The PACMAD clade
PACMAD clade (previously PACCMAD, PACCAD, or PACC[1]) is one of two major lineages (or clades) of the true grasses (Poaceae), regrouping six subfamilies and about 5700 species, more than half of all true grasses. Its sister group is the BOP clade. The PACMAD lineage is the only group within the grasses within which the C4 photosynthesis pathway has evolved; studies have shown that this happened independently multiple times.[2] The name of the clade comes from the first initials of the included subfamilies Panicoideae, Arundinoideae, Chloridoideae, Micrairoideae, Aristidoideae, and Danthonioideae. It has no defined taxonomic rank but is used frequently because it refers to a well-defined monophyletic group with a distinct ecology. Phylogeny of the PACMAD clade, with photosynthetic pathways for each subfamily:[2]

Poaceae

Anomochlooideae

Pharoideae

Puelioideae

BOP clade

PACMAD clade

Aristidoideae
Aristidoideae C3 & C4

Panicoideae
Panicoideae C3 & C4

Chloridoideae
Chloridoideae C3 & C4

Danthonioideae
Danthonioideae C3

Arundinoideae
Arundinoideae C3

Micrairoideae
Micrairoideae C3 & C4

References[edit]

^ Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Zuloaga, Fernando O.; Judziewicz, Emmet J.; Filgueiras, Tarciso S.; Davis, Jerrold I.; Morrone, Osvaldo (2015). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae
Poaceae (Gramineae)". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 53 (2): 117–137. doi:10.1111/jse.12150. ISSN 1674-4918.  ^ a b Grass Phylogeny Working Group II (2012). "New grass phylogeny resolves deep evolutionary relationships and discovers C4 origins". New Phytologist. 193 (2): 304–312. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03972.x. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 22115274. 

v t e

Subfamilies and tribes of the grasses (Poaceae)

early clades

Anomochlooideae Pharoideae Puelioideae

Anomochloeae Streptochaeteae

Phareae

Atractocarpeae Guaduellieae

BOP clade

Bamboos (Bambusoideae) Oryzoideae Pooideae

Arundinarieae Bambuseae Olyreae

Ehrharteae Oryzeae Phyllorachideae Streptogyneae

Ampelodesmeae Brachyelytreae Brachypodieae Bromeae Brylkinieae Diarrheneae Littledaleae Lygeeae Meliceae Phaenospermateae Poeae Nardeae Stipeae Triticeae

PACMAD clade

Aristidoideae Arundinoideae Chloridoideae Danthonioideae Micrairoideae Panicoideae

Aristideae

Arundineae Molinieae

Centropodieae Cynodonteae Eragrostideae Triraphideae Zoysieae

Danthonieae

Eriachneae Hubbardieae Isachneae Micraireae

Andropogoneae Arundinelleae Centotheceae Chasmanthieae Cyperochloeae Gynerieae Lecomtelleae Paniceae Paspaleae Steyermarkochloeae Thysanolaeneae Tristachyideae Zeugiteae

see also: List of Poaceae
Poaceae genera

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