Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger (July 11, 1913 – August 6, 1966), better known by his pen-name Cordwainer Smith, was an American author known for his

science fiction Science fiction (sometimes shortened to Sci-Fi or SF) is a genre of speculative fiction which typically deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology, space exploration, time travel, parallel uni ...

works. Linebarger was a US Army officer, a noted

East Asia East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both Geography, geographical and culture, ethno-cultural terms. The modern State (polity), states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. ...

scholar, and an expert in

psychological warfare Psychological warfare (PSYWAR), or the basic aspects of modern psychological operations (PsyOp), have been known by many other names or terms, including Military Information Support Operations (MISO), Psy Ops, political warfare, "Hearts and M ...

. Although his career as a writer was shortened by his death at the age of 53, he is considered one of the more talented and influential science fiction authors.

Early life and education

Linebarger's father, Paul Myron Wentworth Linebarger, was a lawyer, working as a judge in the Philippines. There he met Chinese nationalist Sun Yat-sen to whom he became an advisor. Linebarger's father sent his wife to give birth in Milwaukee, Wisconsin so that their child would be eligible to become president of the United States. Sun Yat-sen, who was considered the father of Chinese nationalism, became Linebarger's godfather.Stimpson, Ashley and Irtenkauf, Jeffrey,
"Throngs of Himself"
''Johns Hopkins Magazine'', Fall 2018. His young life was unsettled as his father moved the family to a succession of places in Asia, Europe, and the United States. He was sometimes sent to boarding schools for safety. In all, Linebarger attended more than 30 schools. In 1919, while at a boarding school in Hawaii, he was blinded in his right eye and it was replaced by a glass eye. The vision in his remaining eye was impaired by infection. Linebarger was familiar with English, German, and Chinese by adulthood. At the age of 23, he received a PhD in political science from

Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins University (Johns Hopkins, Hopkins, or JHU) is a private research university in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1876, Johns Hopkins is the oldest research university in the United States and in the western hemisphere. It consi ...

Career

From 1937 to 1946, Linebarger held a faculty appointment at Duke University, where he began producing highly regarded works on

Far Eastern The ''Far East'' was a European term to refer to the geographical regions that includes East and Southeast Asia as well as the Russian Far East to a lesser extent. South Asia is sometimes also included for economic and cultural reasons. The ter ...

affairs. While retaining his professorship at Duke after the beginning of

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...

, Linebarger began serving as a second lieutenant of the

United States Army The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare, land military branch, service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight Uniformed services of the United States, U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army o ...

, where he was involved in the creation of the

Office of War Information The United States Office of War Information (OWI) was a United States government agency created during World War II. The OWI operated from June 1942 until September 1945. Through radio broadcasts, newspapers, posters, photographs, films and other ...

and the Operation Planning and Intelligence Board. He also helped organize the army's first

section. In 1943, he was sent to China to coordinate military intelligence operations. When he later pursued his interest in China, Linebarger became a close confidant of Chiang Kai-shek. By the end of the war, he had risen to the rank of major. In 1947, Linebarger moved to the Johns Hopkins University's

School of Advanced International Studies The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) is a graduate school of Johns Hopkins University based in Washington, D.C., United States, with campuses in Bologna, Italy, and Nanjing, China. It is consistently ranked one of th ...

in Washington, DC, where he served as Professor of Asiatic Studies. He used his experiences in the war to write the book ''Psychological Warfare'' (1948), regarded by many in the field as a classic text. He eventually rose to the rank of colonel in the reserves. He was recalled to advise the British forces in the Malayan Emergency and the U.S. Eighth Army in the

Korean War , date = {{Ubl, 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953 (''de facto'')({{Age in years, months, weeks and days, month1=6, day1=25, year1=1950, month2=7, day2=27, year2=1953), 25 June 1950 – present (''de jure'')({{Age in years, months, weeks a ...

. While he was known to call himself a "visitor to small wars", he refrained from becoming involved in the

Vietnam War The Vietnam War (also known by other names) was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam a ...

, but is known to have done work for the

Central Intelligence Agency The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA ), known informally as the Agency and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States, officially tasked with gathering, processing, ...

. In 1969 CIA officer Miles Copeland Jr. wrote that Linebarger was "perhaps the leading practitioner of 'black' and 'gray' propaganda in the Western world". According to Joseph Burkholder Smith, a former CIA operative, he conducted classes in psychological warfare for CIA agents at his home in Washington under cover of his position at the School of Advanced International Studies. He traveled extensively and became a member of the

Foreign Policy Association The Foreign Policy Association (formerly known as the League of Free Nations Association) is a non-profit organization founded in 1918 dedicated to inspiring the American public to learn more about the world. The Foreign Policy Association aims to ...

, and was called upon to advise President

John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK and the nickname Jack, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination ...

Marriage and family

In 1936, Linebarger married Margaret Snow. They had a daughter in 1942 and another in 1947. They divorced in 1949. In 1950, Linebarger married again to Genevieve Collins; they had no children. They remained married until his death from a heart attack in 1966, at Johns Hopkins University Medical Center in

Baltimore Baltimore ( , locally: or ) is the List of municipalities in Maryland, most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland, fourth most populous city in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic, and List of United States cities by popula ...

Maryland Maryland ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It shares borders with Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to ...

, at age 53. Linebarger had expressed a wish to retire to Australia, which he had visited in his travels. He is buried in

Arlington National Cemetery Arlington National Cemetery is one of two national cemeteries run by the United States Army. Nearly 400,000 people are buried in its 639 acres (259 ha) in Arlington, Virginia. There are about 30 funerals conducted on weekdays and 7 held on Sa ...

, Section 35, Grave Number 4712. His widow, Genevieve Collins Linebarger, was interred with him on November 16, 1981.

Case history debate

Linebarger is long rumored to have been " Kirk Allen", the fantasy-haunted subject of "The Jet-Propelled Couch," a chapter in psychologist Robert M. Lindner's best-selling 1954 collection ''The Fifty-Minute Hour.'' According to Cordwainer Smith scholar Alan C. Elms, this speculation first reached print in

Brian Aldiss Brian Wilson Aldiss (; 18 August 1925 – 19 August 2017) was an English writer, artist, and anthology editor, best known for science fiction novels and short stories. His byline reads either Brian W. Aldiss or simply Brian Aldiss, except for o ...

's 1973 history of science fiction, ''Billion Year Spree''; Aldiss, in turn, claimed to have received the information from science fiction fan and scholar Leon Stover. More recently, both Elms and librarian Lee Weinstein have gathered circumstantial evidence to support the case for Linebarger's being Allen, but both concede there is no direct proof that Linebarger was ever a patient of Lindner's or that he suffered from a disorder similar to that of Kirk Allen.

Science fiction style

According to Frederik Pohl: Linebarger's identity as "Cordwainer Smith" was secret until his death. ("Cordwainer" is an archaic word for "a worker in cordwain or cordovan leather; a

shoemaker Shoemaking is the process of making footwear. Originally, shoes were made one at a time by hand, often by groups of shoemakers, or cobblers (also known as '' cordwainers''). In the 18th century, dozens or even hundreds of masters, journeymen ...

Oxford English Dictionary The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') is the first and foundational historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP). It traces the historical development of the English language, providing a co ...

and a "smith" is "one who works in

iron Iron () is a chemical element with Symbol (chemistry), symbol Fe (from la, Wikt:ferrum, ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 element, group 8 of the periodic table. It is, Abundanc ...

or other metals; esp. a

blacksmith A blacksmith is a metalsmith who creates objects primarily from wrought iron or steel, but sometimes from other metals, by forging the metal, using tools to hammer, bend, and cut (cf. tinsmith). Blacksmiths produce objects such as gates, gr ...

farrier A farrier is a specialist in equine hoof care, including the trimming and balancing of horses' hooves and the placing of shoes on their hooves, if necessary. A farrier combines some blacksmith's skills (fabricating, adapting, and adj ...

": two kinds of skilled workers with traditional materials.) Linebarger also employed the literary pseudonyms "Carmichael Smith" (for his political thriller '' Atomsk''), "Anthony Bearden" (for his poetry) and "Felix C. Forrest" (for the novels ''Ria'' and ''Carola''). Smith's stories are unusual, sometimes being written in narrative styles closer to traditional Chinese stories than to most English-language fiction, as well as reminiscent of the Genji tales of

Lady Murasaki was a Japanese novelist, poet and lady-in-waiting at the Imperial court in the Heian period. She is best known as the author of '' The Tale of Genji,'' widely considered to be one of the world's first novels, written in Japanese between abou ...

. The total volume of his science fiction output is relatively small, because of his time-consuming profession and his early death. Smith's works consist of one novel, originally published in two volumes in edited form as ''The Planet Buyer'', also known as ''The Boy Who Bought Old Earth'' (1964) and ''The Underpeople'' (1968), and later restored to its original form as ''

Norstrilia ''Norstrilia'' is a science fiction novel by American writer Paul Linebarger, published under the pseudonym Cordwainer Smith. It is the only novel he published under this name, which he used for his science fiction works (though several related ...

'' (1975); and 32 short stories (collected in ''

The Rediscovery of Man ''The Rediscovery of Man: The Complete Short Science Fiction of Cordwainer Smith'' () is a 1993 book containing the complete collected short fiction of American science fiction author Cordwainer Smith. It was edited by James A. Mann and published b ...

'' (1993), including two versions of the short story "War No. 81-Q"). Linebarger's cultural links to China are partially expressed in the pseudonym "Felix C. Forrest", which he used in addition to "Cordwainer Smith": his godfather Sun Yat-Sen suggested to Linebarger that he adopt the Chinese name "Lin Bai-lo" (), which may be roughly translated as "Forest of Incandescent Bliss". ("Felix" is Latin for "happy".) In his later years, Linebarger proudly wore a tie with the Chinese characters for this name embroidered on it. As an expert in psychological warfare, Linebarger was very interested in the newly developing fields of

psychology Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. It is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries between ...

and

psychiatry Psychiatry is the specialty (medicine), medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. These include various maladaptations related to mood, behaviour, cognition, and perceptions. See glossary of psych ...

. He used many of their concepts in his fiction. His fiction often has religious overtones or motifs, particularly evident in characters who have no control over their actions. James B. Jordan argued for the importance of Anglicanism to Smith's works back to 1949. But Linebarger's daughter Rosana Hart has indicated that he did not become an Anglican until 1950, and was not strongly interested in religion until later still. The introduction to the collection ''Rediscovery of Man'' notes that from around 1960 Linebarger became more devout and expressed this in his writing. Linebarger's works are sometimes included in analyses of Christianity in fiction, along with the works of authors such as

C. S. Lewis Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963) was a British writer and Anglican lay theologian. He held academic positions in English literature at both Oxford University (Magdalen College, 1925–1954) and Cambridge Univers ...

and J.R.R. Tolkien. Most of Smith's stories are set in the far future, between 4,000 and 14,000 years from now. After the Ancient Wars devastate Earth, humans, ruled by the

Instrumentality of Mankind In the science fiction of Cordwainer Smith, the Instrumentality of Mankind refers both to Smith's personal future history and universe and to the central government of humanity within that fictional universe. ''The Instrumentality of Mankind'' is ...

, rebuild and expand to the stars in the Second Age of Space around 6000 AD. Over the next few thousand years, mankind spreads to thousands of worlds and human life becomes safe but sterile, as robots and the animal-derived Underpeople take over many human jobs and humans themselves are genetically programmed as embryos for specified duties. Towards the end of this period, the Instrumentality attempts to revive old cultures and languages in a process known as the Rediscovery of Man, where humans emerge from their mundane utopia and Underpeople are freed from slavery. For years, Linebarger had a pocket notebook which he had filled with ideas about The Instrumentality and additional stories in the series. But while in a small boat in a lake or bay in the mid 60s, he leaned over the side, and his notebook fell out of his breast pocket into the water, where it was lost forever. Another story claims that he accidentally left the notebook in a restaurant in

Rhodes Rhodes (; el, Ρόδος , translit=Ródos ) is the largest and the historical capital of the Dodecanese islands of Greece. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the S ...

in 1965. With the book gone, he felt empty of ideas, and decided to start a new series which was an allegory of Mid-Eastern politics. Smith's stories describe a long

future history A future history is a postulated history of the future and is used by authors of science fiction and other speculative fiction to construct a common background for fiction. Sometimes the author publishes a timeline of events in the history, whil ...

of Earth. The settings range from a

postapocalyptic Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction is a subgenre of speculative fiction in which the Earth's (or another planet's) civilization is collapsing or has collapsed. The apocalypse event may be climatic, such as runaway climate change; astr ...

landscape with

walled cities A defensive wall is a fortification usually used to protect a city, town or other settlement from potential aggressors. The walls can range from simple palisades or earthworks to extensive military fortifications with towers, bastions and gates ...

, defended by agents of the Instrumentality, to a state of sterile utopia, in which freedom can be found only deep below the surface, in long-forgotten and buried anthropogenic strata. These features may place Smith's works within the

Dying Earth subgenre Dying Earth is a subgenre of science fantasy or science fiction which takes place in the far future at either the end of life on Earth or the end of time, when the laws of the universe themselves fail. Themes of world-weariness, innocence (wo ...

of science fiction. They are ultimately more optimistic and distinctive. Smith's most celebrated short story is his first-published, "

Scanners Live in Vain "Scanners Live in Vain" is a science fiction short story by American writer Cordwainer Smith ( pen name of American writer Paul Linebarger). It was the first story in Smith's Instrumentality of Mankind future history to be published and the first ...

", which led many of its earliest readers to assume that "Cordwainer Smith" was a new pen name for one of the established giants of the genre. It was selected as one of the best science fiction short stories of the pre- Nebula Award period by the

Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, doing business as Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers Association, commonly known as SFWA ( or ) is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization of professional science fiction and fantasy writers. Whil ...

, appearing in ''

The Science Fiction Hall of Fame Volume One, 1929-1964 ''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things already mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the ...

''. "

The Ballad of Lost C'Mell "The Ballad of Lost C'Mell" is a science fiction novella by American writer Cordwainer Smith. It was first published in October 1962 in ''Galaxy Magazine'', and since reprinted in several compilations and omnibus editions. The main characters ar ...

" was similarly honored, appearing in ''

The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume Two ''The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume Two'' is an English language science fiction two-volume anthology edited by Ben Bova and published in the U.S. by Doubleday (publisher) , Doubleday in 1973, distinguished as volumes "Two A" and "Two B" ...

''. After "Scanners Live in Vain", Smith's next story did not appear for several years, but from 1955 until his death in 1966 his stories appeared regularly, for the most part in ''

Galaxy Science Fiction ''Galaxy Science Fiction'' was an American digest-size science fiction magazine, published in Boston from 1950 to 1980. It was founded by a French-Italian company, World Editions, which was looking to break into the American market. World Editi ...

''. His universe featured strange and vivid creations, such as: * The planet Norstrilia (Old North Australia), a semi-arid planet where an immortality drug called ''stroon'' is harvested from gigantic, virus-infected sheep each weighing more than 100 tons. Norstrilians are nominally the richest people in the galaxy and defend their immensely valuable stroon with sophisticated weapons (as shown in the story "

Mother Hitton's Littul Kittons "Mother Hitton's Littul Kittons" is a classic science fiction short story by American writer Cordwainer Smith, first published in ''Galaxy Magazine'' in 1961, and partly based on Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves. It is collected most recently in '' ...

"). However, extremely high taxes ensure that everyone on the planet lives a frugal, rural life, like the farmers of old Australia, to keep the Norstrilians tough. * The punishment world Shayol (cf.

Sheol Sheol ( ; he, ''Šəʾōl'', Tiberian: ''Šŏʾōl'') in the Hebrew Bible is a place of still darkness which lies after death. Although not well defined in the Tanakh, Sheol in this view was a subterranean underworld where the souls of the ...

), where criminals are punished by the regrowth and harvesting of their organs for transplanting * ''Planoforming''

spacecraft A spacecraft is a vehicle or machine designed to fly in outer space. A type of artificial satellite, spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, Earth observation, meteorology, navigation, space colonization, p ...

, which are crewed by humans telepathically linked with cats to defend against the attacks of malevolent entities in space, which are perceived by the humans as dragons, and by the cats as gigantic rats, in "The Game of Rat and Dragon". * The ''Underpeople'', animals modified into human form and intelligence to fulfill servile roles, and treated as property. Several stories feature clandestine efforts to liberate the Underpeople and grant them

civil rights Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure one's entitlement to participate in the civil and political life o ...

. They are seen everywhere throughout regions controlled by the Instrumentality. Names of Underpeople have a single-letter prefix based on their animal species. Thus C'Mell ("The Ballad of Lost C'Mell") is cat-derived; D'Joan ("

The Dead Lady of Clown Town "The Dead Lady of Clown Town" is a science fiction novella by American writer Cordwainer Smith, set in his Instrumentality of Mankind future history. It was originally published in ''Galaxy Science Fiction'' in 1964. It was included in the collectio ...

"), a

Joan of Arc Joan of Arc (french: link=yes, Jeanne d'Arc, translit= �an daʁk} ; 1412 – 30 May 1431) is a patron saint of France, honored as a defender of the French nation for her role in the siege of Orléans and her insistence on the coronat ...

figure, is descended from dogs; and B'dikkat (" A Planet Named Shayol") has bovine ancestors. * ''Habermans'' and their supervisors, ''Scanners'', who are essential for space travel, but at the cost of having their sensory nerves cut to block the "pain of space", and who perceive only by vision and various life-support implants. A technological breakthrough removes the need for the treatment, but resistance among the Scanners to their perceived loss of status ensues, forming the basis of the story "Scanners Live in Vain". * Early works in the timeline include

neologism A neologism Greek νέο- ''néo''(="new") and λόγος /''lógos'' meaning "speech, utterance"] is a relatively recent or isolated term, word, or phrase that may be in the process of entering common use, but that has not been fully accepted int ...

s which are not explained to any great extent, but serve to produce an atmosphere of strangeness. These words are usually derived from non-English words. For instance, ''manshonyagger'' derives from the German words "menschen" meaning, in some senses, "men" or "mankind", and "jäger", meaning a hunter, and refers to war machines that roam the wild lands between the walled cities and prey on men, except for those they can identify as Germans. Another example is "Meeya Meefla", the only city to have preserved its name from the pre-atomic era: evidently Miami, Florida, from its abbreviated form (as on road signs) "MIAMI FLA". * Character names in the stories often derive from words in languages other than English. Smith seemed particularly fond of using numbers for this purpose. For instance, the name "Lord Sto Odin" in the story "Under Old Earth" is derived from the Russian words for "One hundred and one", сто один; it also suggests the name of the Norse god Odin. Quite a few of the names mean "five-six" in different languages, including both the robot Fisi (fi esi , the dead Lady Panc Ashash (in Sanskrit "pañcha" ��ञ्चis "five" and "ṣaṣ" ��ष्is "six"), Limaono (

lima Lima ( ; ), originally founded as Ciudad de Los Reyes (City of The Kings) is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of ...

- ono, Hawaiian and/or Fijian), Englok (ng⁵-luk⁶ 五- 五- 六.html"_;"title="wikt:六#Cantonese.html"_;"title="wikt:五#Cantonese.html"_;"title="/nowiki>wikt:五#Cantonese">五-wikt:六#Cantonese">六">wikt:六#Cantonese.html"_;"title="wikt:五#Cantonese.html"_;"title="/nowiki>wikt:五#Cantonese">五-wikt:六#Cantonese">六/nowiki>,_in_Cantonese),_Goroke_(go-roku_ 六.html"_;"title="wikt:六#Cantonese.html"_;"title="wikt:五#Cantonese.html"_;"title="/nowiki>wikt:五#Cantonese">五-wikt:六#Cantonese">六">wikt:六#Cantonese.html"_;"title="wikt:五#Cantonese.html"_;"title="/nowiki>wikt:五#Cantonese">五-wikt:六#Cantonese">六/nowiki>,_in_Cantonese),_Goroke_(go-roku_[wikt:五#Japanese">五-wikt:六#Japanese.html" ;"title="/nowiki>wikt:五#Japanese.html" ;"title="wikt:六#Cantonese">六.html" ;"title="wikt:六#Cantonese.html" ;"title="wikt:五#Cantonese.html" ;"title="/nowiki>wikt:五#Cantonese">五-wikt:六#Cantonese">六">wikt:六#Cantonese.html" ;"title="wikt:五#Cantonese.html" ;"title="/nowiki>wikt:五#Cantonese">五-wikt:六#Cantonese">六/nowiki>, in Cantonese), Goroke (go-roku [wikt:五#Japanese">五-wikt:六#Japanese">六], Japanese) and Femtiosex ("wikt:femtio, fifty-wikt:sex#Swedish, six" in Swedish) in "The Dead Lady of Clown Town" as well as the main character in "

Think Blue, Count Two "Think Blue, Count Two" is a science fiction short story by Cordwainer Smith, set in his Instrumentality of Mankind future history. The story revolves around a psychological trip-wire installed to prevent an atrocity on a sleeper ship. Originally ...

", Veesey-koosey, which is an English transcription of the Finnish words " viisi" (five) and " kuusi" (six). Four of the characters in "Think Blue, Count Two" are called "Thirteen" in different languages: Tiga-belas (both in

Indonesian Indonesian is anything of, from, or related to Indonesia, an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It may refer to: * Indonesians, citizens of Indonesia ** Native Indonesians, diverse groups of local inhabitants of the archipelago ** Indonesian ...

and Malay), Trece (

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...

), Talatashar (based on an Arabic dialect form ثلاث عشر, ''thalāth ʿashar'') and Sh'san (based on Mandarin 十三, ''shísān'', where the "í" is never pronounced). Other names, notably that of Lord Jestocost (Russian Жестокость, Cruelty), are non-English but not numbers. * Remnants of modern culture accordingly appear as valued antiquities or sometimes just as unrecognized survivals, lending a rare feeling of nostalgia for the present to the stories.

Published non-fiction

* 1937, ''The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-Sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I'', Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press * 1938, ''Government in Republican China'', London: McGraw-Hill, * 1941, ''The China of Chiang K'ai-shek: A Political Study'', Boston: World Peace Foundation, * 1948, ''Psychological Warfare'', Washington: Infantry Journal Press; revised second edition, 1954, New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce
available online
* 1951, ''Foreign milieux (HBM 200/1)'', Dept. of Defense, Research and Development Board * 1951, ''Immediate improvement of theater-level psychological warfare in the Far East'', Operations Research Office, Johns Hopkins University * 1954, ''Far Eastern Government and Politics: China and Japan'' (with Djang Chu and Ardath W. Burks), Van Nostrand * 1956, "Draft statement of a ten-year China and Indochina policy, 1956–1966", Foreign Policy Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania * 1965, ''Essays on military psychological operations'', Special Operations Research Office, American University

Unpublished novels

*1939 (rewritten in 1947) ''General Death'' *1946 ''Journey in Search of a Destination'' *1947-1948 ''The Dead Can Bite'' (a.k.a. ''Sarmantia'')

Published fiction

Short stories

Titles marked with an asterisk * are independent stories not related to the Instrumentality universe. *"War No. 81-Q" (original version, June 1928) * *"

" (June 1950) *"

The Game of Rat and Dragon "The Game of Rat and Dragon" is a science fiction short story by American author Cordwainer Smith, written in 1954J.J. Pierce (ed.), ''The Best of Cordwainer Smith'' (1975), p. 67. and published in ''Galaxy Science Fiction'' in 1955. It is set in t ...

" (October 1955) *"Mark Elf" (May 1957) *"The Burning of the Brain" (October 1958) *"Western Science Is So Wonderful" (December 1958) * *"No, No, Not Rogov!" (February 1959) *"Nancy" (March 1959) * *"

When the People Fell "When the People Fell" is a science fiction short story by American writer Cordwainer Smith, set in his " Instrumentality" universe. It was originally published in Galaxy Science Fiction magazine in April, 1959, and is collected in ''The Rediscov ...

" (April 1959) *"Golden the Ship Was—Oh! Oh! Oh!" (April 1959) *"Angerhelm" (June 1959) * *"The Fife Of Bodhidharma" (June 1959) * *"The Lady Who Sailed The Soul" (April 1960) *"

Alpha Ralpha Boulevard "Alpha Ralpha Boulevard" is a science fiction story by American writer Cordwainer Smith, set in his Instrumentality of Mankind universe, concerning the opening days of a sudden radical shift from a controlling, benevolent, but sterile society, to ...

" (June 1961) *"

" (June 1961) *" A Planet Named Shayol" (October 1961) *"From Gustible's Planet"(July 1962) *"

" (October 1962) *"

" (February 1963) *The stories making up the collection ''

Quest of the Three Worlds ''Quest of the Three Worlds'' is a collection by Cordwainer Smith published in 1966. Plot summary ''Quest of the Three Worlds'' is a set of four stories of the hero Casher O'Neill. Reception Dave Langford reviewed ''Quest of the Three Worlds'' fo ...

'': **"On the Gem Planet" (October 1963) **"On the Storm Planet" (February 1965) **"On the Sand Planet" (December 1965) **"Three to a Given Star" (October 1965) *" Drunkboat" (October 1963) *"The Good Friends" (October 1963) * *"The Boy Who Bought Old Earth" (The first half of "Norstrilia", April 1964, adapted into "The Planet Buyer") *"The Store Of Heart's Desire" (The second half of "Norstrilia", May 1964, adapted into "The Underpeople") *"

The Crime and the Glory of Commander Suzdal "The Crime and the Glory of Commander Suzdal" is a science fiction short story by Cordwainer Smith, set in Smith's " Instrumentality" universe. It was first published in ''Amazing Stories'' in May 1964, and is collected in ''The Rediscovery of Man' ...

" (May 1964) *"

" (August 1964) *"Under Old Earth" (February 1966) *"Down to a Sunless Sea" (October 1975) (with Genevieve Linebarger) *"The Queen of the Afternoon" (April 1978) *"The Colonel Came Back from the Nothing-at-All" (May 1979) *"Himself in Anachron" (1993) (completed by Genevieve Linebarger) *"War No. 81-Q" (rewritten version, 1993)

Book format

* 1947, ''Ria'' (writing as "Felix C. Forrest") * 1948, ''Carola'' (writing as "Felix C. Forrest") * 1949, '' Atomsk: A Novel of Suspense'' (writing as "Carmichael Smith") * 1963, ''You Will Never Be The Same'' (collection of short science fiction stories) * 1964, ''The Planet Buyer'' (first half of ''Norstrilia'', with some rearrangement) * 1965, '' Space Lords'' (short science fiction stories) * 1966, ''

'' (four related science fiction novellas) * 1968, ''The Underpeople'' (second half of ''Norstrilia'', with some rearrangement) * 1970, ''Under Old Earth and Other Explorations'' (short science fiction stories) * 1971, ''Stardreamer'' (short science fiction stories) * 1975, ''

'' (first complete publication in intended form) * 1975, ''The Best of Cordwainer Smith'' (short science fiction stories) * 1979, ''The Instrumentality of Mankind'' (short science fiction stories) * 1993, ''

'' (definitive & complete compilation of short science fiction writings) * 1994, ''Norstrilia'' (corrected edition with variant texts) * 2006, ''We the Underpeople'' (collection of 5 Instrumentality of Mankind short stories & the novel ''Norstrilia'') * 2007, ''When the People Fell'' (collection of many Instrumentality of Mankind short stories, including all of those previously collected in ''Quest of the Three Worlds'')

References

External links

Cordwainer-Smith.com
– The Remarkable Science Fiction of Cordwainer Smith, maintained by his daughter Rosana * * * * * *
Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger Papers
at th
Hoover Institution ArchivesAn Introduction to “The Ruined Queen of Harvest World”
by

Damien Broderick Damien Francis Broderick (born 22 April 1944) is an Australian science fiction and popular science writer and editor of some 74 books. His science fiction novel ''The Dreaming Dragons'' (1980) introduced the trope of the generation time machin ...

"Remembering Cordwainer Smith,"
Ted Gioia (''The Atlantic Monthly'')

by Bud Webster at Galactic Central * (including 2 "from old catalog") *
Felix C. Forrest
(3 records) an
Carmichael Smith
(no records) at LC Authorities * {{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Cordwainer 1913 births 1966 deaths 20th-century American novelists American Episcopalians American male novelists American military writers American science fiction writers American short story writers American sinologists Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Duke University faculty Johns Hopkins University faculty Johns Hopkins University alumni Writers from Milwaukee Psychological warfare theorists United States Army colonels Religion in science fiction American male short story writers Novelists from Wisconsin Novelists from Maryland American male non-fiction writers People of the United States Office of War Information United States Army personnel of World War II 20th-century American male writers 20th-century pseudonymous writers