Pentatomidae

Pentatomidae is a family of insects belonging to the order Hemiptera, generally called shield bugs or stink bugs. Pentatomidae is the largest family in the superfamily Pentatomoidea, and contains around 900 genera and over 4700 species.Robert G. Foottit, Peter H. Adler ''Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society'', John Wiley and Sons, 2009, As hemipterans, the pentatomids have piercing sucking mouthparts, and most are phytophagous, including several species which are severe pests on agricultural crops. However, some species, particularly in the subfamily Asopinae, are predatory and may be considered beneficial.

Etymology

The name "Pentatomidae" is from the Greek ''pente'' meaning "five" and ''tomos'' meaning "section", and refers to the five segments of their antennae. Pentatomids are generally called "shield bugs" in British English, or "stink bugs" in American English. However, the term shield bugs is also applied broadly to include several related families (e.g. Acanthosomatidae, Scutelleridae, and Cydnidae), or specifically only to refer to species in the family Acanthosomatidae. The term shield bug refers to the generalized body shape of adult bugs in these families which resembles a heraldic shield when viewed from above.

The American name "stink bug" is specific to the Pentatomidae, and refers to their ability to release a pungent defensive spray when threatened, disturbed, or crushed. The composition of this spray may vary between species, and even by sex or age, but generally includes aldehydes and alkanes. Descriptions of the smells vary widely, and include oily, dusty, woody and earthy, and like coriander. In some species, the liquid contains cyanide compounds and a rancid almond scent, used to protect themselves and discourage predators.

The term "stink bug" may also be a vernacular for unrelated insects such as pinacate beetles (in the genus '' Eleodes'').

Taxonomy

There are several subfamilies, of which the Aphylinae is often given family status, but is here retained as a subfamily, following Grazia ''et al.'' (2008). The subfamilies include:
* Aphylinae Bergroth, 1906 – Australia
# '' Aphylus'' Bergroth, 1906
# '' Neoaphylum'' Štys & Davidová-Vilímová, 2001
* Asopinae Spinola, 1850
** '' Troilus'' Stål, 1868
*Cyrtocorinae Distant, 1880
# '' Ceratozygum'' Horváth, 1916
# '' Cyphothyrea'' Horváth, 1916
# '' Cyrtocoris'' White, 1842
# '' Pseudocyrtocoris'' Jensen-Haarup, 1926
* Discocephalinae Fieber, 1860
** '' Discocephala'' Laporte, 1832
** '' Ochlerus'' Spinola, 1837
*Edessinae Fieber, 1860

# '' Anisoedessa'' Nunes & Fernandes, 2019
# '' Brachystethus'' Laporte, 1833
# '' Doesburgedessa'' Fernandes, 2010
# '' Edessa (bug)'' Fabricius, 1803
# '' Grammedessa'' Correia & Fernandes, 2016
# '' Lopadusa'' Stål, 1860
# '' Mediocampus'' Thomas, 1994
# '' Neopharnus'' Van Duzee, 1910
# '' Olbia (bug)'' Stål, 1862
# '' Pantochlora'' Stål, 1870
# '' Paraedessa'' Silva & Fernandes, 2013
# '' Peromatus'' Amyot & Serville, 1843
# '' Pharnus'' Stål, 1867
# '' Plagaedessa'' Almeida & Fernandes, 2018
# '' Platistocoris'' Rider, 1998
# '' Praepharnus'' Barber & Bruner, 1932

*Pentatominae Leach, 1815
** '' Bathycoelia'' Amyot & Serville, 1843
** '' Pentatoma'' Olivier, 1789
* Phyllocephalinae Amyot & Serville, 1843
** '' Cressona'' Dallas, 1851
** '' Megarrhamphus'' Bergroth, 1891
** '' Phyllocephala'' Laporte, 1833
** '' Tetroda'' Amyot & Serville, 1843
*Podopinae Amyot & Serville, 1843
** ''Graphosoma'' Laporte de Castelnau, 1833
** '' Podops'' Laporte de Castelnau, 1833
*Serbaninae (monotypic)
# '' Serbana borneensis'' Distant, 1906
*Stirotarsinae (monotypic)
# '' Stirotarsus'' Bergroth, 1911
*'' incertae sedis''
# '' Antillosciocoris'' Thomas, 2005
# '' Asopus'' Burmeister, 1834
# '' Jostenicoris'' Arnold, 2011

Description

All pentatomids have 5-segmented antennae, and 3 tarsal segments on each foot. They generally have a large triangular scutellum in the center of the back. The body shape of adult pentatomids is generally " shieldlike," when viewed from above, but this varies between species, and is not true for the immature nymphal stages. The forewings of stink bugs are called hemelytra, with the basal half thickened while the apex is membranous. At rest, the wings are laid across the back of the insect, with the membranous wingtips overlapping. The hindwings are entirely membranous.

Economics

Several stink bugs and shield bugs are considered agricultural pests, because they can grow into large populations that feed on crops, damaging production, and they are resistant to many pesticides. They are a threat to cotton, corn, sorghum, soybeans, native and ornamental trees, shrubs, vines, weeds, and many cultivated crops.

In Mexico, some species of stink bugs are called ''jumil'', ''chinche de monte'', ''xotlinilli'', or ''chumil'' (e.g. '' Edessa mexicana''). They are most often eaten in the states of Morelos and Guerrero. The flavor is sometimes said to resemble cinnamon, or sometimes a bitter medicinal flavor. ''Jumiles'' may be used for making sauces or as taco filling.

Since recent arrival in the U.S., populations of the brown marmorated stink bug have grown significantly. As of October 2014, brown marmorated stink bugs can be found in 41 out of 50 states within the U.S. In 2016 New Zealand's MPI put out an alert to prevent this invasive species from entering via imported cargo.

See also

* List of Pentatomidae genera
*'' Chinavia hilaris'', the green stink bug
*'' Alcaeorrhynchus grandis''
*'' Cosmopepla lintneriana'', the twice-stabbed stink bug
*'' Halyomorpha halys'', the brown marmorated stink bug
*''Oebalus pugnax'', the rice stink bug
*'' Euthyrhynchus floridanus'', the Florida predatory stink bug

European species

European species within this family include:

* '' Acrosternum arabicum'' Wagner, 1959
* ''Acrosternum heegeri'' Fieber, 1861
* ''Acrosternum malickyi'' Josifov & Heiss, 1989
* ''Acrosternum millierei'' (Mulsant & Rey, 1866)
* ''Acrosternum rubescens'' (Noualhier, 1893)
* '' Aelia acuminata'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* '' Aelia albovittata'' Fieber, 1868
* '' Aelia angusta'' Stehlik, 1976
* '' Aelia cognata'' Fieber, 1868
* '' Aelia cribrosa'' Fieber, 1868
* ''Aelia furcula'' Fieber, 1868
* '' Aelia germari'' Kuster, 1852
* ''Aelia klugii'' Hahn, 1833
* ''Aelia notata'' Rey, 1887
* '' Aelia rostrata'' Boheman, 1852
* '' Aelia sibirica'' Reuter, 1884
* '' Aelia virgata'' (Herrich-Schäffer, 1841)
* '' Ancyrosoma leucogrammes'' (Gmelin, 1790)
* '' Andrallus spinidens'' (Fabricius, 1787)
* '' Antheminia absinthii'' (Wagner, 1952)
* ''Antheminia aliena'' (Reuter, 1891)
* ''Antheminia lunulata'' (Goeze, 1778)
* ''Antheminia pusio'' (Kolenati, 1846)
* ''Antheminia varicornis'' (Jakovlev, 1874)
* '' Apodiphus amygdali'' (Germar, 1817)
* '' Arma custos'' (Fabricius, 1794)
* '' Arma insperata'' Horvath, 1899
* '' Asaroticus solskyi'' Jakovlev, 1873
* '' Bagrada abeillei'' Puton, 1881
* '' Bagrada confusa'' Horvath, 1936
* '' Bagrada elegans'' Puton, 1873
* '' Bagrada funerea'' Horvath, 1901
* '' Bagrada hilaris'' (Burmeister, 1835)
* '' Bagrada stolida'' (Herrich-Schäffer, 1839)
* '' Bagrada turcica'' Horvath, 1936
* ''Brachynema cinctum'' (Fabricius, 1775)
* '' Brachynema germarii'' (Kolenati, 1846)
* '' Brachynema purpureomarginatum'' (Rambur, 1839)
* '' Capnoda batesoni'' Jakovlev, 1889
* '' Carpocoris coreanus'' Distant, 1899
* ''Carpocoris fuscispinus'' (Boheman, 1850)
* '' Carpocoris melanocerus'' (Mulsant & Rey, 1852)
* ''Carpocoris pudicus'' (Poda, 1761)
* '' Carpocoris purpureipennis'' (De Geer, 1773)
* '' Chlorochroa juniperina'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* '' Chlorochroa pinicola'' (Mulsant & Rey, 1852)
* '' Chlorochroa reuteriana'' (Kirkaldy, 1909)
* '' Chroantha ornatula'' (Herrich-Schäffer, 1842)
* ''Codophila varia'' (Fabricius, 1787)
* '' Crypsinus angustatus'' (Baerensprung, 1859)
* '' Derula flavoguttata'' Mulsant & Rey, 1856
* ''Dolycoris baccarum'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Dolycoris numidicus'' Horvath, 1908
* '' Dryadocoris apicalis'' (Herrich-Schäffer, 1842)
* '' Dybowskyia reticulata'' (Dallas, 1851)
* '' Dyroderes umbraculatus'' (Fabricius, 1775)
* '' Eudolycoris alluaudi'' (Noualhier, 1893)
* '' Eurydema cyanea'' (Fieber, 1864)
* '' Eurydema dominulus'' (Scopoli, 1763)
* '' Eurydema eckerleini'' Josifov, 1961
* '' Eurydema fieberi'' Schummel, 1837
* '' Eurydema gebleri'' Kolenati, 1846
* '' Eurydema herbacea'' (Herrich-Schäffer, 1833)
* '' Eurydema lundbaldi'' Lindberg, 1960
* '' Eurydema maracandica'' Oshanin, 1871
* '' Eurydema nana'' Fuente, 1971
* '' Eurydema oleracea'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* '' Eurydema ornata'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* '' Eurydema rotundicollis'' (Dohrn, 1860)
* '' Eurydema rugulosa'' (Dohrn, 1860)
* '' Eurydema sea'' Pericart & De la Rosa 2004
* '' Eurydema spectabilis'' Horvath, 1882
* '' Eurydema ventralis'' Kolenati, 1846
* '' Eysarcoris aeneus'' (Scopoli, 1763)
* '' Eysarcoris ventralis'' (Westwood, 1837)
* ''Eysarcoris venustissimus'' (Schrank, 1776)
* ''Graphosoma interruptum'' White, 1839
* '' Graphosoma italicum'' (Müller, 1766)
* ''Graphosoma lineatum'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Graphosoma melanoxanthum'' Horvath, 1903
* ''Graphosoma semipunctatum'' (Fabricius, 1775)
* '' Halyomorpha halys'' (Stål, 1855)
* '' Holcogaster fibulata'' (Germar, 1831)
* '' Holcostethus albipes'' (Fabricius, 1781)
* '' Holcostethus evae'' Ribes, 1988
* '' Holcostethus sphacelatus'' (Fabricius, 1794)
* '' Jalla dumosa'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* '' Leprosoma inconspicuum'' Baerensprung, 1859
* '' Leprosoma stali'' Douglas & Scott, 1868
* '' Leprosoma tuberculatum'' Jakovlev, 1874
* '' Macrorhaphis acuta'' Dallas, 1851
* '' Mecidea lindbergi'' Wagner, 1954
* '' Mecidea pallidissima'' Jensen-Haarup, 1922
* '' Menaccarus arenicola'' (Scholz, 1847)
* '' Menaccarus deserticola'' Jakovlev, 1900
* '' Menaccarus dohrnianus'' (Mulsant & Rey, 1866)
* '' Menaccarus turolensis'' Fuente, 1971
* '' Mustha spinosula'' (Lefèbvre, 1831)
* '' Neostrachia bisignata'' (Walker, 1867)
* '' Neottiglossa bifida'' (A. Costa, 1847)
* '' Neottiglossa flavomarginata'' (Lucas, 1849)
* '' Neottiglossa leporina'' (Herrich-Schäffer, 1830)
* '' Neottiglossa lineolata'' (Mulsant & Rey, 1852)
* '' Neottiglossa pusilla'' (Gmelin, 1790)
* '' Nezara viridula'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* '' Palomena formosa'' Vidal, 1940
* '' Palomena prasina'' (Linnaeus, 1761)
* '' Palomena viridissima'' (Poda, 1761)
* '' Pentatoma rufipes'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* '' Peribalus congenitus'' Putshkov, 1965
* '' Peribalus inclusus'' (Dohrn, 1860)
* '' Peribalus strictus'' (Fabricius, 1803)
* '' Perillus bioculatus'' (Fabricius, 1775)
* '' Picromerus bidens'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Picromerus brachypterus'' Ahmad & Onder, 1990
* ''Picromerus conformis'' (Herrich-Schäffer, 1841)
* ''Picromerus nigridens'' (Fabricius, 1803)
* '' Piezodorus lituratus'' (Fabricius, 1794)
* '' Piezodorus punctipes'' Puton, 1889
* '' Piezodorus teretipes'' (Stål, 1865)
* ''Pinthaeus sanguinipes'' (Fabricius, 1781)
* '' Podops annulicornis'' Jakovlev, 1877
* '' Podops calligerus'' Horvath, 1887
* '' Podops curvidens'' Costa, 1843
* '' Podops dilatatus'' Puton, 1873
* '' Podops inunctus'' (Fabricius, 1775)
* '' Podops rectidens'' Horvath, 1883
* '' Putonia torrida'' Stål, 1872
* '' Rhacognathus punctatus'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* '' Rhaphigaster nebulosa'' (Poda, 1761)
* '' Rubiconia intermedia'' (Wolff, 1811)
* '' Schyzops aegyptiaca'' (Lefèbvre, 1831)
* '' Sciocoris angularis'' Puton, 1889
* ''Sciocoris angusticollis'' Puton, 1895
* '' Sciocoris conspurcatus'' Klug, 1845
* ''Sciocoris convexiusculus'' Puton, 1874
* ''Sciocoris cursitans'' (Fabricius, 1794)
* ''Sciocoris deltocephalus'' Fieber, 1861
* ''Sciocoris distinctus'' Fieber, 1851
* ''Sciocoris galiberti'' Ribaut, 1926
* ''Sciocoris helferi'' Fieber, 1851
* ''Sciocoris hoberlandti'' Wagner, 1954
* ''Sciocoris homalonotus'' Fieber, 1851
* ''Sciocoris luteolus'' Fieber, 1861
* ''Sciocoris macrocephalus'' Fieber, 1851
* ''Sciocoris maculatus'' Fieber, 1851
* ''Sciocoris microphthalmus'' Flor, 1860
* ''Sciocoris modestus'' Horvath, 1903
* ''Sciocoris ochraceus'' Fieber, 1861
* ''Sciocoris orientalis'' Linnavuori, 1960
* ''Sciocoris pallens'' Klug, 1845
* ''Sciocoris pentheri'' Wagner, 1953
* ''Sciocoris pictus'' Wagner, 1959
* ''Sciocoris sideritidis'' Wollaston, 1858
* ''Sciocoris sulcatus'' Fieber, 1851
* ''Sciocoris umbrinus'' (Wolff, 1804)
* ''Sciocoriscanariensis'' Lindberg, 1953
* ''Scotinophara sicula'' (A. Costa, 1841)
* ''Scotinophara subalpina'' (Bergroth, 1893)
* ''Stagonomus amoenus'' (Brullé, 1832)
* ''Stagonomus bipunctatus'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Stagonomus devius'' Seidenstucker, 1965
* ''Stagonomus grenieri'' (Signoret, 1865)
* ''Staria lunata'' (Hahn, 1835)
* ''Stenozygum coloratum'' (Klug, 1845)
* ''Sternodontus binodulus'' Jakovlev, 1893
* ''Sternodontus obtusus'' Mulsant & Rey, 1856
* ''Tarisa dimidiatipes'' Puton, 1874
* ''Tarisa elevata'' Reuter, 1901
* ''Tarisa flavescens'' Amyot & Serville, 1843
* ''Tarisa pallescens'' Jakovlev, 1871
* ''Tarisa salsolae'' Kerzhner, 1964
* ''Tarisa subspinosa'' (Germar, 1839)
* ''Tholagmus flavolineatus'' (Fabricius, 1798)
* ''Tholagmus strigatus'' (Herrich-Schäffer, 1835)
* ''Trochiscocoris hemipterus'' (Jakovlev, 1879)
* ''Trochiscocoris rotundatus'' Horvath, 1895
* ''Troilus luridus'' (Fabricius, 1775)
* ''Ventocoris achivus'' (Horvath, 1889)
* ''Ventocoris falcatus'' (Cyrillus, 1791)
* ''Ventocoris fischeri'' (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851)
* ''Ventocoris halophilum'' (Jakovlev, 1874)
* ''Ventocoris modestus'' (Jakovlev, 1880)
* ''Ventocoris philalyssum'' (Kiritshenko, 1916)
* ''Ventocoris ramburi'' (Horvath, 1908)
* ''Ventocoris rusticus'' (Fabricius, 1781)
* ''Ventocoris trigonus'' (Krynicki, 1871)
* ''Vilpianus galii'' (Wolff, 1802)
* ''Zicrona caerulea'' (Linnaeus, 1758)

Eurydema oleracea.jpg,
Image:Chinche hedionda depredadora (Euthyrhynchus floridanus).jpg, '' Euthyrhynchus floridanus'', nymph
Image:Troilus luridus 20020828.jpg, ''Troilus luridus''
Image:Pentatomidae spec.jpg, ''Raphigaster nebulosa''
Image:Eurydema ornatum en Tenerife.jpg, ''Eurydema ornatum''
File:Perillus nymph.jpg, ''Perillus'', nymph

References

External links

When Twenty-Six Thousand Stinkbugs Invade Your Home
by Kathryn Schulz. ''The New Yorker,'' March 12, 2018. Ed Yong called it a "pure delight."
I.A.D. Robertson: ''The Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of Sub-Saharan Africa : a database''
Malindi, 2009

– photos and information

* I. A. D. Robertson: ''The Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of Sub-Saharan Africa : a database''. Malindi, 2009
Online version in Repository Naturalis Leiden

{{Taxonbar, from=Q652142

Pentatomidae,
Heteroptera families
Shield bugs
Taxa named by William Elford Leach

la:Cimex foetidus