlic, horseradish, whole dill stems with umbels and green seeds, white mustard seeds, grape, oak, cherry, blackcurrant and bay laurel leaves, dried allspice fruits, and—most importantly—salt. The container is then filled with cooled, boiled water and kept under a non-airtight cover (often cloth tied on with string or a rubber band) for several weeks, depending on taste and external temperature. Traditionally stones, also sterilized by boiling, are placed on top of the cucumbers to keep them under the water. The more salt is added the more sour the cucumbers become.

Since they are produced without vinegar, a film of bacteria forms on the top, but this does not indicate they have spoiled, and the film is simply removed. They do not, however, keep as long as cucumbers pickled with vinegar, and usually must be refrigerated. Some commercial manufacturers add vinegar as a preservative.

Kosher dill (US)

A "kosher" dill pickle is not necessarily kosher in the sense that it has been prepared in accordance with Jewish dietary law. Rather, it is a pickle made in the traditional manner of Jewish New York City pickle makers, with generous addition of garlic and dill to a natural salt brine.^[5][6][7]

In New York terminology, a "full-sour" kosher dill is one that has fully fermented, while a "half-sour", given a shorter stay in the brine, is still crisp and bright green.^[8] Elsewhere, these pickles may sometimes be termed "old" and "new" dills.

Dill pickles (not necessarily described as "kosher") have been served in New York City since at least 1899.^[9]

Polish and German

The Polish- or German-style pickled cucumber (Polish: ogórek kiszony/kwaszony; German: Salzgurken), was developed in the northern parts of central and eastern Europe. It has been exported worldwide and is found in the cuisines of many countries, including the United States, where it was introduced by immigrants. It is sour, similar to the kosher dill, but tends to be seasoned differently.^{[citation needed]}

Traditionally it was preserved in wooden barrels, but now is sold in glass jars. A cucumber only pickled for a few days is different in taste (less sour) than one pickled for a longer time and is called ogórek małosolny, which literally means "low-salt cucumber." This distinction is similar to the one between half- and full-sour types of kosher dills (see above).

Another kind of pickled cucumber, popular in Poland is ogórek konserwowy ("preserved cucumber") which is rather sweet and vinegary in taste, due to different composition of the preserving solution.

Hungarian

In Hungary, while regular vinegar-pickled cucumbers (Hungarian: savanyú uborka) are made during most of the year, during the summer kovászos uborka ("leavened pickles") are made without the use of vinegar. Cucumbers are placed in a glass vessel along with spices (usually dill and garlic), water and salt. Additionally, a slice or two of bread are placed at the top and bottom of the solution, and the container is left to sit in the sun for a few days so the yeast in the bread can help cause a fermentation process.^[10]

Romania

In Romania, cucumbers one of the vegetables used for Murături.

Korean

In Korea, oi-ji (오이지) is a type of jjanji (salted vegetables).

Lime

Lime pickles are soaked in pickling lime (not to be confused with the citrus fruit) rather than in a salt brine.^[11] This is done more to enhance texture (by making them crisper) rather than as a preservative. The lime is then rinsed off the pickles. Vinegar and sugar are often added after the 24-hour soak in lime, along with pickling spices.

Bread and butter

Bread-and-butter pickles are a marinated pickle produced with sliced cucumbers in a solution of vinegar, sugar and spices which may be either be processed by canning or simply chilled as refrigerator pickles. The origin of the name and the spread of their popularity in the United States is attributed to Omar and Cora Fanning, a pair of Illinois cucumber farmers who started selling sweet and sour pickles in the 1920s and filed for the trademark "Fanning's Bread and Butter Pickles" in 1923 (though the recipe and similar ones are probably much older).^[12] The story attached to the name is that the Fannings survived rough years by making the pickles with their surplus of undersized cucumbers and bartering them with their grocer for staples such as bread and butter.^[13]

Cinnamon pickle

Bright red, cinnamon-flavored pickles produced by a multiday process are sometimes seen as a Christmas treat.^[14] They are somewhat similar to canned red cinnamon apple rings in color and texture.

Swedish and Danish

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Swedish pickled cucumbers (pressgurka) are thinly sliced, mixed with salt and pressed to drain some water from the cucumber slices. Afterwards placed in a jar with a sour-sweet brine of vinegar, sugar, dill and mustard seeds.

Danish cucumber salad (agurkesalat) is similar, but the cucumbers are not pressed and the brine doesn't have parsley. The cucumber salad accompanies meat dishes, especially a roasted chicken dish (gammeldags kylling med agurkesalat), and is used on Danish hot dogs.

There are also "long time pickles", which call for some months of cool storing in order to be edible. In southern Sweden and Denmark a solution of water, mild acidic vinegar (not made of wine and as clear as water), sugar and the top of dill plants, known as krondill (English: crown dill) and a little salt. In Sweden this is known as "Ättiksgurka" (English: vinegar cucumber) and has a crispy sweet and sour taste. Further north in Sweden some of the acidic vinegar and all the sugar are replaced with more salt. This is known as "saltgurka". Both "ättiksgurka" and "saltgurka" are used as a minor part of certain dishes.

Kool-Aid pickles

Kool-Aid pickles or "koolickles", enjoyed by children in parts of the Southern United States,^[15] are created by soaking dill pickles in a mixture of Kool-Aid and pickle brine.

Nutrition

Like pickled vegetables such as sauerkraut, sour pickled cucumbers (technically a fruit) are low in calories. They also contain a moderate amount of vitamin K, specifically in the form of K₁. 30-gram sour pickled cucumber offers 12–16 µg, or approximately 15–20%, of the Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamin K. It also offers 3 kilocalories (13 kJ), most of which come from carbohydrate.^[16] However, most sour pickled cucumbers are also high in sodium; one pickled cucumber can contain 350–500 mg, or 15–20% of the American recommended daily limit of 2400 mg.^[17]

Sweet pickled cucumbers, including bread-and-butter pickles, are higher in calories due to their sugar content; a similar 30-gram portion may contain 20 to 30 kilocalories (84 to 126 kJ). Sweet pickled cucumbers also tend to contain significantly less sodium than sour pickles.^[18]

Pickles are being researched for their ability to act as vegetables with a high probiotic content. Probiotics are typically associated with dairy products, but lactobacilli species such as L. plantarum and L. brevis have been shown to add to the nutritional value of pickles.^[19]

Serving

In the United States, pickles are often served as a side dish accompanying meals. This often takes the form of a "pickle spear", which is a pickled cucumber cut length-wise into quarters or sixths. Pickles may be used as a condiment on a hamburger or other sandwich (usually in slice form), or on a sausage or hot dog in chopped form as pickle relish.

Soured cucumbers are commonly used in a variety of dishes—for example, pickle-stuffed meatloaf,^[20] potato salad or chicken salad—or consumed alone as an appetizer.

Pickles are sometimes served alone as festival foods, often on a stick. This is also done in Japan, where it is referred to as "stick pickle" (一本漬, ippon-tsuke).

Dill pickles can be fried, typically deep-fried with a breading or batter surrounding the spear or slice. This is a popular dish in the Southern US, and a rising trend elsewhere in the US.^[21]

In Russia and Ukraine, pickles are used in rassolnik: a traditional soup made from pickled cucumbers, pearl barley, pork or beef kidneys, and various herbs. The dish is known to have existed as far back as the 15th century, when it was called kalya.

In southern England, large gherkins pickled in vinegar are served as an accompaniment to fish and chips, and are sold from big jars on the counter at a fish and chip shop, along with pickled onions.^[22] In the Cockney dialect of London, this type of gherkin is called a "wally".^[23]

Etymology

The term pickle is derived from the Dutch word pekel, meaning brine.^[24] In the United States and Canada, the word pickle alone almost always refers to a pickled cucumber (other types of pickles will be described as "pickled onion", "pickled beets", etc.). In the UK pickle generally refers to ploughman's pickle made from various vegetables, such as Branston pickle, traditionally served with a ploughman's lunch.

Gallery

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  Fresh pickling cucumbers for sale in Kraków

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  Cucumbers in salted water with dill (Poland)

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  German pickles called Spreewald gherkins

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  German pickle Christmas tree ornament

• 

  Cover for 1906 U.S. ragtime piece "Dill Pickles"

• 

  Large gherkins and pickled onions in a fish and chip shop in London

See also

• List of pickled foods
• Pickle soup
• Glowing pickle demonstration

References

Sources

• Battcock, Mike; Azam-Ali, Sue (1998). Fermented Fruits and Vegetables: A Global Perspective. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 92-5-104226-8. OCLC 41178885. 
• Cross, Nanna (2006). "Pickle Manufacturing in the United States: Quality Assurance and Establishment Inspection". In Hui, Yiu H. Handbook of Food Science, Technology, and Engineering. vol. 2. Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 70/1–70/12. ISBN 978-0-8493-9848-3. 
• Elkner, Krystyna (2016). "Jakość ogórków kiszonych" [Quality of pickled cucumbers]. Hasło Ogrodnicze (in Polish). Kraków: Plantpress (8). 
• Fleming, H.P.; McFeeters, R.F.; Breidt, F. (2001). "Fermented and Acidified Vegetables". In Downes, Pouch; Ito, Keith. Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods (PDF). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association. pp. 521–532. 
• Frazier, William C.; Westoff, Dennis C.; Vanitha, K.N. (1971). Food Microbiology. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-93-39-20322-1. 
• Marks, Gil (2008). Olive Trees and Honey: A Treasury of Vegetarian Recipes from Jewish Communities Around the World. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7645-4413-2. 
• Osińska, Jadwiga (1950). Ogórki kiszone [Pickled cucumbers] (in Polish). Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwa Techniczne. 
• Swain, Manas Ranjan; Anandharaj, Marimuthu; Ray, Ramesh Chandra; Parveen Rani, Rizwana (2014). "Fermented Fruits and Vegetables of Asia: A Potential Source of Probiotics". Biotechnology Research International. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. 2014: 250424. doi:10.1155/2014/250424. ISSN 2090-3146. PMC 4058509 . PMID 25343046. 
• "The Pickle Wing". New York: The NY Food Museum. 
• Wacher, Carmen; Díaz-Ruiz, Gloria; Tamang, Jyoti Prakash (2010). "Fermented Vegetable Products". In Tamang, J.P.; Kailasapathy, Kasipathy. Fermented Foods and Beverages of the World. Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 151–190. ISBN 978-1-4200-9496-1. 

External links

• The dictionary definition of pickle at Wiktionary