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Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 26 in E major, opus number, Op. 81a, known as ''Les Adieux'' ("The Farewell"), was written during the years 1809 and 1810.
The title ' implies a Program Music, programmatic nature. The French attack on Vienna, led by Napoleon I of France, Napoléon Bonaparte in 1809, forced Beethoven's patron, Rudolph of Austria (Cardinal), Archduke Rudolph, to leave the city. Yet, there is some uncertainty about this nature of the piece — or at least, about the degree to which Beethoven wished this programmatic nature should be known. He titled the three movements "", "", and "" ('farewell', 'absence', and 'reunion'), and reportedly regarded the French "" (said to whole assemblies or cities) as a poor translation of the feeling of the German "" (said heartfully to a single person). Indeed, Beethoven wrote the syllables "" over the first three chords.
On the first 1811 publication, a dedication was added reading "On the departure of his Imperial Highness, for the Archduke Rudolph in admiration".
An average performance of the piece lasts about 17 minutes. The sonata is one of Beethoven's most challenging sonatas because of the mature emotions that must be conveyed throughout as well as the technical difficulties involved. It is also the bridge between his middle period and his later period and is considered the third great sonata of the middle period.
The sonata opens in a time Tempo#Basic tempo markings, Adagio with a short, simple Motif (music), motif of three chords, at first forming an interrupted cadence, over which are written the three syllables ''Le-be-wohl'' ("Fare-thee-well"). This motif is the basis upon which both the first and the second subject groups are drawn. As soon as the Sonata form#Outline of sonata form, introduction is over and the Sonata form#Outline of sonata form, exposition begins, the time signature changes to (alla breve) and the score is marked Allegro.
The first movement oscillates between a turbulent first subject which portrays deep disturbance and a second subject which is more lyrical in nature and gives the impression of reflections. The rhythmic figure of two short notes and a longer note which is used repeatedly in the first subject is developed inexorably through the "development" section with rich harmonies and discords which are harmonically closer to the later period of Beethoven's compositions than the middle for their intellectual penetration.
The movement has a surprisingly long coda (music), coda which occupies over a quarter of the movement's length. The coda encompasses both the subjects in a display of powerful mastery over composition. Typically the movement played with the expected repeats lasts a little over 7 minutes.
The ''Andante espressivo'' is harmonically built on variations of the diminished chord and the appoggiatura. The movement is very emotional and is often played with rubato that would be found in later composers such as Robert Schumann and Johannes Brahms. Much of the subject matter is rhythmically repeated consecutively as well as sectionally, perhaps to emphasise the feelings of uncomfortable solitude and fear of no return. The arrival of the dominant seventh chord at the end of movement signals the return to the tonic key, but remains unresolved until the triumphant appearance of the main theme in the final movement (which begins ''attacca''). Typically the movement lasts just under 4 minutes.
The finale, also in sonata form, starts joyfully on a B dominant 7th chord, in time. After the startling introduction, the first subject shows up in the right hand and is immediately transferred to the left hand, which is repeated twice with an elaboration of the arrangement in the right hand. Before the second subject group arrives, there is one remarkable bridge passage, introducing a phrase that goes from G major to F major chords, first through distinctive Dynamics (music), forte arpeggios, then in a more delicate, fine Dynamics (music), piano arrangement.
A lecture
by András Schiff on Beethoven's piano sonata Op. 81a * *
Recording by Paavali Jumppanen, piano
from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum ;Articles
Sonate für Klavier (Es-Dur) Op. 81a
(www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de)
Sonate Characterisque (Op. 81)
Analysis and commentary by ''Frederic Horace Clark'' - Music (Volume 15: Nov. 1898 to Apr. 1899) edited by W.S.B. Mathews; published by Music Magazine Publishing Company {{Authority control Piano sonatas by Ludwig van Beethoven, Piano Sonata 26 1810 compositions Compositions in E-flat major Music with dedications
Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 26 in E major, opus number, Op. 81a, known as ''Les Adieux'' ("The Farewell"), was written during the years 1809 and 1810.
The title ' implies a Program Music, programmatic nature. The French attack on Vienna, led by Napoleon I of France, Napoléon Bonaparte in 1809, forced Beethoven's patron, Rudolph of Austria (Cardinal), Archduke Rudolph, to leave the city. Yet, there is some uncertainty about this nature of the piece — or at least, about the degree to which Beethoven wished this programmatic nature should be known. He titled the three movements "", "", and "" ('farewell', 'absence', and 'reunion'), and reportedly regarded the French "" (said to whole assemblies or cities) as a poor translation of the feeling of the German "" (said heartfully to a single person). Indeed, Beethoven wrote the syllables "" over the first three chords.
On the first 1811 publication, a dedication was added reading "On the departure of his Imperial Highness, for the Archduke Rudolph in admiration".
An average performance of the piece lasts about 17 minutes. The sonata is one of Beethoven's most challenging sonatas because of the mature emotions that must be conveyed throughout as well as the technical difficulties involved. It is also the bridge between his middle period and his later period and is considered the third great sonata of the middle period.
Form
The three movements of ''Les Adieux'' were originally written in German and French, and the last two movements are described in German because of the unusual tempo. The translation in English shown in italic as below:I. Das Lebewohl
:
The sonata opens in a time Tempo#Basic tempo markings, Adagio with a short, simple Motif (music), motif of three chords, at first forming an interrupted cadence, over which are written the three syllables ''Le-be-wohl'' ("Fare-thee-well"). This motif is the basis upon which both the first and the second subject groups are drawn. As soon as the Sonata form#Outline of sonata form, introduction is over and the Sonata form#Outline of sonata form, exposition begins, the time signature changes to (alla breve) and the score is marked Allegro.
The first movement oscillates between a turbulent first subject which portrays deep disturbance and a second subject which is more lyrical in nature and gives the impression of reflections. The rhythmic figure of two short notes and a longer note which is used repeatedly in the first subject is developed inexorably through the "development" section with rich harmonies and discords which are harmonically closer to the later period of Beethoven's compositions than the middle for their intellectual penetration.
The movement has a surprisingly long coda (music), coda which occupies over a quarter of the movement's length. The coda encompasses both the subjects in a display of powerful mastery over composition. Typically the movement played with the expected repeats lasts a little over 7 minutes.
II. Abwesenheit
:
The ''Andante espressivo'' is harmonically built on variations of the diminished chord and the appoggiatura. The movement is very emotional and is often played with rubato that would be found in later composers such as Robert Schumann and Johannes Brahms. Much of the subject matter is rhythmically repeated consecutively as well as sectionally, perhaps to emphasise the feelings of uncomfortable solitude and fear of no return. The arrival of the dominant seventh chord at the end of movement signals the return to the tonic key, but remains unresolved until the triumphant appearance of the main theme in the final movement (which begins ''attacca''). Typically the movement lasts just under 4 minutes.
III. Das Wiedersehen
:
The finale, also in sonata form, starts joyfully on a B dominant 7th chord, in time. After the startling introduction, the first subject shows up in the right hand and is immediately transferred to the left hand, which is repeated twice with an elaboration of the arrangement in the right hand. Before the second subject group arrives, there is one remarkable bridge passage, introducing a phrase that goes from G major to F major chords, first through distinctive Dynamics (music), forte arpeggios, then in a more delicate, fine Dynamics (music), piano arrangement.
References
Sources
* Kolodin, Irving (1975). ''The Interior Beethoven''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. .External links
A lecture
by András Schiff on Beethoven's piano sonata Op. 81a * *
Recording by Paavali Jumppanen, piano
from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum ;Articles
Sonate für Klavier (Es-Dur) Op. 81a
(www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de)
Sonate Characterisque (Op. 81)
Analysis and commentary by ''Frederic Horace Clark'' - Music (Volume 15: Nov. 1898 to Apr. 1899) edited by W.S.B. Mathews; published by Music Magazine Publishing Company {{Authority control Piano sonatas by Ludwig van Beethoven, Piano Sonata 26 1810 compositions Compositions in E-flat major Music with dedications