Pact of Biak-na-Bato
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The Pact of Biak-na-Bato, signed on December 15, 1897, created a truce between Spanish colonial
Governor-General Governor-general (plural ''governors-general''), or governor general (plural ''governors general''), is the title of an office-holder. In the context of governors-general and former British colonies, governors-general are appointed as viceroy t ...
Fernando Primo de Rivera Fernando Primo de Rivera y Sobremonte, 1st Marquess of Estella (24 July 1831 – 23 May 1921) was a Spanish politician and soldier. Fernando Primo de Rivera was the son of Antonio Hermenegildo Primo de Rivera y Sobremonte and his wife Ana Ma ...
and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo to end the Philippine Revolution. Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries were given amnesty and monetary indemnity by the Spanish Government, in return for which the revolutionary government would go into exile in
Hong Kong Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China ( abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a city and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delt ...
. Aguinaldo had decided to use the money to purchase advance firearms and ammunition later on return to the archipelago.Alvarez, S.V., 1992, Recalling the Revolution, Madison: Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, The pact was signed in
San Miguel, Bulacan San Miguel, officially the Municipality of San Miguel ( tgl, Bayan ng San Miguel), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Bulacan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 172,073 people. It is the third larg ...
, in the house of
Pablo Tecson Pablo Ocampo Tecson (born Pablo Tecson y Ocampo; July 4, 1859 – April 30, 1940) was an officer in the Revolutionary Army serving under Gen. Gregorio del Pilar (responsible for the eventual surrender of the Spanish forces) and a representative ...
, a Philippine revolutionary captain who served as brigadier general in the 'Brigada Del Pilar' (military troop) of General
Gregorio del Pilar Gregorio Hilario del Pilar y Sempio (; ; November 14, 1875 – December 2, 1899) was a Filipino general of the Philippine Revolutionary Army during the Philippine–American War. As one of the youngest generals in the Revolutionary Army, he ...
during the Revolution.


Provisions

According to General Emilio Aguinaldo, writing in 1899, the principal conditions of the Pact of biak-na-bato were: # That I would, and any of my associates who desired to go with me, be free to live in any foreign country. Having fixed upon Hong Kong as my place of residence, it was agreed that payment of the indemnity of $ MXN800,000{{efn, name=mex-us, 1=The Mexican dollar at the time was worth about 50 US cents, equivalent to about ${{#expr:{{inflation, US, 1, 1897, r=2/2 round 2 today. The '' peso fuerte'' and the Mexican dollar were interchangeable at par. should be made in three installments, namely, $MXN400,000{{efn, name=mex-us when all the arms in Biak-na-bató were delivered to the Spanish authorities; $MXN200,000{{efn, name=mex-us when the arms surrendered amounted to eight hundred stand; the final payment to be made when one thousand stand of arms shall have been handed over to the authorities and the Te Deum sung in the Cathedral in Manila as thanksgiving for the restoration of peace. The latter part of February was fixed as the limit of time wherein the surrender of arms should be completed. # The whole of the money was to be paid to me personally, leaving the disposal of the money to my discretion and knowledge of the understanding with my associates and other insurgents. # Prior to evacuating Biak-na-bató the remainder of the insurgent forces under Captain-General Primo de Rivera should send to Biak-na-bató two General of the Spanish Army to be held as hostages by my associates who remained there until I and a few of my compatriots arrived in Hong Kong and the first installment of the money payment (namely, four hundred thousand dollars) was paid to me. It was also agreed that the religious corporations in the Philippines be expelled and an autonomous system of government, political and administrative, be established, though by special request of General Primo de Rivera these conditions were not insisted on in the drawing up of the Treaty, the General contending that such concessions would subject the Spanish Government to severe criticism and even ridicule. According to historian
Teodoro Agoncillo Teodoro Andal Agoncillo (November 9, 1912 – January 14, 1985) was a prominent 20th-century Filipino historian. He and his contemporary Renato Constantino were among the first Filipino historians renowned for promoting a distinctly nationalist ...
, the pact was made up of three documents which together came to be known as the ''Truce of Biak-na-Bató'' and which provided, among other things:{{Harvnb, Agoncillo, 1990, p=184 *That Aguinaldo and his companions would go into voluntary exile abroad. *That Governor-General Primo de Rivera would pay the sum of $MXN800,000{{efn, name=mex-us to the rebels in three installments: :#$MXN400,000{{efn, name=mex-us to Aguinaldo upon his departure from Biak-na-Bató, :#$MXN200,000{{efn, name=mex-us when the arms surrendered by the revolutionists amounted to 800 stand, and :#the remaining $MXN200,000{{efn, name=mex-us when the arms surrendered amounted to 1,000 stand, ''Te Deum'' in the Cathedral in Manila as thanksgiving for the restoration of peace. *That Primo de Rivera would pay the additional sum of $MXN900,000{{efn, name=mex-us to the families of the non-combatant Filipinos who suffered during the armed conflict. According to historian Sonia M. Zaide, the agreement consisted of three parts: # A document called "Program", generally as described by Agoncillo. # A document called "Act of Agreement" which reiterated parts of the "Program" document and hinted at the desire of the Filipinos for reforms but contained no definite agreement by Spain to grant such reforms. # A third document which discussed the question of indemnity, specifying that Spain would pay a total of $1,700,000— $MXN800,000{{efn, name=mex-us as above plus $MXN900,000{{efn, name=mex-us to be distributed among the civilian population as compensation for the ravages of war.


Results

In accordance with the first part of the pact, Aguinaldo and twenty five other top officials of the revolution were banished to Hong Kong with $MXN400,000{{efn, name=mex-us in their possession. The rest of the men received $MXN200,000{{efn, name=mex-us, but the third installment was never received. General amnesty was never declared and sporadic skirmishes continued.{{Harvnb, Zaide, 1999, p=253.


Notes

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References


Bibliography

*{{Citation , last=Agoncillo , first=Teodoro , author-link=Teodoro Agoncillo , title=History of the Filipino People , year=1990 , edition=Eighth , orig-year=1960 , publisher=R.P. Garcia Publishing Company , isbn=971-10-2415-2 , url-access=registration , url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod *{{Citation , url=http://www.authorama.com/true-version-of-the-philippine-revolution-1.html , title=True Version of the Philippine Revolution , author=Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy , chapter-url=http://www.authorama.com/true-version-of-the-philippine-revolution-3.html , chapter=Chapter II. The Treaty of Biak-na-bató , date=23 September 1899 , publisher=Authorama: Public Domain Books , ref={{harvid, Aguinaldo, 1899 , access-date=23 September 2008 *{{Citation , last=Halstead , first=Murat , title=The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions , url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12409 , chapter=XII. The American Army in Manila , year=1898 *{{Citation , last1=Zaide , first1=Sonia M. , title=The Philippines: a unique nation , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YMsNgAACAAJ , year=1999 , publisher=All-Nations Publishing , isbn=978-971-642-071-5 {{Philippine Revolution History of the Philippines (1565–1898) History of Bulacan