Papengut
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

Pavel Petrovich Pappengut (also Papengut; russian: Па́вел Петро́вич Папенгут; 27 May 1894 – December 1933) was a colonel of the Russian Empire, later officer of the White Russian forces, member of the underground
Turkestan Military Organization The Turkestan Military Organization was an anti–Bolshevik military underground organization created in February 1918 in the Turkestan Territory of the Russian Empire, with its center in the city of Tashkent, a group of former officers of the Ts ...
, comrade-in-arms of
Alexander Dutov Alexander Ilyich Dutov () (, Kazalinsk, Russian Empire – 7 February 1921, Shuiding, China) was one of the leaders of the Cossack counterrevolution in the Urals, lieutenant general (1919). Dutov was born in Kazalinsk in Syr-Darya Oblast (now Ka ...
. After the defeat of the White movement in the Russian Civil War, Pappengut settled in the
Ili Ili, ILI, Illi may refer to: Abbreviations * Irish Life International, part of Irish Life and Permanent * Intuitive Logical Introvert, a personality type in socionics * Influenza-like illness * Iran Language Institute, a state-owned, non-profit ...
region in northern Xinjiang. There he commanded the White Russian forces, who were known to be the most competent military force in Xinjiang due to their experience. Pappengut fought against Ma Zhongying in
Kumul Rebellion The Kumul Rebellion (, "Hami Uprising") was a rebellion of Hami, Kumulik Uyghurs from 1931 to 1934 who conspired with Hui people, Hui Islam in China, Chinese Muslim Gen. Ma Zhongying to overthrow Jin Shuren, governor of Xinjiang. The Kumul Uygh ...
in 1931. In late September or early October 1931, Pappengut commanded some 250 White Russians who headed the forces of
Zhang Peiyuan Zhang Peiyuan (traditional Chinese: 張培元) ( – 1 June 1934) was a Han chinese general, commander of the Ili garrison. He fought against Uighur and Tungans during the Kumul revolt, but then secretly negotiated with the Tungan general ...
moving from Ili towards the besieged garrison in
Kumul Hami (Kumul) is a prefecture-level city in Eastern Xinjiang, China. It is well known as the home of sweet Hami melons. In early 2016, the former Hami county-level city was merged with Hami Prefecture to form the Hami prefecture-level city with t ...
Old City. Ma's Dungan forces retreated westwards towards Qijiaojingzhen and the advancing White Russians. There were no serious battles between them. However, in one of the initial skirmishes in the village of Liao-tun, some 150 km east of Qijiaojingzhen, the White Russian forces seriously wounded Ma, while the White Russians had one dead and two wounded. As a result of that injury, a large portion of the Dungan forces retreated towards
Gansu Gansu (, ; alternately romanized as Kansu) is a province in Northwest China. Its capital and largest city is Lanzhou, in the southeast part of the province. The seventh-largest administrative district by area at , Gansu lies between the Tibet ...
in the northwest. The garrison in Kumul Old City was finally relieved on or around 1 November 1931. In the winter of 1932, Ma Shiming and his Dungan forces, joined by Ma Fuming and a large number of Turkic rebels, started advancing towards the provincial capital of Ürümqi. Soon, a full-scale revolt occurred in Kucha and Khotan.
Jin Shuren Jin Shuren (; c. 1883–1941) was a Chinese Xinjiang clique warlord who served as Governor of Xinjiang between 1928 and 1933. Biography Jin Shuren was born in Yongjing, Hezhou, Gansu. He graduated at the Gansu provincial academy and th ...
, Xinjiang's Governor, responded by expanding Pappengut's White Russian force from 250 to 1,500 men. The White Russian emigrants had no other choice but to enlist since Jin threatened them with deportation to the Soviet Union and even arrest of their women to force them to recruit. The Dungan forces reached the city defended by only 700 men on 21 February 1933. The city was closed and suffered food shortages, while tensions between the Han Chinese and Muslims were high. The fall of Ürümqi was seemingly eminent, but the arrival of some 300 White Russians changed the tide and the Dungan forces were driven back some 1 km northwestwards after two days of fighting. Sheng Shicai, Chief of Staff of Xinjiang's Frontier Army, arrived with a strong and capable force from Turpan to help the besieged Ürümqi, forcing the Dungan insurgents to retreat to the countryside. The countryside fell to the hands of the insurgents and the
Kazakh Kazakh, Qazaq or Kazakhstani may refer to: * Someone or something related to Kazakhstan *Kazakhs, an ethnic group *Kazakh language *The Kazakh Khanate * Kazakh cuisine * Qazakh Rayon, Azerbaijan *Qazax, Azerbaijan *Kazakh Uyezd, administrative dis ...
uprising also occurred in
Shara Sume Shara may refer to: * Shara District, an administrative subdivision of Iran * Shara, Leh, a village in Jammu and Kashmir, India *Šar Mountains (''Shar Mountains''), colloquially Šara (''Shara''), Balkans *Shara (god), son of Inanna and brother of ...
. Soviet Union sent additional reinforcement of some 2,000 experienced Chinese soldiers forced by the Japanese across the Soviet border who were interned by the Soviets. These soldiers were known as the
North-East National Salvation Army The points of the compass are a set of horizontal, radially arrayed compass directions (or azimuths) used in navigation and cartography. A compass rose is primarily composed of four cardinal directions—north, east, south, and west—each sepa ...
. They arrived in Ürümqi on 27 March 1933 and strengthen the position of the provincial administration as well as of Sheng Shicai, who was their fellow Northeasterner. At the same time, Jin's authority was undermined. Even though the White Russian forces gave significant contributions to Xinjiang's war efforts, they were irregularly paid and provided with the worst horses and ammunition. Pappengut and other White Russian officers approached the leaders of the National Salvation Army, and having been assured of their backing, mounted a coup against Jin on the night of 12 April. Jin escaped to the Soviet Union via Chuguchak and returned to China. His younger brother and military commander Jin Shu-hsin were captured and executed. Sheng, who was at the time in Uruba was appointed as ''Duban'' or Military Governor, while
Liu Wenlong Liu Wenlong (; 1871–1950) was a Chinese public official who held the post of Civil Governor of Sinkiang from April to September 1933, and previously served as the region's commissioner for education. Biography Liu was born in Yueyang, H ...
took the position of Provincial Chairman. Pappengut was executed in December 1933 or January 1934 under the orders of Sheng Shicai, Military Governor of Xinjiang by the request of
Garegin Apresov Garegin Abramovich Apresov (russian: Гарегин Абрамович Апресов; 6 January 1890 – 11 September 1941) was a Soviet diplomat, most notable for his tenure in Xinjiang during Sheng Shicai's rule. Life Garegin A. Apreso ...
, Soviet Consul General in Ürümqi.


Footnotes


References


Books

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Pappengut, Paven Petrovich 1894 births 1933 deaths Military personnel of the Russian Empire Orenburg Cossacks White movement people White Russian emigrants to China Emigrants from the Russian Empire to China