Phasianidae

The Phasianidae are a family of heavy, ground-living birds, which includes pheasants, partridges, junglefowl, chickens, turkeys, Old World quail, and peafowl. The family includes many of the most popular gamebirds. The family is a large one and includes 185 species divided into 54 genera. It was formerly broken up into two subfamilies, the Phasianinae and the Perdicinae. However, this treatment is now known to be paraphyletic and polyphyletic, respectively, and more recent evidence supports breaking it up into two subfamilies: Rollulinae and Phasianinae, with the latter containing multiple tribes within two clades. The New World quail (Odontophoridae) and guineafowl (Numididae) were formerly sometimes included in this family, but are now typically placed in families of their own; conversely, grouse and turkeys, formerly often treated as distinct families (Tetraonidae and Meleagrididae, respectively), are now known to be deeply nested within Phasianidae, so they are now included in the present family.

Description

Phasianids are terrestrial. They range in weight from in the case of the king quail to in the case of the Indian peafowl. If turkeys are included, rather than classified as a separate family, then the considerably heavier wild turkey capably reaches a maximum weight of more than . Length in this taxonomic family can vary from in the king quail up to (including the elongated train) in green peafowl, thus they beat even the true parrots in length diversity within a family of birds. Generally, sexual dimorphism is greater in larger-sized birds, with males tending to be larger than females. They are generally plump, with broad, relatively short wings and powerful legs. Many have a spur on each leg, most prominently with junglefowl (including chickens), pheasants, turkeys, and peafowl. Some, like quails, partridges, and grouse, have reduced spurs to none at all. A few have two spurs on each of their legs instead of one, including peacock-pheasants and spurfowl. The bill is short and compact, particularly in species that dig deep in the earth for food such as the Mearns quail. Males of the bigger galliform species often boast brightly-coloured plumage, as well as facial ornaments such as combs, wattles, and/or crests.

Distribution and habitat

The Phasianidae are mostly an Old World family, with a distribution that includes most of Europe and Asia (except the far north), all of Africa except the driest deserts, and south into much of eastern Australia and (formerly) New Zealand. The Meleagridini (turkeys) are native to the New World, while the Tetraonini (grouse) are circumpolar; both of these are members of Phasianinae. The greatest diversity of species is in Southeast Asia and Africa. The Congo peacock is specific to the African Congo.

Overall, Rollulinae is restricted to the tropics of East & Southeast Asia and the mountains of Tanzania, Phasianinae have a circumpolar range in the temperate zones of both Eurasia and North America (but also range into the tropics of east and southeast Asia), and Pavoninae have a wide range across Africa, Eurasia, and Australasia in both temperate and tropical zones.

The family is generally sedentary and resident, although some members of the group undertake long migrations, like ptarmigans and Old World quail. Several species in the family have been widely introduced around the world, particularly pheasants, which have been introduced to Europe, Australia, and the Americas, specifically for hunting purposes. Captive populations of peafowl, domestic chickens, and turkeys have also escaped or been released and became feral.

Behaviour and ecology

The phasianids have a varied diet, with foods taken ranging from purely vegetarian diets of seeds, leaves, fruits, tubers, and roots, to small animals including insects, insect grubs, and even small reptiles. Most species either specialise in feeding on plant matter or are predatory, although the chicks of most species are insectivorous.

In addition to the variation in diet, a considerable amount of variation exists in breeding strategies among the Phasianidae. Compared to birds in general, a large number of species do not engage in monogamy (the typical breeding system of most birds). The francolins of Africa and some partridges are reportedly monogamous, but polygamy has been reported in the pheasants and junglefowl, some quail, and the breeding displays of peacocks have been compared to those of a lek. Nesting usually occurs on the ground; only the tragopans nest higher up in trees or stumps of bushes. Nests can vary from mounds of vegetation to slight scrapes in the ground. As many as 20 eggs can be laid in the nest, although 7-12 are the more usual numbers, with smaller numbers in tropical species. Incubation times can range from 14–30 days depending on the species, and is almost always done solely by the hen, although a few involve the male partaking in caring for the eggs and chicks, like the willow ptarmigan and bobwhite quail.

Relationship with humans

The red junglefowl of Southeast Asia is the undomestic ancestor of the domesticated chicken, the most important bird in agriculture, and the Wild turkey similarly is the ancestor of the Domestic turkey. Several species of pheasants and partridges are extremely important to humans. Ring-necked pheasants, several partridge and quail species, and some francolins have been widely introduced and managed as game birds for hunting. Several species are threatened by human activities.

Systematics and evolution

The clade Phasianidae is the largest of the branch Galliformes, comprising 185 species divided into 54 genera. This group includes the pheasants and partridges, junglefowl chickens, quail, and peafowl. Turkeys and grouse have also been recognized as having their origins in the pheasant- and partridge-like birds.

Until the early 1990s, this family was broken up into two subfamilies: the Phasianinae, including pheasants, tragopans, junglefowls, and peafowls;

and the Perdicinae, including partridges, Old World quails, and francolins.

Molecular phylogenies have shown that these two subfamilies are not each monophyletic, but actually constitute only one lineage with one common ancestor.

For example, some partridges (genus '' Perdix'') are more closely affiliated to pheasants, whereas Old World quails and partridges from the genus ''Alectoris'' are closer to junglefowls.

The earliest fossil records of phasianids date to the late Oligocene epoch, about 30 million years ago.

Recent genera

Taxonomy and ordering is based on Kimball ''et al''., 2021, which was accepted by the International Ornithological Congress. Tribes and subfamily names are based on the 4th edition of the ''Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World''. Genera without a tribe are considered to belong to tribe ''incertae sedis''.
* Subfamily Rollulinae
**'' Xenoperdix'' Dinesen et al. 1994 (forest partridges)
**'' Caloperdix'' Blyth 1861 (ferruginous partridge)
**'' Rollulus'' Bonnaterre 1791 (crested partridges)
**'' Melanoperdix'' Jerdon 1864 (black partridge)
**'' Arborophila'' Hodgson 1837 (hill partridges)
*Subfamily Phasianinae
**Phasianinae "Erectile clade"
***'' Lerwa'' Hodgson 1837 (snow partridge)
***'' Ithaginis'' Wagler 1832 (blood pheasant)
***Tribe Lophophorini
****'' Tragopan'' Cuvier 1829 non Gray 1841 (tragopans)
****'' Tetraophasis'' Elliot 1871 (monal-partridges)
****''Lophophorus'' Temminck 1813 non Agassiz 1846 (monals)
***'' Pucrasia'' Gray 1841 (koklass pheasant)
***Tribe Tetraonini
****'' Meleagris'' Linnaeus 1758 (turkeys)
****''Bonasa'' Stephens 1819 (ruffed grouse)
**** ''Tetrastes'' Keyserling & Blasius 1840 (hazel grouse)
**** ''Centrocercus'' Swainson 1832 (sage-grouse)
**** ''Dendragapus'' Elliot 1864 (blue grouse)
**** ''Tympanuchus'' Gloger 1841 (prairie-chickens and sharp-tailed grouse)
**** ''Lagopus'' Brisson 1760 (ptarmigans)
**** ''Falcipennis'' Elliot 1864 (Siberian grouse)
****'' Canachites'' Stejneger, 1885 (spruce grouse)
**** ''Tetrao'' Linnaeus 1758 (capercaillies)
**** '' Lyrurus'' Swainson 1832 (black grouse)
***''Rhizothera'' Gray 1841
***'' Perdix'' Brisson 1760 (true partridges)
***Tribe Phasianini
****'' Syrmaticus'' Wagler 1832 (long-tailed pheasants)
****'' Chrysolophus'' Gray 1834 (ruffed pheasants)
****'' Phasianus'' Linnaeus 1758 (true pheasants)
****''Catreus'' Cabanis 1851 (cheer pheasant)
**** ''Crossoptilon'' Hodgson 1838 (eared pheasants)
****'' Lophura'' Fleming 1822 non Gray 1827 non Walker 1856 (gallopheasants)
**Phasianinae "Nonerectile clade"
***Tribe Pavonini
****''Rheinardia'' Maingonnat 1882 (crested arguses)
**** '' Argusianus'' Rafinesque 1815 (great argus)
****'' Afropavo'' Chapin 1936 (African peafowl)
**** '' Pavo'' Linnaeus 1758 (Asiatic peafowl)
***''Tropicoperdix'' Blyth 1859
***'' Haematortyx'' Sharpe 1879 (crimson-headed partridge)
***''Galloperdix'' Blyth 1845 (Indian spurfowls)
***Tribe Polyplectronini
****'' Polyplectron'' Temminck 1807 (peacock-pheasants)
***Tribe Gallini
****'' Bambusicola'' Gould 1863 (bamboo partridges)
****'' Gallus'' Brisson 1760 (junglefowl, including the domestic chicken)
****'' Peliperdix'' Bonaparte 1856 (Latham's francolin)
****'' Ortygornis'' Reichenbach, 1852
****'' Francolinus'' Stephens 1819
****'' Campocolinus'' Crowe ''et al'' 2020
****'' Scleroptila'' Blyth 1852
***Tribe Coturnicini
****'' Tetraogallus'' Gray 1832 (snowcocks)
****''Ammoperdix'' Gould 1851 (see-see and sand partridges)
**** '' Synoicus'' Bosc 1792
****'' Margaroperdix'' Reichenbach 1853
**** '' Coturnix'' Garsault 1764 (typical Old World quails)
****''Alectoris'' Kaup 1829 (rock partridges)
****''Perdicula'' Hodgson 1837 (bush-quails)
****'' Ophrysia'' Bonaparte 1856 (Himalayan quail)
****'' Pternistis'' Wagler 1832 (partridge-francolins; African spurfowls)

Past taxonomy

This is the paraphyletic former ordering of Phasianidae, which primarily grouped genera based on appearance and body plans.
*Subfamily Perdicinae Horsfield 1821
** '' Xenoperdix'' Dinesen et al. 1994 (forest partridges)
**'' Caloperdix'' Blyth 1861
**'' Rollulus'' Bonnaterre 1791 (crested partridges)
**'' Melanoperdix'' Jerdon 1864
**'' Arborophila'' Hodgson 1837 (hill partridges)
** ''Rhizothera'' Gray 1841
** '' Lerwa'' Hodgson 1837
** ''Tropicoperdix'' Blyth, 1859
** ''Ammoperdix'' Gould 1851 (see-see and sand partridges)
** '' Synoicus'' Bosc 1792
** '' Margaroperdix'' Reichenbach 1853
** '' Coturnix'' Garsault 1764 (typical Old World quails)
** '' Tetraogallus'' Gray 1832 (snowcocks)
** ''Alectoris'' Kaup 1829 (rock partridges)
** '' Pternistis'' Wagler 1832 (partridge-francolins; African spurfowls)
** '' Ophrysia'' Bonaparte 1856
** ''Perdicula'' Hodgson 1837 (bush-quails)
** '' Bambusicola'' Gould 1863 (bamboo partridges)
** '' Scleroptila'' Blyth 1852
** '' Peliperdix'' Bonaparte 1856
** '' Francolinus'' Stephens 1819 (true francolins)
**'' Ortygornis'' Reichenbach, 1852
**'' Campocolinus'' Crowe ''et al'' 2020
** '' Perdix'' Brisson 1760 (true partridges)
** '' Haematortyx'' Sharpe 1879
** ''Galloperdix'' Blyth 1845 (Indian spurfowls)
** '' Tetraophasis'' Elliot 1871 (monal-partridges)
* Subfamily Meleagridinae
** '' Meleagris'' Linnaeus 1758 (turkeys)
* Subfamily Phasianinae (pheasants, peafowl, junglefowl, monals, and tragopans)
** '' Polyplectron'' Temminck 1807 (peacock-pheasants)
** '' Gallus'' Brisson 1760 (junglefowl, including the domestic chicken)
** '' Ithaginis'' Wagler 1832
** '' Pucrasia'' Gray 1841 (koklass pheasant)
** '' Tragopan'' Cuvier 1829 non Gray 1841 (tragopans)
** ''Lophophorus'' Temminck 1813 non Agassiz 1846 (monals)
** ''Rheinardia'' Maingonnat 1882
** '' Argusianus'' Rafinesque 1815 (argus pheasants)
** '' Afropavo'' Chapin 1936 (African peafowl)
** '' Pavo'' Linnaeus 1758 (Asiatic peafowl)
** '' Syrmaticus'' Wagler 1832 (long-tailed pheasants)
** '' Phasianus'' Linnaeus 1758 (true pheasants)
** '' Chrysolophus'' Gray 1834 (ruffed pheasants)
** '' Lophura'' Fleming 1822 non Gray 1827 non Walker 1856 (gallopheasants)
** ''Catreus'' Cabanis 1851
** ''Crossoptilon'' Hodgson 1838 (eared pheasants)
* Subfamily Tetraoninae ( grouse)
** ''Bonasa'' Stephens 1819 (ruffed grouse)
** ''Tetrastes'' Keyserling & Blasius 1840 (hazel grouse)
** ''Centrocercus'' Swainson 1832 (sage-grouse)
** ''Dendragapus'' Elliot 1864 (blue grouse)
** ''Tympanuchus'' Gloger 1841 (prairie-chickens and sharp-tailed grouse)
** ''Lagopus'' Brisson 1760 (ptarmigans)
** ''Falcipennis'' Elliot 1864 (Siberian grouse)
**'' Canachites'' Stejneger, 1885 (spruce grouse)
** ''Tetrao'' Linnaeus 1758 (capercaillies)
** '' Lyrurus'' Swainson 1832 (black grouse)

Fossil genera

Extinct genus assignment follows the Mikko's Phylogeny Archive and Paleofile.com websites.
*†'' Alectoris” pliocaena'' Tugarinov 1940b
* †'' Bantamyx'' Kuročkin 1982
* †'' Centuriavis'' Ksepka, Early, Dzikiewicz & Balanoff 2022
* †'' Diangallus'' Hou 1985
* †'' “Gallus” beremendensis'' Jánossy 1976b
* †'' “Gallus” europaeus'' Harrison 1978
* †'' Lophogallus'' Zelenkov & Kuročkin 2010
* †'' Megalocoturnix'' Sánchez Marco 2009
* †'' Miophasianus'' Brodkorb 1952 Miophasianus''_Lambrecht_1933_nomen_nudum_;_''Miogallus.html" ;"title="' Miophasianus'' Lambrecht 1933 nomen nudum ; ''Miogallus">' Miophasianus'' Lambrecht 1933 nomen nudum ; ''Miogallus'' Lambrecht 1933]
* †''Palaeocryptonyx'' Depéret 1892 [''Chauvireria'' Boev 1997; ''Pliogallus'' Tugarinov 1940b non Gaillard 1939; ''Lambrechtia'' Janossy 1974 ]
* †'' Palaeortyx'' Milne-Edwards 1869 'Palaeoperdix''_Milne-Edwards_1869.html" ;"title="Palaeoperdix.html" ;"title="'Palaeoperdix">'Palaeoperdix'' Milne-Edwards 1869">Palaeoperdix.html" ;"title="'Palaeoperdix">'Palaeoperdix'' Milne-Edwards 1869!-- ActaOrnithol41:129. AnnNHMusWien104A:237. CanJEarthSci39:19. Endins14:95. Geobios2:157,36:719. Palaeontology43:481;48:1331. PaleontogrItal89:3. ZoolJLinnSoc128:149. -->
* †''Panraogallus'' Li et al. 2018
* †''Plioperdix'' Kretzoi 1955 [''Pliogallus'' Tugarinov 1940 non Gaillard 1939]
* †''Rustaviornis'' Burchak-Abramovich & Meladze 1972
* †'' Schaubortyx'' Brodkorb 1964
* †'' Shandongornis'' Yeh 1997
* †'' Shanxiornis'' Wang et al. 2006
* †'' Tologuica'' Zelenkov & Kuročkin 2009
*Tribe Tetraonini (grouse)
**†'' Cynchramus'' Zelenkov Bonaparte 1828
** †'' Palaealectoris'' Zelenkov Wetmore 1930
**†''Proagriocharis'' Zelenkov Martin & Tate 1970
** †''Rhegminornis'' Zelenkov Wetmore 1943

Phylogeny

Cladogram based on a 2021 study by De Chen and collaborators that sequenced DNA flanking ultra-conserved elements. The extinct Himalayan quail (genus '' Ophrysia'') was not included in the study. The species numbers and the inclusion of the genera '' Canachites'', '' Ortygornis'', '' Campocolinus'' and '' Synoicus'' follows the list maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithologists' Union.

References

External links

Phasianidae videos
on the Internet Bird Collection
*

{{Authority control

Bird families
 
Extant Rupelian first appearances
Taxa named by Thomas Horsfield