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Iberism (Aragonese language, Aragonese, Basque language, Basque, Galician language, Galician, Portuguese language, Portuguese and Spanish language, Spanish: ''Iberismo''; ast, Iberismu; Catalan language, Catalan and Occitan language, Occitan: ''Iberisme''), also known as pan-Iberism or Iberian federalism, is the Pan-nationalism, pan-nationalist ideology supporting a unification of all the territories of the Iberian Peninsula. It mostly encompasses Portugal and Spain but may also include Andorra, Gibraltar and territories of France such as Northern Catalonia or the French Basque Country.
As a result of the disappearance of Sebastian I of Portugal at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir, Philip II of Spain exerted his dynastic rights and used Castilian troops to overcome the rival pretender. The national poet of Portugal Luís de Camões opposed Philip, but had himself written some sonnets in Spanish (bilingualism was then common in both courts).
In 1581, Philip became Philip I of Portugal, joining both crowns into the most extended empire in history up to that time. The Spanish Habsburgs (Philip III of Spain and II of Portugal, Philip IV of Spain and III of Portugal) ruled what has later been called the Iberian Union, a personal union of different kingdoms, including Kingdom of Portugal, Portugal (with Portuguese colonial empire, its colonies), Crown of Castile, Castile (with Spanish colonial empire, its colonies), and Crown of Aragon, Aragon. In 1640, the duke of Bragança gathered those restless in Portugal with the support of Cardinal Richelieu of France. His rebellion succeeded and he became the John IV of Portugal. The North African city of Ceuta decided to leave the crown of Portugal and remain under the Spanish king.
In 1801, the Portuguese city of Olivenza, Olivença was occupied by Spain and passed to Spanish sovereignty as Olivenza. Portugal has never made a formal claim to the territory after the Congress of Vienna, Treaty of Vienna decided that Spain should terminate its occupation of the city, which Spain ignored nor has it acknowledged the Spanish sovereignty over Olivenza. There is no common definition of the border in the area.
It was José Marchena who, in the 18th century, gave this doctrine a progressive, federal and republican tone in ''l'Avis aux espagnols''. In the Trienio Liberal, Liberal Triennium (1820–1823), the secret liberal organizations tried to spread Iberism in Portugal, to create seven confederated republics, five in Spain and Lusitania Ulterior and Lusitania Citerior in Portugal.
In the later Sexenio Democrático, Revolutionary Sexennium, the movement reached its apogee; Juan Prim, General Prim was also in favour of uniting the two countries. After his murder, the First Spanish Republic (1873–1874) seemed the right moment for the union given its federalism.
In the point of view of the 19th century conservative restorations in Spain and Portugal, the "iberisms" played the role of agents of social change with republican and revolutionary stances, thus threatening the stability of the peninsular nations.
In the 20th century, Iberism melted into the ideologies of some leftist currents such as the anarchism in Spain, anarchist ''Federación Anarquista Ibérica'' and the ''Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias''.
The nationalistic dictatorships of Estado Novo (Portugal), Portugal and Francoist Spain shared many political similarities and some degree of mutual support but both countries were said to live "back to back".
Currently no party represented in either country's parliament has the goal of Iberism but both countries joined the European Economic Community in 1986 and their borders and those of all other countries signing the Schengen accord have been opened since then. The Spanish party Republican Left (Spain, 1977), Izquierda Republicana has defended 'Iberian Federalism' as political structure for the state.
un modelo de estado basado en el federalismo iberista
'', ''Republican Left (Spain, 1977), Izquierda Republicana'', 17 January 2012. Large companies have opened shop in the neighbouring country, and the Portuguese state closed the birth center of Elvas Municipality, the border municipality of Elvas, sending patients to the Extremadura health system.
Prevén que 350 niños portugueses nazcan cada año en Badajoz
', ''Hoy'', 6 March 2006.
Badajoz realizou 15 partos de grávidas alentejanas num mês
'', ''Diário de Notícias'', 12 July 2006. Some groups defend Iberism, including some Spanish and Portuguese officers. One 2006 survey by an Angolan weekly newspaper ''Sol'' showed only 28% of the Portuguese think that Portugal and Spain should be one country. 42% of these would put the capital in Madrid and about the same, 41%, in Lisbon.
The corresponding article
in the Spanish Wikipedia, Retrieved on 30 September 2006.
Center of Iberian Studies
Forum of iberian union: iberistas en contacto.
{{in lang, es Federalism in Portugal Federalism in Spain Iberian Peninsula Pan-nationalism Pan-Iberism Political movements in Portugal Political movements in Spain Portugal–Spain relations
Iberism (Aragonese language, Aragonese, Basque language, Basque, Galician language, Galician, Portuguese language, Portuguese and Spanish language, Spanish: ''Iberismo''; ast, Iberismu; Catalan language, Catalan and Occitan language, Occitan: ''Iberisme''), also known as pan-Iberism or Iberian federalism, is the Pan-nationalism, pan-nationalist ideology supporting a unification of all the territories of the Iberian Peninsula. It mostly encompasses Portugal and Spain but may also include Andorra, Gibraltar and territories of France such as Northern Catalonia or the French Basque Country.
Background and precursors
Portugal and Spain share a common history to some degree. Spanish language, Spanish and Portuguese language, Portuguese are both Romance languages like Catalan language, Catalan, Galician language, Galician, Asturleonese language, Asturleonese and Aragonese language, Aragonese, all spoken in the Iberian peninsula. The Portuguese language and Galician languages evolved from the medieval Galician-Portuguese when the County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of León by becoming the History of Portugal (1112-1279), Kingdom of Portugal. On the other hand, the Galician language has become increasingly influenced by the Castilian language since Kingdom of Galicia, Galicia's incorporation into the Crown of Castile as a dependent Kingdom of León. The identities of both modern Spain and Portugal developed during the experience of the Reconquista. In 1512, Ferdinand II of Aragon conquered the Kingdom of Navarre bringing the territories of what would become known as modern Spain under a common ruler. However Portugal remained an independent kingdom, competing with Spain (Castile) in age of Discoveries, colonial expansion. To avoid conflict, the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the world into Kingdom of Portugal, Portuguese and Crown of Castile, Castilian hemispheres of influence.
As a result of the disappearance of Sebastian I of Portugal at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir, Philip II of Spain exerted his dynastic rights and used Castilian troops to overcome the rival pretender. The national poet of Portugal Luís de Camões opposed Philip, but had himself written some sonnets in Spanish (bilingualism was then common in both courts).
In 1581, Philip became Philip I of Portugal, joining both crowns into the most extended empire in history up to that time. The Spanish Habsburgs (Philip III of Spain and II of Portugal, Philip IV of Spain and III of Portugal) ruled what has later been called the Iberian Union, a personal union of different kingdoms, including Kingdom of Portugal, Portugal (with Portuguese colonial empire, its colonies), Crown of Castile, Castile (with Spanish colonial empire, its colonies), and Crown of Aragon, Aragon. In 1640, the duke of Bragança gathered those restless in Portugal with the support of Cardinal Richelieu of France. His rebellion succeeded and he became the John IV of Portugal. The North African city of Ceuta decided to leave the crown of Portugal and remain under the Spanish king.
In 1801, the Portuguese city of Olivenza, Olivença was occupied by Spain and passed to Spanish sovereignty as Olivenza. Portugal has never made a formal claim to the territory after the Congress of Vienna, Treaty of Vienna decided that Spain should terminate its occupation of the city, which Spain ignored nor has it acknowledged the Spanish sovereignty over Olivenza. There is no common definition of the border in the area.
It was José Marchena who, in the 18th century, gave this doctrine a progressive, federal and republican tone in ''l'Avis aux espagnols''. In the Trienio Liberal, Liberal Triennium (1820–1823), the secret liberal organizations tried to spread Iberism in Portugal, to create seven confederated republics, five in Spain and Lusitania Ulterior and Lusitania Citerior in Portugal.
In the later Sexenio Democrático, Revolutionary Sexennium, the movement reached its apogee; Juan Prim, General Prim was also in favour of uniting the two countries. After his murder, the First Spanish Republic (1873–1874) seemed the right moment for the union given its federalism.
In the point of view of the 19th century conservative restorations in Spain and Portugal, the "iberisms" played the role of agents of social change with republican and revolutionary stances, thus threatening the stability of the peninsular nations.
In the 20th century, Iberism melted into the ideologies of some leftist currents such as the anarchism in Spain, anarchist ''Federación Anarquista Ibérica'' and the ''Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias''.
The nationalistic dictatorships of Estado Novo (Portugal), Portugal and Francoist Spain shared many political similarities and some degree of mutual support but both countries were said to live "back to back".
Currently no party represented in either country's parliament has the goal of Iberism but both countries joined the European Economic Community in 1986 and their borders and those of all other countries signing the Schengen accord have been opened since then. The Spanish party Republican Left (Spain, 1977), Izquierda Republicana has defended 'Iberian Federalism' as political structure for the state.un modelo de estado basado en el federalismo iberista
'', ''Republican Left (Spain, 1977), Izquierda Republicana'', 17 January 2012. Large companies have opened shop in the neighbouring country, and the Portuguese state closed the birth center of Elvas Municipality, the border municipality of Elvas, sending patients to the Extremadura health system.
Prevén que 350 niños portugueses nazcan cada año en Badajoz
', ''Hoy'', 6 March 2006.
Badajoz realizou 15 partos de grávidas alentejanas num mês
'', ''Diário de Notícias'', 12 July 2006. Some groups defend Iberism, including some Spanish and Portuguese officers. One 2006 survey by an Angolan weekly newspaper ''Sol'' showed only 28% of the Portuguese think that Portugal and Spain should be one country. 42% of these would put the capital in Madrid and about the same, 41%, in Lisbon.
Support
A 2009 poll found 30.3% of Spanish respondents would support a federation and 39.9% of Portuguese respondents would support one. The figures rose to 31 and 45 percent, respectively, in 2010. A poll conducted by the Spanish University of Salamanca in 2011 found that 39.8% of Spanish respondents and 46.1% of Portuguese respondents supported the creation of the federation between the two countries. 1741 people took part in the poll.Iberist personalities
* Miguel de Unamuno, Basque people, Basque philosopher * Juan Valera y Alcalá-Galiano, Juan Valera, Spanish writer * Emilio Castelar, president of the First Spanish Republic * Joan Maragall, Catalan poet * Sinibaldo de Mas. Catalan diplomat for the Spanish government * Francisco Pi y Margall, Francesc Pi i Margall, president of the First Spanish Republic * José Saramago, Portuguese Nobel Prize in Literature * Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao, Galician nationalist Mas i Sans proposed that the federal or confederate capital city of Iberia be established at Santarém, Ribatejo, Portugal, but the capital city of the Diocesis Hispaniarum, created by the Roman Emperor Diocletianus in 287 was Emerita Augusta (modern Mérida, Spain, Mérida), in Spanish Extremadura.See also
* Iberian Union * Federación Anarquista Ibérica – federation with the purpose of unifying Spanish and Portuguese anarchists in a pan-Iberian organization * Reintegrationism – the unification or approximation of Portuguese and Galician which would separate from Castilian influence * ''The Stone Raft'' – a book by Portuguese author José Saramago in which the Iberian Peninsula splits off the European continent and floats in the Atlantic Ocean * Portuguese-Spanish relations * Latin American integration – economic and political integration of Spain's and Portugal's former American coloniesNotes
References
* Rocamora, Jose Antonio. ''El nacionalismo ibérico: 1732–1936''. Publicaciones Universidad de Valladolid. * Cabero Diéguez, Valentín. ''Iberismo y cooperación: pasado y futuro de la península ibérica.'' Publicaciones universidad de Salamanca.The corresponding article
in the Spanish Wikipedia, Retrieved on 30 September 2006.
External links
Center of Iberian Studies
Forum of iberian union: iberistas en contacto.
{{in lang, es Federalism in Portugal Federalism in Spain Iberian Peninsula Pan-nationalism Pan-Iberism Political movements in Portugal Political movements in Spain Portugal–Spain relations