A general election in the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

took place on May 9, 2016, for executive and legislative branches for all levels of government – national, provincial, and local, except for the

barangay A barangay (; abbreviated as Brgy. or Bgy.), historically referred to as barrio (abbreviated as Bo.), is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district, or ward. In metropolita ...

officials. At the top of the ballot was the election for successors to Philippine President

Benigno Aquino III Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III (; February 8, 1960 – June 24, 2021), also known as Noynoy Aquino and colloquially as PNoy, was a Filipino politician who served as the 15th president of the Philippines from 2010 to 2016. The son of ...

and Vice President

Jejomar Binay Jejomar "Jojo" Cabauatan Binay Sr. (born Jesus Jose Cabauatan Binay; November 11, 1942) is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 13th vice president of the Philippines from 2010 to 2016, under President Benigno Aquino III. A h ...

. There were also elections for: * 12 seats to the Senate; * All 297 seats to the

House of Representatives House of Representatives is the name of legislative bodies in many countries and sub-national entitles. In many countries, the House of Representatives is the lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the corresponding upper house often c ...

; * All governors, vice governors, and 772 seats to provincial boards for 81

provinces A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman '' provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions ou ...

; * All mayors and vice mayors for 145

cities A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...

and for 1,489

municipalities A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality'' may also mean the go ...

; * All members of the

city councils A municipal council is the legislative body of a municipality or local government area. Depending on the location and classification of the municipality it may be known as a city council, town council, town board, community council, rural counc ...

and 11,924 seats on municipal councils; and * Governor, vice governor and all 24 seats in the regional assembly of the

Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ( tl, Rehiyong Awtonomo ng Muslim Mindanao; ar, الحكم الذاتي الاقليمي لمسلمي مندناو ''Al-ḥukm adh-dhātī al-'iqlīmī li-muslimī Mindanāu''; abbreviated as ARMM) was ...

. The regional elections for the

(ARMM) were scheduled for May 9, but that would have changed if the Bangsamoro political entity had replaced the ARMM. The ARMM elections pushed through, as scheduled. Barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections were scheduled for October 2016, but were postponed to 2017. Congress postponed anew to barangay elections to May 2018. Elections are organized, run, and adjudicated by the

Commission on Elections An election commission is a body charged with overseeing the implementation of electioneering process of any country. The formal names of election commissions vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and may be styled an electoral commission, a c ...

better known as COMELEC with appeals under certain conditions allowed to the

Regional Trial Court The Regional Trial Courts ( fil, Panrehiyong Hukuman sa Paglilitis) are the highest trial courts in the Philippines. In criminal matters, they have original jurisdiction. History It was formerly called as the Court of First Instance since the ...

s, the

Congress of the Philippines The Congress of the Philippines ( fil, Kongreso ng Pilipinas, italic=unset) is the legislature of the national government of the Philippines. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, although colloquially the te ...

, or the Supreme Court of the Philippines sitting as the

House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal The House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal (HRET) is an electoral tribunal that decides election protests in the House of Representatives of the Philippines. It consists of six representatives and three justices of the Supreme Court of the Phi ...

, the

Senate Electoral Tribunal The Senate Electoral Tribunal (SET) is an electoral tribunal that decides election protests in the Senate of the Philippines. It consists of 6 senators nominated by the Senate, and 3 justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, who are desig ...

, or the Presidential Electoral Tribunal.

Preparation

2016 Philippine election voting instructions

Commission on Elections membership

On May 4, 2015, President

appointed

Presidential Commission on Good Government The Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG) is a quasi-judicial government agency of the Philippines whose primary mandate is to recover the ill-gotten wealth accumulated by Ferdinand Marcos, his immediate family, relatives, subordin ...

chairman

Andres D. Bautista Juan Andres "Andy" Donato Bautista is the former chairman of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) of the Philippines and former dean of the Institute of Law of the Far Eastern University, a private, non-sectarian university in Manila, Philippin ...

as chairman, and former Commission on Audit member

Rowena Guanzon Maria Rowena Amelia Villena Guanzon (, born August 29, 1957), is a Filipina lawyer, public servant, and politician who notably served as Philippine Commission on Elections commissioner from 2015 to 2022 under President Benigno Aquino III and ...

and Bangsamoro Business Club's board chairman Sherif Abas as commissioners. Bautista replaced

Sixto Brillantes Sixto Serrano Brillantes Jr. (, August 14, 1939August 11, 2020) was a Filipino election lawyer who was the chairman of the Commission on Elections from 2011 to 2015. He was appointed by President Benigno Aquino III on January 16, 2011 to serve ...

, while Guanzon and Abas replaced Lucenito Tagle and Elias Yusoph, who all retired in February 2015. All appointees will serve until February 2022. A few days after the announcement, it was revealed that Abas is a nephew of

Mohagher Iqbal Mohagher Iqbal is the ''nom de guerre'' of the member of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front who serves as chair of the group's peace panel. Education Igbal was born in Cotabato City and grew up in Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindanao. Iqbal attended t ...

, the chief negotiator of the

Moro Islamic Liberation Front The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF; ar, ''Jabhat Taḥrīr Moro al-ʾIslāmiyyah'') is a group based in Mindanao seeking an autonomous region of the Moro people from the central government. The group has a presence in the Bangsamoro r ...

. Bautista said that Abas confirmed to him that he is Iqbal's nephew. Iqbal neither confirmed nor denied their relationship, calling it is a non-issue, and that there's nothing wrong if his nephew is appointed to a sensitive position. Bautista was confirmed by the

Commission on Appointments The Commission on Appointments ( fil, Komisyon sa Paghirang, abbreviated as CA) is a constitutional body which confirms or rejects certain political appointments made by the President of the Philippines. The current commission was created by th ...

on September 21; meanwhile, Abas' confirmation was deferred because Senator

Alan Peter Cayetano Alan Peter Schramm Cayetano (Tagalog pronunciation: ajɛˈtano born October 28, 1970) is a Filipino politician, lawyer, and diplomat serving as a Senator since 2022 and previously from 2007 to 2017. He was the Senate Minority Leader from 20 ...

, who was not present when Bautista was confirmed, still had questions to ask Abas.

Voter registration

The commission started

voter registration In electoral systems, voter registration (or enrollment) is the requirement that a person otherwise eligible to vote must register (or enroll) on an electoral roll, which is usually a prerequisite for being entitled or permitted to vote. The r ...

for the elections on May 6, 2014, to October 31, 2015. Under the law, the 9.6 million registered voters who do not have

biometrics Biometrics are body measurements and calculations related to human characteristics. Biometric authentication (or realistic authentication) is used in computer science as a form of identification and access control. It is also used to identify i ...

attached their registration will not be allowed to vote. Voter registration was suspended from October 12 to 16 to give way to the filing of candidacies. From October 17 to 31, the commission would extend its hours up to 9:00 p.m. to accommodate last minute registrants. Voter registration was suspended in Puerto Princesa from April 20 to May 17, 2015, because of the 2015 mayoral recall election. The Voters' Registration Act prohibits voter registration during

recall election A recall election (also called a recall referendum, recall petition or representative recall) is a procedure by which, in certain polities, voters can remove an elected official from office through a referendum before that official's term of of ...

s. In June 2015, the commission denied reports that some voters' biometrics were lost, saying that they were only "degraded," and that "two thousand" voters would have to have their biometrics taken again. A month later, the commission opened booths in Metro Manila and Luzon to further registration. By that time, there were still 4.3 million voters with incomplete biometrics. The commission, seeing the successful turnout for registration at the malls, mulled holding the elections itself inside such malls. The commission's en banc had already approved "in principle" the mall voting process. Near the end of the month, the commission said that the number of voters without biometrics has decreased to 3.8 million. By mid-August, the commission announced that they had purged 1.3 million records from the voters' list, including the deceased and voters who did not vote in the two immediate preceding elections, the 2013 general and 2013 barangay, and that voters without biometrics had fallen to 3.5 million. By August 30, the number of registered voters without biometrics data had fallen to 3.1 million; this was after a Social Weather Stations poll came out that as much as 9.7 million people still had not updated their biometrics yet and could be disenfranchised. The Commission on Elections concluded the 17-month registration on October 31, and offered no extension, except for voters in Cagayan Valley which was devastated by Typhoon Lando, who were given until the next day to finish theirs. This was despite a petition to the Supreme Court by the Kabataan party-list to extend registration until January 8, 2016. Acting on the said petition, the Supreme Court issued a restraining order on the No Bio, No Boto mandatory voters biometrics campaign on December 1. It was later lifted after 16 days.

Counting machines

The 2016 general elections represented the largest electronic vote counting exercise in history as 92,509 vote counting machines were used to digitize voter-marked ballots and transmit the results to the Municipal Board of Canvassers. In April 2015, the counting machines were leased from London-based

Smartmatic Smartmatic (also referred as Smartmatic Corp. or Smartmatic International) or Smartmatic SGO Group is a multinational company that builds and implements electronic voting systems. The company also produces smart cities solutions (including publ ...

after the Supreme Court of the Philippines invalidated the 300 million-peso contract between the Commission and the Smartmatic-TIM consortium for diagnostics and repair of 80,000 Precinct Count Optical Scan (PCOS) machines. The court said that the commission "failed to justify its resort to direct contracting." Two months later, the Commission conducted a mock election where a "hybrid" system of manual counting and electronic transmission of results was tested out. Gus Lagman, former elections commissioner and a proponent of the hybrid system, pointed out the system's money-saving advantage and reliability, as opposed to full automation where the results can be manipulated. Meanwhile, the Commission overturned its self-imposed disqualification of Smartmatic from bidding on counting machines. Senator Francis Escudero disapproved of the use of the hybrid system, saying "it brings back memories of the Hello Garci controversy". A few days later, the Commission informed the House of Representatives Committee on Suffrage and Electoral Reforms that they had decided not to use the hybrid system. On a House of Representatives committee hearing held on late July, Elections chairman Andres Bautista told lawmakers that the Commission had decided to award Smartmatic-TIM a 1.7 billion peso contract to lease 23,000 OMR counting machines. Days later, the Commission declared the bidding for the refurbishing 80,000 machines as a failure, after two of the three bidders backed out, while the third was disqualified. On August 13, the Commission agreed to lease 94,000 new OMR machines for 7.9 billion pesos, while the old machines used for 2010 and 2013 elections would be used for the 2019 elections. By September, the Commission sought the transfer the site manufacturing the voting machines from China to

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...

after it received intelligence reports from the military in July that China might sabotage the elections. Smartmatic, the manufacturer of the machines, acquiesced to the request. China, meanwhile, denied any plans of sabotaging the election, calling it "sheer fabrication." Smartmatic also won the contract worth P500 million for the electronic results transmission services of the voting machines. On March 4, the Commission unanimously voted to disallow the issuance of voting receipt to voters, although onscreen verification was allowed, which would take an additional 15 seconds per voter. The Commission eventually aborted mall voting and allowed the use of replacement ballots.

Results transmission

Election authorities, with the help of election services provider

, created a Virtual private network (VPN) for the secure and reliable transmission of electoral data. To guarantee nationwide coverage, Smartmatic coordinated the main telecom companies in the Philippines. This VPN was used to transmit the votes of over 44 million citizens from 36.805 polling centres. On election night, 4 hours after the polls closed, 80% vote counting machines had transmitted the election data, setting a new record for the Philippines. Speed was one of the main reasons why Philippine authorities decided to automate elections. As an archipelago comprising over 7,000 islands, several of which lack a proper communications infrastructure, the transmission of results posed a challenge.

Bans

Gun Ban

The election gun ban was implemented starting from January 9, 2016, the official start of the 90-day election period. Francisco Pobe, regional director of COMELEC-13, also pointed out that the candidate should not bring bodyguards without gun ban exemption. Go Act, a pro-gun group formed by gun owners filed a petition before the Supreme Court to fully stop the implementation of the election gun ban.

Calendar

On August 18, 2015, the commission released the calendar of activities for the May 9, 2016 national and local elections: Following a request by the

Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines The Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines (CDP) is a Christian democratic party in the Philippines. Created in 2010, it is headed by Cagayan de Oro representative Rufus Rodriguez. The party aims to "institutionalize an alternative to patro ...

, the commission extended the period for holding political conventions to October 8, 2015. The commission did not extend the deadline of filing of candidacies, though. The commission originally envisioned to release an "almost" final list of candidates on December 15, but postponed it to December 23. The commission did release a "final list" of vice presidential candidates on December 23, but Chairman

that disqualification cases on other positions led them to postpone the release to January 20, when the commission is expected to resolve all disqualification cases. On January 21, the commission released an "initial" list of candidates for all positions. The list is subject to trimming as the disqualification cases on presidential, vice presidential and senatorial cases are to be resolved with finality.

Debates

The Commission on Elections held three debates for presidential candidates—in Mindanao last February 2016, in Visayas last March 2016, and in Luzon last April 2016. A vice-presidential debate was also held in Metro Manila last April 10, 2016. The commission identified the media entities who had covered the debates:

GMA Network GMA Network (Global Media Arts or simply GMA) is a Philippine free-to-air television and radio network. It is the flagship property of publicly traded GMA Network, Inc. Its first broadcast on television was on October 29, 1961. GMA Network (f ...

(''E16: Eleksyon 2016'') and

Philippine Daily Inquirer The ''Philippine Daily Inquirer'' (''PDI''), or simply the ''Inquirer'', is an English-language newspaper in the Philippines. Founded in 1985, it is often regarded as the Philippines' newspaper of record. The newspaper is the most awarded br ...

(February 21), TV5 (''Bilang Pilipino: Boto sa Pagbabago 2016'' – English: As a Filipino: Vote for Change 2016) and

Philippine Star ''The Philippine Star'' (self-styled ''The Philippine STAR'') is an English-language newspaper in the Philippines and the flagship brand of the Philstar Media Group. First published on July 28, 1986, by veteran journalists Betty Go-Belmonte, ...

(March 20),

CNN Philippines CNN Philippines (abbreviated as CNN PH) is a commercial broadcast, cable and satellite television network in the Philippines. It is owned and operated by Nine Media Corporation, together with Radio Philippines Network (RPN) as the main conte ...

(The Filipino Votes), Business Mirror, and Rappler (April 10), and

ABS-CBN ABS-CBN (an initialism of its two predecessors' names, Alto Broadcasting System and Chronicle Broadcasting Network) is a Philippine commercial broadcast network that serves as the flagship property of ABS-CBN Corporation, a company unde ...

(''Halalan 2016: Ipanalo ang Pamilyang Pilipino'' – English: Election 2016: Winning the Filipino Family) and

Manila Bulletin The ''Manila Bulletin'' (), (also known as the ''Bulletin'' and previously known as the ''Manila Daily Bulletin'' from 1906 to September 23, 1972, and the ''Bulletin Today'' from November 22, 1972, to March 10, 1986) is the Philippines' largest ...

(April 24). The commission also encouraged non-governmental organizations to hold debates for Senate and local positions.

Candidates

Liberal Party

{, class=wikitable style="font-size:90%" , + Koalisyon ng Daang Matuwid , - , colspan=4 bgcolor=, , - , - !colspan=5, For President , - , , , , {{party name with colour, , - !colspan=5, For Vice President , - , , , , {{party name with colour, , - !colspan=5, For Senators , - , 4. , , Ina Ambolodto , {{party name with colour, Liberal Party (Philippines) , - , 12. , , Leila de Lima , {{party name with colour, Liberal Party (Philippines) , - , 15. , , Franklin Drilon , {{party name with colour, Liberal Party (Philippines) , - , 19. , , TG Guingona , {{party name with colour, Liberal Party (Philippines) , - , 20. , ,

Risa Hontiveros Ana Theresia Navarro Hontiveros-Baraquel (; born February 24, 1966) is a Filipino politician, community leader, and journalist who has been serving as a senator of the Philippines since 2016. She previously served as a party-list representa ...

, {{party name with colour, Akbayan , - , 25. , ,

Panfilo Lacson Panfilo "Ping" Morena Lacson Sr. (; born June 1, 1948) is a Filipino former politician and police general who served as a Senator for three terms: from 2001 to 2013 and from 2016 to 2022. He was the Director General of the Philippine National ...

, {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 27. , ,

Mark Lapid Mark Tadeo Lapid (born February 16, 1980) is an actor and politician in the Philippines. He is a former Governor of Pampanga (2004–2007). President Gloria Arroyo appointed him as general manager of the Philippine Tourism Authority in 2008. Fr ...

, {{party name with colour, Aksyon Demokratiko , - , 37. , , Cresente Paez , {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 40. , ,

Francis Pangilinan Francis Pancratius "Kiko" Nepomuceno Pangilinan (; born August 24, 1963) is a Filipino lawyer, politician, and farm owner who served as a Senator from 2001 to 2013 and from 2016 to 2022. He was the Senate Majority Leader from 2004 to 2008. A ...

, {{party name with colour, Liberal Party (Philippines) , - , 41. , ,

Jericho Petilla Carlos Jericho "Icot" Loreto Petilla is a Filipino politician. He ran as a senator in the Philippines under the Liberal Party (LP) during the 2016 Philippine general election, 2016 General Elections in the Philippines. He is also a former Secre ...

, {{party name with colour, Liberal Party (Philippines) , - , 42. , ,

Ralph Recto Ralph Gonzalez Recto (; born January 11, 1964) is a Filipino politician, who, since 2022, is serving as the representative for Batangas' 6th district and is one of the House Deputy Speakers. He previously served three terms in the Senate: fr ...

, {{party name with colour, Liberal Party (Philippines) , - , 49. , ,

Joel Villanueva Emmanuel Joel Jose Villanueva (, born August 2, 1975), nicknamed "Tesdaman", is a Filipino politician serving as the Senate Majority Leader since 2022 and has been a Senator since 2016. He previously served as the Director General of the Tec ...

, {{party name with colour, Liberal Party (Philippines)

Partido Galing At Puso

{, class=wikitable style="font-size:90%" , +

Partido Galing at Puso The Partido Galing at Puso coalition ( PGP), was the political multi-party electoral alliance of the political parties and coalition opposition in the Philippines during the 2016 general elections.The coalition was composed of the Aksyon Demokr ...

, - , colspan=4 bgcolor={{party color, Partido Galing at Puso, , - !colspan=5, For President , - , 4. , ,

Grace Poe Mary Grace Natividad Sonora Poe-Llamanzares (baptized September 3, 1968) is a Filipino politician, businesswoman, educator, and philanthropist serving as a senator since 2013. She was the chairperson of the Movie and Television Review and Clas ...

, {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - !colspan=5, For Vice President , - , 2. , ,

Chiz Escudero Francis Joseph "Chiz" Guevara Escudero (, born October 10, 1969) is a Filipino lawyer and politician serving as a Senator since 2022, and previously from 2007 to 2019. He recently served as governor of Sorsogon from 2019 to 2022, and was the ...

, {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - !colspan=5, For Senators , - , 11. , ,

Neri Colmenares Neri Javier Colmenares (, born December 4, 1959) is a Filipino human rights lawyer and activist. He was an associate of the Asian Law Centre at Melbourne Law School when he was completing his Ph.D. in law on "The Writ of Amparo and the Internat ...

, {{party name with colour, Makabayan , - , 13. , ,

Isko Moreno Francisco Moreno Domagoso (born October 24, 1974), popularly known by his stage name Isko Moreno or Isko Moreno Domagoso (), is a Filipino politician and actor who previously served as the 27th mayor of Manila from 2019 to 2022. Before headi ...

, {{party name with colour, Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino , - , 17. , ,

Win Gatchalian Sherwin Ting Gatchalian (born April 6, 1974), known as Win Gatchalian, is a Filipino politician and businessman serving as a Senator since 2016. A member of the Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC), he previously served as the Representative of ...

, {{Party name with colour, Nationalist People's Coalition , - , 18. , , Dick Gordon , {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 22. , , Lorna Kapunan , {{party name with colour, Aksyon Demokratiko , - , 30. , ,

Edu Manzano Eduardo "Edu" Manzano (; born September 14, 1955) is a Filipino-American actor, fashion model, TV commercial model, comedian, politician, United States Air Force veteran and television game host. He was previously the host of game shows ''The We ...

, {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 34. , , Susan Ople , {{party name with colour, Nacionalista Party , - , 38. , ,

Samuel Pagdilao Samuel Duldulao Pagdilao, Jr. (born February 13, 1957), is a retired Filipino police officer and politician who served in the House of Representatives from 2013 to 2016. Pagdilao used to work as director general of the Philippine National Poli ...

, {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 42. , ,

(Guest) , {{party name with colour, Liberal Party (Philippines) , - , 44. , ,

Roman Romulo Roman Tecson Romulo (born February 28, 1967) is a Filipino politician and lawyer. He served as a member of House of Representatives representing the Lone District of Pasig for four consecutive terms from 2007 to 2016 and from 2019 to present. ...

, {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 46. , ,

Tito Sotto Vicente Castelo Sotto III (; born August 24, 1948), professionally known as Tito Sotto, is a Filipino politician, entertainer and athlete who served as Senate President from 2018 to 2022. Before that, had two stints each as Senate Majority Le ...

, {{Party name with colour, Nationalist People's Coalition , - , 50. , , Migz Zubiri , {{party name with colour, Independent politician

Tapang At Malasakit

{, class=wikitable style="font-size:90%" , + Tapang At Malasakit , - , colspan=4 bgcolor={{party color, Pederalismo ng Dugong Dakilang Samahan, , - !colspan=5, For President , - , 3. , , Rodrigo Duterte , {{party name with colour, Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan , - !colspan=5, For Vice President , - , 1. , ,

, {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - !colspan=5, For Senators , - , 3. , ,

Raffy Alunan Rafael "Raffy" Moreno Alunan III (born May 17, 1948) is a Filipino businessman and former government official. He is a former Tourism and Interior and Local Government Secretary of the Philippines. Education Rafael Alunan III was born on May ...

, {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 7. , ,

Greco Belgica Greco Antonious Beda Banta Belgica (born March 27, 1978) is a Filipino politician who most recently served as chairman of the Presidential Anti-Corruption Commission (PACC) under the Duterte administration from March to October 2021. Educat ...

, {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 9. , , Sandra Cam , {{party name with colour, Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino , - , 28. , , Dante Liban , {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - !colspan=5, Guest Candidates , - , 18. , , Richard Gordon , {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 22. , , Lorna Kapunan , {{party name with colour, Aksyon Demokratiko , - , 34. , , Susan Ople , {{party name with colour, Nacionalista Party , - , 35. , , Serge Osmeña , {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 38. , ,

, {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 45. , , Dionisio Santiago , {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 47. , ,

Francis Tolentino Francis N Tolentino (; is a Filipino politician and lawyer serving as a Senator since 2019. He served as Chairman of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) from 2010 to 2015 and was the Mayor of Tagaytay from 1995 to 2004. For ...

, {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 44. , ,

, {{party name with colour, Independent politician

Talino At ProgresiBong Bukas

{, class=wikitable style="font-size:90%" , +

People's Reform Party The People's Reform Party ( abbrev. PRP) is a political party in the Philippines. Founded on April 12, 1991, as the political party of former Agrarian Reform Secretary Miriam Defensor Santiago for her bid as president in the 1992 Presidential ...

, - , colspan=4 bgcolor={{party color, People's Reform Party, , - !colspan=5, For President , - , 2. , ,

Miriam Defensor Santiago Miriam Palma Defensor-Santiago ('' née'' Defensor; June 15, 1945 – September 29, 2016) was a Filipino scholar, academic, lawyer, judge, author, and stateswoman who served in all three branches of the Philippine government: judicial, executi ...

, {{party name with colour, People's Reform Party , - !colspan=5, For Vice President , - , 4. , , Bongbong Marcos , {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - !colspan=5, For Senators , - , 16. , , Larry Gadon , {{party name with colour, Kilusang Bagong Lipunan , - , 29. , , Romeo Maganto , {{party name with colour, Lakas–CMD , - , 43. , ,

Martin Romualdez Ferdinand Martin Gomez Romualdez (, born November 14, 1963) is a Filipino businessman, lawyer and politician serving as the Speaker of the House of Representatives since July 25, 2022. He is also serving as the Representative for the 1st di ...

, {{party name with colour, Lakas–CMD , - , 45. , , Dionisio Santiago , {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 47. , ,

, {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - !colspan=5, Guest Candidates , - , 13. , ,

, {{party name with colour, Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino , - , 30. , ,

, {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 34. , , Susan Ople , {{party name with colour, Nacionalista Party , - , 36. , ,

Manny Pacquiao Emmanuel Dapidran Pacquiao Sr. (; born December17, 1978) is a Filipino politician and former professional boxer. Nicknamed "PacMan", he is regarded as one of the greatest professional boxers of all time. He served as a Senator of the Phil ...

, {{party name with colour, United Nationalist Alliance , - , 41. , ,

, {{party name with colour, Liberal Party (Philippines) , - , 42. , ,

, {{party name with colour, Liberal Party (Philippines) , - , 49. , ,

, {{party name with colour, Liberal Party (Philippines)

United Nationalist Alliance

{, class=wikitable style="font-size:90%" , +

United Nationalist Alliance The United Nationalist Alliance (UNA; ) is a political party in the Philippines. It was created as a multi-party electoral alliance replacing the former United Opposition (UNO) coalition for the 2013 midterm elections, before it was launche ...

, - , colspan=4 bgcolor={{party color, United Nationalist Alliance, , - !colspan=5, For President , - , 1. , ,

Jojo Binay Jejomar "Jojo" Cabauatan Binay Sr. (born Jesus Jose Cabauatan Binay; November 11, 1942) is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 13th vice president of the Philippines from 2010 to 2016, under President Benigno Aquino III. A hu ...

, {{party name with colour, United Nationalist Alliance , - !colspan=5, For Vice President , - , 3. , ,

Gringo Honasan Gregorio "Gringo" Ballesteros Honasan II (, born March 14, 1948), is a Filipino politician and a cashiered Philippine Army The Philippine Army (PA) (Tagalog: ''Hukbong Katihan ng Pilipinas''; in literal English: ''Army of the Ground of th ...

, {{party name with colour, United Nationalist Alliance , - !colspan=5, For Senators , - , 23. , , Jacel Kiram , {{party name with colour, United Nationalist Alliance , - , 24. , ,

Alma Moreno Venesa Moreno Lacsamana (born; May 25, 1959), professionally known as Alma Moreno, is a Filipina actress and politician. Early life Moreno was born in Cervantes, Ilocos Sur to her parents Frank Lacsamana, from Pampanga, and Jean Moreno. Acting ...

, {{party name with colour, United Nationalist Alliance , - , 26. , ,

Rey Langit Reynante Magat Langit (; born September 20, 1948) is a Filipino journalist. He is a longtime columnist for Philippine newspapers ''Tempo'', ''Balita'', ''People's Tonight'', and ''Pilipino Mirror''. He is also the main anchorman for the natio ...

, {{party name with colour, United Nationalist Alliance , - , 31. , , Allan Montaño , {{party name with colour, United Nationalist Alliance , - , 33. , ,

Getulio Napeñas Getulio Pascua Napeñas, Jr. (born July 18, 1959) is a Filipino politician and retired police officer who served as commander of the Philippine National Police Special Action Force (SAF) from 2013 until 2015. He is blamed for the ill-fated Mama ...

, {{party name with colour, United Nationalist Alliance , - , 36. , ,

, {{party name with colour, United Nationalist Alliance , - !colspan=5, Guest Candidates , - , 18. , , Dick Gordon , {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 25. , , Ping Lacson , {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 34. , , Susan Ople , {{party name with colour, Nacionalista Party , - , 43. , ,

, {{party name with colour, Lakas–CMD , - , 46. , ,

, {{Party name with colour, Nationalist People's Coalition , - , 50. , , Migz Zubiri , {{party name with colour, Independent politician

PMM

{, class=wikitable style="font-size:90%" , +

Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka The Labor Party Philippines, also known as the Workers' and Peasants' Party (WPP; this is their preferred acronym) and formerly known as the Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka (lit. Workers' and Farmers' Party; PMM) and the Lapiang Manggagawa ( ...

, - , colspan=4 bgcolor={{party color, Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka, , - !colspan=5, For Senators , - , 2. , , Aldin Ali , {{party name with colour, Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka , - , 10. , , Melchor Chavez , {{party name with colour, Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka

Independents

{, class=wikitable style="font-size:90%" , +Independents not in tickets , - , colspan=4 bgcolor={{party color, Independent (politician), , - !# !! style="width:150px;", Name !! colspan="2" style="width:110px;", Party , - , 1. , , Shariff Albani , {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 5. , , Godofredo Arquiza , {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 6. , , Levito Baligod , {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 8. , ,

Walden Bello Walden Flores Bello (born November 11, 1945) is a Filipino academic, environmentalist, and social activist who served as a member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines. He is an international adjunct professor at Binghamton Univers ...

, {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 14. , , Ray Dorona , {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 21. , , Eid Kabalu , {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 32. , , Ramon Montaño , {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 35. , , Serge Osmeña , {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 39. , ,

Jovito Palparan Jovito Salvaña Palparan Jr. (born September 11, 1950) is a retired Army general, former politician, and a convicted criminal. From July 2003 to July 2004, he was the commander of the Philippine Humanitarian Contingent in the Iraq War. He also ...

, {{party name with colour, Independent politician , - , 48. , , Diosdado Valeroso , {{party name with colour, Independent politician

Results

Rodrigo Duterte of

PDP–Laban Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan (), abbreviated as PDP–Laban, is a democratic socialist political party in the Philippines founded in 1982. It was part of the country's ruling party alliance from 1986 to 1992 under the administrat ...

and

Leni Robredo Maria Leonor "Leni" Gerona Robredo (; born Maria Leonor Santo Tomas Gerona; April 23, 1965) is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 14th vice president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. She was the wife of the late Jesse ...

of the

Liberal Party The Liberal Party is any of many political parties around the world. The meaning of ''liberal'' varies around the world, ranging from liberal conservatism on the right to social liberalism on the left. __TOC__ Active liberal parties This is a li ...

won the presidential and vice presidential elections, respectively. The Liberals also won a plurality of seats in both houses of

Congress A congress is a formal meeting of the representatives of different countries, constituent states, organizations, trade unions, political parties, or other groups. The term originated in Late Middle English to denote an encounter (meeting of ...

, but several of the Liberal Party members of the

jumped ship to Duterte's PDP–Laban, allowing his party to create a supermajority coalition that put

Pantaleon Alvarez Pantaleon Diaz Alvarez (born January 10, 1958) is a Filipino politician serving as the Representative of Davao del Norte's 1st district since 2016, previously holding the position from 1998 to 2001. He served as the Speaker of the House of R ...

into the Speakership. The Senate leadership was ultimately won by PDP–Laban's

Koko Pimentel Aquilino Martin de la Llana Pimentel III (born January 20, 1964), commonly known as Koko Pimentel, is a Filipino politician and lawyer serving as the Senate Minority Leader since 2022. He has been a Senator since 2011 and previously served as ...

, with the Liberals ultimately comprising the minority bloc there. The election of Alvarez and Pimentel meant that PDP–Laban currently holds three of the four elected highest political offices, for the first time since 1986 when the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan held the offices of the presidency, vice presidency, parliamentary speaker and prime minister. 2016 NLE Turnout

President

{{main, 2016 Philippine presidential election Presidential Race 2016

The winner of the presidential election succeeded

President President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) * President (education), a leader of a college or university * President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ...

, who was term limited. A separate election was held to determine the Vice Presidency;

could have defended the vice presidency, but ran for president instead. Both elections were under the plurality voting system. {{Philippine presidential election, 2016

Vice president

{{Philippine vice presidential election, 2016

Congress

Senate

{{main, 2016 Philippine Senate election

2016 Philippine senate elections results

12 seats of the

Senate of the Philippines The Senate of the Philippines ( Filipino: ''Senado ng Pilipinas'', also ''Mataas na Kapulungan ng Pilipinas'' or "upper chamber") is the upper house of Congress of the bicameral legislature of the Philippines with the House of Representatives ...

were up for election. The Philippines uses

plurality-at-large voting Plurality block voting, also known as plurality-at-large voting, block vote or block voting (BV) is a non- proportional voting system for electing representatives in multi-winner elections. Each voter may cast as many votes as the number of sea ...

to determine the winning candidates. With the country as one at-large "district", the twelve candidates with the highest number of votes joined the winners of the 2013 election in the Senate. {{Philippine Senate election, 2016

House of Representatives

{{main, 2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections 2016PhilippineHouseElections

All seats of the House of Representatives were up for election. There are two types of representatives: the district representatives, 80% of the members, were elected in the different

legislative districts An electoral district, also known as an election district, legislative district, voting district, constituency, riding, ward, division, or (election) precinct is a subdivision of a larger state (a country, administrative region, or other poli ...

via the

plurality system Plurality voting refers to electoral systems in which a candidate, or candidates, who poll more than any other counterpart (that is, receive a plurality), are elected. In systems based on single-member districts, it elects just one member per ...

; each district elected one representative. The party-list representatives were elected via closed lists, with the parties having at least 2% of the vote winning at least one seat, and no party winning more than three seats. If the winning candidates don't surpass 20% of the members, other parties that got less than 2% of the national vote will get one seat each until all party-lists have been filled up.

=District elections

= {{Philippine House election, 2016

=Party-list election

= {{main, 2016 Philippine House of Representatives party-list election {{Philippine House party-list election, 2016

Local

{{main, 2016 Philippine local elections, 2016 Philippine gubernatorial elections

Local elections were held in all provinces, cities and municipalities. Executive posts were elected by the plurality system, while elections for the membership of the local legislatures were by

. Each Sangguniang Panlalawigan (provincial board) has three ''ex officio'' members, while each Sangguniang Panlungsod (city council) and

Sangguniang Bayan The Sangguniang Bayan () is the local legislative branch of the municipal governments in the Philippines. It is responsible for passing ordinances and resolutions for the administration of a municipality. Its powers are defined by the Local Gov ...

(municipal council) has two. The federation presidents each of

Liga ng mga Barangay The Liga ng mga Barangay sa Pilipinas (League of Barangays in the Philippines) and the Asosasyon ng mga Kapitan ng Barangay (Association of Barangay Captains) or ABC are formal organizations of all the barangays in the Philippines. Presently, al ...

(barangay chairmen),

Sangguniang Kabataan Sangguniang Kabataan (abbreviated as SK; ) is a council meant to represent the youth in each barangay in the Philippines. It was put "on hold", but not quite abolished, prior to the 2013 barangay elections. In January 2016, the Sangguniang ...

(youth council chairmen), and for Sangguniang Panlalawigan, the chapter presidents of the

and Sangguniang Panlungsod (city and municipal councilors). The ''ex officio'' presiding officer of each local legislature is the chief executive's deputy, but that person only votes to break ties. The federation presidents of the Liga ng mga Barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan were elected from the membership who won in the

2013 elections The following elections were occurred in the year 2013. Asia * 2013 Armenian local elections 26 May, 17 November, and 8 December 2013 * 2013 Armenian presidential election 18 February 2013 * 2013 Bangladeshi presidential election 22 April 2013 ...

until December 2017, when they were replaced by appointees of the president, who voted among themselves who shall represent them. A barangay election, originally scheduled for October 2016, is postponed until 2018, to replace these appointees starting in December 2018. Some legislatures have one reserved seat for

indigenous peoples Indigenous peoples are culturally distinct ethnic groups whose members are directly descended from the earliest known inhabitants of a particular geographic region and, to some extent, maintain the language and culture of those original people ...

. These have three year terms, and selections are usually not synchronized with local and barangay elections. These are not included in the totals below. {, class=wikitable style="text-align:right; font-size:90%;" , +Results summary , - !rowspan=2 colspan=2, Party !!colspan=3, Governor !!colspan=3, Vice governor !!colspan=3, Board members !!colspan=3, Mayor !! colspan=3, Vice-mayor !! colspan=3, Councilors , - ! Total !! % !! +/− !! Total !! % !! +/− !! Seats !! % !! +/− !! Total !! % !! +/− !! Total !! % !! +/− !! Seats !! % !! +/− , - , {{party name with colour, Liberal Party (Philippines) , 39 , , 48.1% , , +3 , , 39 , , 48.1% , , +3 , , 334 , , 32.8% , , +34 , , 759 , , 46.5% , , +94 , , 705 , , 43.1% , , +78 , , 5,451 , , 32.4% , , +535 , - , {{party name with colour, Nationalist People's Coalition , 9 , , 11.1% , , −5 , , 10 , , 12.3% , , −2 , , 107 , , 10.5% , , −5 , , 201 , , 12.3% , , −45 , , 182 , , 11.1% , , −57 , , 1,583 , , 9.4% , , −183 , - , {{party name with colour, National Unity Party (Philippines) , 9 , , 11.1% , , +1 , , 7 , , 7.6% , , +3 , , 69 , , 6.8% , , −5 , , 121 , , 7.4% , , −7 , , 127 , , 7.8% , , −15 , , 896 , , 5.3% , , −74 , - , {{party name with colour, Nacionalista Party , 9 , , 11.1% , , +2 , , 6 , , 7.4% , , −5 , , 64 , , 6.3% , , −38 , , 145 , , 8.9% , , −14 , , 139 , , 8.5% , , −27 , , 1,047 , , 6.3% , , −325 , - , {{party name with colour, United Nationalist Alliance , 3 , , 3.7% , , −1 , , 5 , , 6.2% , , 0, , 47 , , 4.6% , , +3 , , 134 , , 8.2% , , +5 , , 142 , , 8.7% , , +12 , , 1,223 , , 7.3% , , +213 , - , {{party name with colour, Aksyon Demokratiko , 1 , , 1.2% , , +1 , , 1 , , 1.2% , , +1 , , 4 , , 0.4% , , +3 , , 13 , , 0.8% , , +5 , , 19 , , 1.1% , , +14 , , 113 , , 0.7% , , +85 , - , {{party name with colour, Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan , 0 , , 0.0% , , −1 , , 2 , , 2.5% , , +2 , , 6 , , 0.6% , , +2 , , 40 , , 2.4% , , +19 , , 33 , , 2.0% , , +16 , , 191 , , 1.1% , , +59 , - , {{party name with colour, Lakas-CMD , 0 , , 0.0% , , 0, , 2 , , 2.5% , , 0, , 4 , , 0.4% , , −14 , , 8 , , 0.5% , , −33 , , 9 , , 0.6% , , −33 , , 64 , , 0.4% , , −259 , - , , , align="left", Other parties , , 6 , , 7.4% , , +3 , , 2 , , 2.5% , , +1 , , 71 , , 7.0% , , −17 , , 197 , , 12.1% , , +67 , , 122 , , 7.5% , , +12 , , 1,095 , , 6.5% , , +136 , - , {{party name with colour, Independent (politician) , 5 , , 6.2% , , −1 , , 6 , , 6.4% , , −1 , , 65 , , 6.4% , , +8 , , 107 , , 6.5% , , +17 , , 158 , , 9.7% , , −3 , , 1,877 , , 11.1% , , −76 , - , bgcolor=darkgray, , , align="left", ''Ex officio'' members , , colspan=6 {{N/A , , 243 , , 23.8% , , +3 , , colspan=6 {{N/A , , 3,268 , , 19.4% , , +14 , - !colspan=2, Totals !! 81 !! 100% !! +1 !! 81 !! 100% !! +1 !! 1,019 !! 100% !! +13 !! 1,634 , , 100% , , +7 !! 1,634 !! 100% !! +7 !! 16,808 !! 100% !! +95

References

{{Reflist, 2 {{2016 Philippine elections {{Philippine general elections 2016 elections in the Philippines General elections in the Philippines

Preparation

Commission on Elections membership

Voter registration

Counting machines

Results transmission

Bans

Gun Ban

Calendar

Debates

Candidates

Liberal Party

Partido Galing At Puso

Tapang At Malasakit

Talino At ProgresiBong Bukas

United Nationalist Alliance

PMM

Independents

Results

President

Vice president

Congress

Senate

House of Representatives

=District elections

=Party-list election

Local

See also

References