Philippine House of Representatives elections, 2013
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The 2013 Philippine House of Representatives elections were the 33rd
lower house A lower house is one of two Debate chamber, chambers of a Bicameralism, bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the upper house. Despite its official position "below" the upper house, in many legislatures worldwide, the lower house has co ...
elections in the Philippines. They were held on May 13, 2013 to elect members to the House of Representatives of the Philippines that would serve in the
16th Congress of the Philippines The 16th Congress of the Philippines ( fil, Ikalabing-anim na Kongreso ng Pilipinas) composed of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives, met from July 22, 2013, until June 6, 2016, during the last three years of Benigno Aquino III's ...
from June 30, 2013 to June 30, 2016. The Philippines uses parallel voting for the House of Representatives: first past the post on 234
single member districts A single-member district is an electoral district represented by a single officeholder. It contrasts with a multi-member district, which is represented by multiple officeholders. Single-member districts are also sometimes called single-winner vo ...
, and via closed party lists on a 2% election threshold computed via a modified
Hare quota The Hare quota (also known as the simple quota) is a formula used under some forms of proportional representation. In these voting systems the quota is the number of votes that guarantees a candidate, or a party in some cases, captures a seat. Th ...
(3-seat cap and no remainders) on 58 seats, with parties with less than 1% of the first preference vote winning one seat each if 20% of the party-list seats are not filled up. Major parties are not allowed to participate in the party-list election. While the concurrent Senate election features the two major coalitions in
Team PNoy Team PNoy, formerly known as the LP–Akbayan–NPC–NP–LDP Coalition, was a political umbrella coalition in the Philippines, originally formed to support the administration-backed senatorial line-up for the 2013 Philippine Senate election. Tea ...
and the United Nationalist Alliance (UNA), the constituent parties of the coalitions contested the lower house election separately, and in some districts, candidates from the same coalition in the Senate are contesting a single seat. Campaigns for the House of Representatives are done on a district-by-district basis; there is no national campaign conducted by the parties. No matter the election result, the party of the president usually controls the House of Representatives, via a
grand coalition A grand coalition is an arrangement in a multi-party parliamentary system in which the two largest political parties of opposing political ideologies unite in a coalition government. The term is most commonly used in countries where there are t ...
of almost all parties. Only the ruling Liberal Party can win a majority, as it is the only party to put up candidates in a majority of seats. After release of preliminary results, the Liberal Party emerged as the largest party in the chamber. Its coalition partners also held most of their seats. Incumbent Speaker Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. was easily reelected as the Speaker of the 16th Congress.


Electoral system

The election for seats in the House of Representatives is done via parallel voting. A voter has two votes: one for one's local district, and another via the
party-list An electoral list is a grouping of candidates for election, usually found in proportional or mixed electoral systems, but also in some plurality electoral systems. An electoral list can be registered by a political party (a party list) or can ...
system. A candidate is not allowed to stand for both ballots, and parties participating in the district elections would have to ask for permission on the Commission on Elections, with major parties not allowed to participate in the party-list election.


Election via the districts

Each district sends one representative to the House of Representatives, with the winner with the highest number of votes winning that district's seat. The representatives from the districts comprise at most 80% of the seats.


Election via the party-list system

In the party-list system, the parties contesting the election represent a sector, or several sectors, or an ethnic group. In determining the winners, the entire country is treated as one "district". Each party that surpasses the 2% election threshold automatically wins one seat, they can win an additional number of seats in proportion to the number of votes they received, but they can't have more than three seats. The representatives elected via the party-list system, also known as "sectoral representatives" should comprise at least 20% of the seats. However, since the winners from the parties that surpass the 2% threshold had not reached the 20% quota ever since the party-list system was instituted, the parties that received less than 1% of the first preference vote are given one seat each until the 20% quota has been filled up.


Campaigning

The parties contesting the district elections campaign at the district level; there is no national-level campaigning. While no party has been able to win a majority of seats in the House of Representatives since the 1987 elections, the party of the incumbent president had usually controlled the chamber in the phenomenon known locally as the " Padrino System" or
patronage politics Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows on another. In the history of art, arts patronage refers to the support that kings, popes, and the wealthy have provided to artists su ...
, with other parties aligning themselves with the president's policies in exchange for
pork barrel ''Pork barrel'', or simply ''pork'', is a metaphor for the appropriation of government spending for localized projects secured solely or primarily to bring money to a representative's district. The usage originated in American English, and i ...
and future political favors. While the parties contesting the Senate election grouped themselves into two major electoral alliances (
Team PNoy Team PNoy, formerly known as the LP–Akbayan–NPC–NP–LDP Coalition, was a political umbrella coalition in the Philippines, originally formed to support the administration-backed senatorial line-up for the 2013 Philippine Senate election. Tea ...
and the United Nationalist Alliance), the constituent parties of those alliances separately contested the elections to the House of Representatives. However, as stated above, the parties will again coalesce once the
16th Congress of the Philippines The 16th Congress of the Philippines ( fil, Ikalabing-anim na Kongreso ng Pilipinas) composed of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives, met from July 22, 2013, until June 6, 2016, during the last three years of Benigno Aquino III's ...
convenes.


Redistricting

Reapportioning (redistricting) the number of seats is either via national reapportionment after the release of every census, or via piecemeal redistricting for every province or city. National reapportionment has not happened since the 1987 constitution took effect, and aside from piecemeal redistricting, the apportionment was based on the ordinance from the constitution, which was in turn based from the 1980 census. These are the following laws pertaining to redistricting that were passed by Congress. While a locality that has a minimum of 250,000 people is constitutionally entitled to one district representative, Congress should enact a law in order for it to take effect. The creation of new districts may be politically motivated, in order to prevent political allies (or even opponents) from contesting one seat. Bukidnon,
Cotabato Cotabato or North Cotabato ( hil, Aminhan Cotabato; ceb, Amihanang Cotabato; Maguindanaon: ''Pangutaran Kutawatu'', Jawi: ڤڠوترن كوتاواتو; fil, Hilagang Cotabato), officially the Province of Cotabato, is a landlocked province in ...
, Palawan and Quezon City received additional representatives in the upcoming Congress. The number of new legislative districts may also increase the seats allocated for party-list representatives: for every five new legislative districts, one seat for a party-list representative is also created.


Marginal seats

These are seats where the winning margin was 3% or less, politicians may choose to run under a different political party as compared to 2010. This excludes districts where the nearest losing candidate or that candidate's party is not contesting the election, or districts that were redistricted.


Retiring and term-limited incumbents

These are the incumbents who are not running for a seat in the House of Representatives, and are not term limited: *Lakas-CMD **Lapu-Lapu City: Arturo Radaza **Lanao del Norte–2nd:
Fatima Aliah Dimaporo Fāṭima bint Muḥammad ( ar, فَاطِمَة ٱبْنَت مُحَمَّد}, 605/15–632 CE), commonly known as Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ (), was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his wife Khadija. Fatima's husband was Ali, th ...
**Masbate–1st: Antonio Kho ***Ran and lost in the Masbate gubernatorial election. **Pampanga–1st:
Carmelo Lazatin Carmelo is a given name. Notable people with the name include: * Carmelo Anthony (born 1984), American basketball player * Carmelo Antrone Lee (born 1977), Puerto Rican basketball player * Carmelo Bene (1937-2002), Italian director, actor, phil ...
***Ran and lost in the Angeles mayoral election. **Zamboanga del Norte-3rd: Cesar Jalosjos ***Ran and lost in the Zamboanga del Norte gubernatorial election. *Liberal Party **Aklan-Lone:
Florencio Miraflores Florencio Tumbocon Miraflores (born July 1, 1951) is a Filipino politician. "Joeben" was born in Ibajay, Aklan to parents Dr. Jose Conlu Miraflores and Eusebia Tumbocon. He is married to Ma. Lourdes Villanueva Martin. He graduated valedictorian a ...
***Ran and Won in the Aklan gubernatorial election. **Cavite–3rd:
Erineo Maliksi Erineo "Ayong" Saquilayan Maliksi (March 25, 1938 – February 24, 2021) was a Filipino politician from the province of Cavite. As an elected official, he served in different capacities in the municipal government of Imus and the provincial gove ...
***Ran and lost in the Cavite gubernatorial election. **Cebu City–1st: Rachel del Mar **Cebu City–2nd: Tomas Osmeña ***Ran and lost in the Cebu City mayoral election. **Negros Oriental–1st: Jocelyn Limkaichong ***Ran and lost in the Negros Oriental gubernatorial election. **Pangasinan–3rd:
Rachel Arenas Rachel () was a Biblical figure, the favorite of Jacob's two wives, and the mother of Joseph and Benjamin, two of the twelve progenitors of the tribes of Israel. Rachel's father was Laban. Her older sister was Leah, Jacob's first wife. Her ...
**Parañaque–1st:
Edwin Olivarez Edwin de Leon Olivarez (born August 14, 1963) is a Filipino politician, athlete, and businessman currently serving as a Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Parañaque's 1st District since 2022 and previously from 2010 to 2013 ...
***Ran and won in the Parañaque mayoral election. **Quezon–2nd:
Irvin Alcala Irvin is both a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include: Given name *Irvin J. Borowsky (1924-2014), American publisher *Irvin Cobb (1876–1944), American author *Irvin Dorfman (1924–2006), American tennis player *Irvin Du ...
***Ran and lost in the Quezon gubernatorial election. **Taguig–2nd: Sigfrido Tinga **Zamboanga City–1st:
Maria Isabelle Climaco Salazar Maria Isabelle Climaco-Salazar (born September 7, 1966), also known as Beng Climaco, is a Filipina politician, and former mayor of Zamboanga City in Mindanao, Philippines. Prior to this she was councilor of the city's 1st district for two terms ...
***Ran and won in the Zamboanga City mayoral election. *Nacionalista Party **Davao del Sur–1st:
Marc Douglas Cagas IV Marc Douglas Chan Cagas IV (born April 24, 1976) is a Filipino politician. A member of the Nacionalista Party, he was elected in 2007 as a Member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines, representing the First District of Davao del ...
***Ran and lost in the Davao del Sur gubernatorial election. **Ilocos Sur–1st:
Ryan Singson Ryan may refer to: People and fictional characters *Ryan (given name), a given name (including a list of people with the name) *Ryan (surname), a surname (including a list of people with the name) Places Australia * Division of Ryan, an electo ...
***Ran and won in the Ilocos Sur gubernatorial election. **Misamis Oriental–2nd: Yevgeny Vincente Emano ***Ran and won in the Misamis Oriental gubernatorial election. **Zamboanga Sibugay–1st: Jonathan Yambao *National Unity Party **Camarines Norte–1st: Renato Unico, Jr. ***Ran and lost in the Camarines Norte gubernatorial election. **Cavite–6th: Antonio Ferrer ***Ran and won in the General Trias mayoral election. **Cebu–3rd:
Pablo John Garcia Pablo John "PJ" Fiel Garcia (born May 19, 1967) is a Filipino lawyer and politician. He is a member of the National Unity Party and the One Cebu party Early life and family Pablo John is the youngest child of former Governor, Congressman and ...
***Ran and lost in the Cebu gubernatorial election. *Nationalist People's Coalition **Cagayan–1st:
Juan Ponce Enrile, Jr. Juan Castañer Ponce Enrile Jr. (born July 16, 1958), also known as Jack Enrile or JPEJ, is a Filipino politician. He was a representative of the 1st District of Cagayan in the 11th, 12th, 13th and 15th Congresses. He is the only son and na ...
***Ran and lost in the Senate election. **Cebu–6th:
Ramon Durano VI Ramon Hotchkiss Durano VI (born February 7, 1969), also known as Red Durano, is a Filipino politician. A member of the Nationalist People's Coalition, he was elected to the House of Representatives of the Philippines in a 2005 special election, ...
***Ran and won in the Danao vice mayoral election. **Isabela–1st: Rodolfo Albano, Jr. **Nueva Ecija–1st:
Josefina Joson Josefina is a female name, a feminine form of Joseph. It may refer to: *Josefina Passadori, Argentine writer *Josefina Lopez, Chicana playwright *Josefina Pla, Spanish poet, playwright, art critic, painter and journalist * Josefina Ayerza, writer ...
***Ran and lost in the Nueva Ecija gubernatorial election. **South Cotabato–2nd: Daisy Avance-Fuentes **Valenzuela–1st: Rexlon Gatchalian ***Ran and won in the Valenzuela mayoral election. *United Nationalist Alliance **San Juan:
JV Ejercito Joseph Victor Gomez Ejercito (; born December 26, 1969), also known as JV Ejercito Estrada or simply JV Ejercito, is a Filipino politician and businessman serving as a Senator since 2022 and previously from 2013 to 2019. He had also served as t ...
***Ran and won in the Senate election.


Defeated incumbents


Open seat gains

*Liberal Party **Albay–1st **Agusan del Norte–1st **Caloocan–1st **Camarines Sur–3rd **Cavite–1st (vacant seat originally held by the Liberals) **Cavite–7th **Dinagat Islands (vacant seat originally held by Lakas)* **Maguindanao–2nd **Occidental Mindoro **Quezon City–5th (new seat notionally held by the Liberals) **Quezon City–6th (new seat notionally held by the Liberals) **Siquijor **Tawi–Tawi **Zamboanga del Norte–3rd **Zamboanga Sibugay–1st *Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino **Zamboanga City–1st *Nacionalista Party **Batangas–2nd **Taguig–2nd *Nationalist People's Coalition **Bohol–2nd (vacant seat originally held by the NPC) **Bukidnon–4th (new seat notionally held by the NPC) **Camiguin (vacant seat originally held by the NPC) **Palawan–3rd (new seat notionally held by the NUP) **Sorsogon–1st (vacant seat originally held by the Liberals) **Zambales–1st *United Nationalist Alliance **Cebu–3rd **Parañaque–2nd *Local parties **Nueva Ecija–1st (Unang Sigaw) **Palawan–2nd (PPP) ***PPP's candidate is a member of the NUP, the party it gained the seat from. **Pampanga–1st (Kambilan) ***Kambilan's candidate is connected to Lakas-CMD, the party it gained the seat from. **San Juan (Magdiwang) ***Magdiwang is the local affiliate of UNA, the party it gained the seat from. *Independents **Aklan **Cotabato–3rd (new seat notionally held by the Liberals) **Misamis Oriental–2nd **Zamboanga City–2nd *
Kaka Bag-ao Arlene "Kaka" J. Bag-ao (born July 3, 1969) is a Filipino human rights lawyer and agrarian reform advocate who served as Governor of the Dinagat Islands from 2019 until her defeat in 2022. Bag-ao additionally served as the representative for the ...
is a party–list representative for
Akbayan The Akbayan Citizens' Action Party, better known as Akbayan (), is a Democratic socialist, democratic socialist and Progressivism, progressive political party in the Philippines. Akbayan is noted as a leading member of the progressive movement i ...
who ran in Dinagat Islands district under the Liberal Party and won.


Results


District elections

Only the Liberal Party can win the election outright by placing candidates in a majority of seats. With 292 seats, including seats reserved for sectoral representatives, 147 seats are needed for a majority, and only the Liberal Party is contesting more than 150 seats. The Liberal Party did win a near majority of the district seats. They are expected to form a coalition with other
Team PNoy Team PNoy, formerly known as the LP–Akbayan–NPC–NP–LDP Coalition, was a political umbrella coalition in the Philippines, originally formed to support the administration-backed senatorial line-up for the 2013 Philippine Senate election. Tea ...
component parties, other parties, most independents, and most party-list representatives for a large
working majority A majority government is a government by one or more governing parties that hold an absolute majority of seats in a legislature. This is as opposed to a minority government, where the largest party in a legislature only has a plurality of seats ...
. Lakas-CMD is expected to form the minority bloc anew, while the United Nationalist Alliance and left-leaning representatives may join either bloc. A total of six independents won, one less than in 2010. The vote totals below were collected from the results displayed from the COMELEC's "Transparency" server. These are partial and unofficial. The seats won are the ones which had been officially proclaimed by the COMELEC.


Party-list election

The Commission on Elections was supposed to release results for the party-list election along with the results for the Senate election; however, the commission suspended the release of results after questions of whether to include votes for the twelve disqualified parties, although not with finality, were to be included or not. Canvassing of results for the party-list election resumed on May 19 after the 12 senators-elect were already proclaimed, with the commission meeting to determine on what to do with the votes of the twelve disqualified parties. On May 22, the commission announced that they will proclaim the winning parties, but not the number of seats.


Details


Seat totals


Aftermath

Preliminary results states that President Aquino's allies winning an overwhelming majority of seats in the House of Representatives. This makes Aquino the only president enjoy majorities in both houses of Congress since the People Power Revolution of 1986. This is seen as an endorsement of the voters of Aquino's reformist agenda; although several key wins elsewhere by the United Nationalist Alliance and its allies would mean that Aquino's chosen successor may face a significant challenge in the
2016 presidential election This national electoral calendar for 2016 lists the national/federal elections held in 2016 in all sovereign states and their dependent territories. By-elections are excluded, though national referendums are included. January *7 January: Kirib ...
. Speaker Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. is seen to keep his speakership position with the Liberals winning at least 100 out of the 234 district seats. Majority Leader
Neptali Gonzales II Neptali "Boyet" Medina Gonzales II (born August 29, 1954) is a Filipino politician serving as the Representative of Mandaluyong's Lone District since 2019, and previously in the 10th, 11th, 12th, 14th, 15th and 16th Congress. He was also ...
said that a great majority of incumbents are poised to successfully defend their seats, and that the Liberal Party are to be the single largest party in the lower house. The
Nacionalista Party The Nacionalista Party (Filipino and Spanish: ''Partido Nacionalista''; ) is the oldest political party in both the Philippines and in Southeast Asia in general. It is responsible for leading the country throughout the majority of the 20th ce ...
has at least 15 winning representatives, "a substantial number" of the 40 incumbents
Nationalist People's Coalition The Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC) is a conservative political party in the Philippines, founded in 1992 by then-presidential candidate Eduardo Cojuangco Jr. History The Party was founded in 1992 after some members of the Nacionalista ...
are to hold their seats, and the 34-member
National Unity Party The National Unity Party, National United Party, Party of National Unity or National Unity Front may refer to: * National United Party of Afghanistan (founded 2003) * National Unity Party (Albania) * National United Party (Armenia), defunct * Natio ...
House leader
Rodolfo Antonino Rodolfo is a given name. Notable people with the name include: * Rodolfo (footballer, born 1992), Brazilian footballer Rodolfo José da Silva Bardella *Rodolfo Albano III Rodolfo "Rodito" Taguinod Albano III is a Filipino politician from Cabaga ...
expects Belmonte to be reelected as speaker. The United Nationalist Alliance won three seats in Metro Manila, and at least 2 more seats outside the metropolis.


Election for the Speakership

15th Congress Speaker Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. easily won reelection for the speakership. The race for minority leader, usually given to the person finishing second in the speakership race, was narrowly won by Ronaldo Zamora over
Ferdinand Martin Romualdez Ferdinand Martin Gomez Romualdez (, born November 14, 1963) is a Filipino businessman, lawyer and politician serving as the Speaker of the House of Representatives since July 25, 2022. He is also serving as the Representative for the 1st dist ...
. There was one abstention, from Toby Tiangco, who wanted to be an independent. Belmonte also abstained from voting, while Romaualdez and Zamora voted for themselves; if Belmonte only had one opponent he would've voted for his opponent, and his opponent would've voted for him (as seen in the 15th Congress speakership election). Since there were more than two nominees, the traditional courtesy votes did not push through.


References

{{Philippine elections House of Representatives
2013 File:2013 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: Edward Snowden becomes internationally famous for leaking classified NSA wiretapping information; Typhoon Haiyan kills over 6,000 in the Philippines and Southeast Asia; The Dhaka garment fact ...