Outline of underwater diving

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to underwater diving:

Underwater diving – as a human activity, is the practice of descending below the water's surface to interact with the environment.

What type of activity is underwater diving?

Underwater diving can be described as all of the following:
*A human activity – intentional, purposive, conscious and subjectively meaningful sequence of actions. Underwater diving is practiced as part of an occupation, or for recreation, where the practitioner submerges below the surface of the water or other liquid for a period which may range between seconds to the order of a day at a time, either exposed to the ambient pressure or isolated by a pressure resistant suit, to interact with the underwater environment for pleasure, competitive sport, or as a means to reach a work site for profit or in the pursuit of knowledge, and may use no equipment at all, or a wide range of equipment which may include breathing apparatus, environmental protective clothing, aids to vision, communication, propulsion, maneuverability, buoyancy and safety equipment, and tools for the task at hand.

Diving activity, by type

Modes of underwater diving

There are several modes of diving distinguished by the equipment and procedures used:
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** Freediving – Underwater diving without breathing apparatus
** Scuba diving – Swimming underwater breathing gas carried by the diver
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** Surface-supplied diving – Underwater diving breathing gas supplied from the surface
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*** Saturation diving – Diving for periods long enough to bring all tissues into equilibrium with the partial pressures of the inert components of the breathing gas
* Atmospheric pressure diving – Diving where the diver is isolated from the ambient pressure by an articulated pressure resistant diving suit or in a crewed submersible
* Unmanned diving – Diving by mechanisms under the direct or indirect control of remote human operators for observation, data collection or manipulation of the environment using on-board actuator devices

Diving skills and procedures

Diving procedures – Standardised methods of doing things that are known to work effectively and acceptably safely
* Ascending and descending (diving) – Procedures for safe ascent and descent in underwater diving
** Ear clearing – An ascent to the surface by a diver in an emergency
** Emergency ascent – An ascent to the surface by a diver in an emergency
*** Controlled emergency swimming ascent – A technique used by scuba divers to return to the surface in an out-of-gas emergency in shallow water
*** Controlled buoyant lift – A technique used by scuba divers to raise an incapacitated diver to the surface
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* Boat diving – Procedures specific to diving from boats
** Canoe and kayak diving – Recreational diving from a canoe or kayak
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* Dive log – Record of diving history of an underwater diver
* Dive planning – The process of planning an underwater diving operation
* Diver communications – Methods used by underwater divers to communicate
* Diver navigation – Underwater navigation by scuba divers
* Diver rescue – Rescue of a distressed or incapacitated diver
* Diver trim – Balance and orientation skills of an underwater diver
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* Drift diving – Scuba diving where the diver is intentionally transported by the water flow
* Finning techniques – Techniques used by divers and surface swimmers using swimfins
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** Combat sidestroke – Variation of side-stroke swimming used by United States Navy SEALs
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** Buddy breathing – Technique for sharing breathing gas from a single mouthpiece
** Buddy diving – Practice of mutual monitoring and assistance between two divers
*** Buddy check – Pre-dive safety checks carried out by two-diver dive teams
** Low impact diving – Scuba diving that has minimal environmental effect
** Penetration diving – Diving under a physical barrier to a direct vertical ascent to the surface
** Rebreather diving – Underwater diving using self contained breathing gas recycling apparatus
** Scuba gas management – Logistical aspects of scuba breathing gas.
*** Gas blending for scuba diving – Mixing and filling cylinders with breathing gases for use when scuba diving
*** Rule of thirds (diving) – Rule of thumb for scuba gas management
*** Scuba gas planning – Estimation of breathing gas mixtures and quantities required for a planned dive profile
** Sidemount diving – Diving using an equipment configuration where the scuba sets are clipped to the sides of the harness
** Solo diving – Recreational diving without a dive buddy
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* Surface-supplied diving skills – Skills and procedures required for the safe operation and use of surface-supplied diving equipment
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* Underwater searches – Techniques for finding underwater targets

Diving support skills and procedures

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Underwater diving, by environment

Underwater diving environment – The underwater environment to which a diver may be exposed
* List of diving environments by type – The variety of environments that people may dive in
* Open-water diving – Diving in unrestricted water when the diver has unrestricted vertical access to the surface
* Altitude diving – Underwater diving at altitudes above 300 m
* Cave diving – Underwater diving in water-filled caves
* Deep diving – Underwater diving to a depth beyond the norm accepted by the associated community
* Ice diving – Underwater diving under ice
* Muck diving – Recreational diving on a loose sedimentary bottom
* Night diving – Underwater diving during the hours of darkness
* Recreational dive sites – Specific places that recreational divers go to enjoy the underwater environment or are used for training purposes
* Underwater environment – The aquatic or submarine environment
* Wreck diving – Recreational diving on wrecks

Occupational diving

Professional diving, also known as Occupational diving – Underwater diving where divers are paid for their work, or dive as part of their occupation
* Ama – Japanese pearl divers
* Aquarium diving – Occupational diving in large aquariums
* Commercial diving – Professional diving on industrial projects
** Commercial offshore diving – Professional diving in support of the oil and gas industry
** Hyperbaric welding – Welding metal at elevated pressure
** Nondestructive testing – Evaluating the properties of a material, component, or system without causing damage
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* Diver training – Processes by which people develop the skills and knowledge to dive safely underwater
** Diving instructor – Person who trains and assesses underwater divers
** Diving school – Establishment for training and assessing underwater divers – A venue for training underwater divers
** Occupational diver training – Processes by which people develop the skills and knowledge to dive safely for diving at work
*** Commercial diver training – Processes by which people develop the skills and knowledge to dive safely for industrial applications
*** Military diver training – Training of underwater divers for service in the armed forces – Processes by which people develop the skills and knowledge to dive effectively for military applications
*** Public safety diver training – Training divers for public safety services – Processes by which people develop the skills and knowledge to dive safely for public safety purposes
*** Scientific diver training – Training divers who will be doing scientific work underwater – Processes by which people develop the skills and knowledge to dive safely for scientific projects
** Recreational diver training – Processes by which people develop the skills and knowledge to dive safely for recreational purposes
*** Technical diver training – Processes by which people develop the skills and knowledge to dive safely for recreational technical diving
** Diver certification – Certification as competent to dive to a specified standard
*** List of diver certification organizations – Agencies which issue certification for competence in diving skills
** Diamond Reef System – System for training divers in buoyancy, trim and maneuvering skills
* Divemaster, also known as Dive guide – Recreational dive leader certification and role
* Diving contractor – The legal persona responsible for professional diving operations for a client – A legal entity responsible for professional diving work
* Haenyeo – Female occupational divers in the Korean province of Jeju
* Hazmat diving – Underwater diving in a known hazardous materials environment
* Media diving – Underwater diving in support of the media industries
* Military diving – Underwater diving in a military context by members of an armed force
** Defense against swimmer incursions – Methods of protection against incursions by underwater divers and swimmers
** Army engineer diver – Members of national armies who are trained to undertake reconnaissance, demolition, and salvage tasks underwater
** Clearance diver – Navy diver specialist with explosives
** List of military diving units – List of links to articles on notable military diving units
*** Army Ranger Wing – Special operations force of the Irish Defence Forces
*** British commando frogmen – Special Boat Service, whose members are drawn largely from the Royal Marines
*** Canadian Armed Forces Divers – Underwater divers employed by any of the Canadian armed forces
*** Clearance Diving Branch (RAN) – Diving unit of the Royal Australian Navy
*** Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei – Italian special forces diving unit
*** Commandos Marine – Special operations forces of the French Navy
***  – Special operations forces of the French Navy – Unit with combat swimmers.
*** Decima Flottiglia MAS – Italian naval commando frogman unit of the Fascist era
*** Frogman – Tactical scuba diver
*** GRUMEC, also known as Brazilian commando frogmen – Brazilian Navy special forces diving unit
*** Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine – German postwar commando amphibious warfare force
*** KOPASKA – Indonesian Navy special operations and demolition unit
*** Marine Commandos – Special operations group of the Lebanese Navy
*** Minedykkerkommandoen – Norwegian Navy clearance diver unit
*** Minentaucher – Mine clearance divers of the German Navy
*** PASKAL – Special operations force of the Royal Malaysian Navy
*** Naval Service Diving Section – Diving unit of the Irish Naval Service
*** Naval Special Warfare Command – Special operations force within the Military of Thailand
*** Röjdykare – Clearance divers of the Swedish Navy
*** Russian commando frogmen – Tactical scuba diving unit
*** Shayetet 13 – Special operations unit of the Israeli Navy
*** Special Boat Service – British special forces unit of the Royal Navy
*** Special Service Group – Pakistan Navy special operations force
*** Taifib – Indonesian amphibious reconnaissance unit
*** Underwater Defence – Special operations unit of the Turkish Navy
*** Underwater Demolition Command – Special warfare unit of the Greek Navy
*** Underwater Offence – Special operations Forces of the Turkish Navy
*** United States military divers – Underwater divers employed by the US armed forces, including navy, army, marine corps, air force and coast guard
**** Master diver – Senior diver rating in US Navy
**** Navy diver – US Navy personnel qualified in underwater diving and salvage
**** Explosive ordnance disposal – US Navy personnel who render safe or detonate unexploded ordnance
**** Underwater Demolition Team – US Navy special operations group
**** United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course – Military diver training for the US Marines
**** United States Navy SEALs – US Navy special operations force
***** List of United States Navy SEALs – Notable current and former members of the United States Navy SEALs and Underwater Demolition Teams
***** United States Navy SEAL selection and training – Selection and training procedures and criteria
***** National Navy UDT-SEAL Museum – Museum recording the history of US Navy UDT and SEAL teams and their members
** Underwater warfare – One of the three operational areas of naval warfare
* Nuclear diving – Diving in an environment where there is a risk of exposure to radioactive materials
* Pearl hunting – Collecting pearls from wild molluscs
* Public safety diving – Underwater work done by law enforcement, rescue and search and recovery teams
** Police diving – A branch of professional diving carried out by police services
*** Special Duties Unit – Hong Kong Police tactical unit
* Salvage diving – Diving work associated with the recovery of vehicles, cargo and structures
* Scientific diving – Use of diving techniques in the pursuit of scientific knowledge
* Ships husbandry diving – Diving related to the maintenance and upkeep of ships
* Sponge diving – Diving to gather natural sponges
* Underwater archaeology – Archaeological techniques practiced at underwater sites
* Underwater demolition – The deliberate destruction or neutralization of man-made or natural underwater obstacles
* Underwater photography – Genre of photography
* Underwater search and recovery – Locating and recovering underwater objects
* Underwater videography – Branch of electronic underwater photography concerned with capturing moving images

Recreational diving

Recreational diving – Diving for the purpose of leisure and enjoyment, usually when using scuba equipment
* Technical diving – Extended scope recreational diving
** Cave diving – Underwater diving in water-filled caves
** Doing It Right – Technical diving safety philosophy
* Shark tourism – Tourism industry based on viewing sharks in their natural habitat
** Shark cage diving – Diving inside a protective cage to observe sharks in the wild
*** Shark-proof cage – A metal structure to protect divers and snorkellers from potentially dangerous sharks
*** Shark baiting – Attracting sharks by chumming the water
* Underwater photography – Genre of photography
* Underwater sports – Competitive underwater recreational activities
** Aquathlon – Competitive underwater wrestling
** Competitive apnea – Competitive breathhold diving
*** Constant weight apnea – Freediving discipline in which the diver descends and ascends only by swimming with the use of fins
*** Constant weight without fins – Freediving discipline
*** Dynamic apnea – Freediving disciplines where the breath-hold diver swims horizontally under water with or without fins
*** Free immersion apnea – Freediving discipline in which no propulsion equipment is used, but pulling on the rope during descent and ascent is permitted
*** No-limits apnea – Freediving discipline in which the diver descends and ascends using their method of choice
*** Variable weight apnea – Deep freediving using a weighted sled for descent, pulling along the depth rope for ascent
*** Static apnea – Discipline in which the diver holds their breath underwater for as long as possible, and does not need to swim any distance
*** Skandalopetra diving – Freediving using a stone weight at the end of a rope to the surface
** Finswimming – Competitive watersport using swimfins for propulsion
*** 2016 Finswimming World Championships – International competition in Volos, Greece
*** 2018 Finswimming World Championships – International competition in Belgrade, Serbia
*** Apnea finswimming – Underwater swimming in a swimming pool using mask, monofin and holding one's breath.
*** Finswimming at the 2009 Asian Indoor Games – Competition held in Mỹ Đình National Aquatics Sports Complex, Hanoi, Vietnam
*** Immersion finswimming – Underwater swimming using mask, monofin and underwater breathing apparatus in a swimming pool
** Spearfishing – Hunting for fish using a spear
** Sport diving – Underwater sport using recreational open circuit scuba equipment in a swimming pool
** Underwater football – Underwater team sport using snorkeling equipment and an American football
** Underwater hockey – Underwater sport of pushing a puck into the opposing goal
** Underwater ice hockey – Variant of ice hockey played upside-down underneath frozen pools or ponds on breath-hold
** Underwater orienteering – Underwater compass navigation and speed competition on scuba.
** Underwater photography – Competitive underwater digital photography on scuba
** Underwater rugby – Game where two teams try to score a negatively buoyant ball into the opponents’ goal at the bottom of a swimming pool on breath-hold
** Underwater target shooting – Breathhold underwater sport of target shooting with a speargun in a swimming pool.
* Wreck diving – Recreational diving on wrecks

Diving and support equipment, tools and weapons

Diving equipment

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Autonomous underwater vehicles

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Breathing gas

* Breathing gases by composition:
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*Breathing gases by use:
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Decompression equipment

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Diver propulsion vehicles

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Diving safety equipment

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Historical diving equipment

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Rebreather types and components

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Rebreather makes and models

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Gas extenders:
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Remotely operated underwater vehicles

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Underwater breathing apparatus

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*** Cylinder valve alias Pillar valve represented by Diving cylinder#The cylinder valve – A valve to control gas flow to and from a cylinder and to connect with the regulator or filling hose
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Diving support equipment

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Underwater work tools and equipment

Underwater work tools and equipment – Tools and equipment used for underwater work
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Underwater weapons

Underwater weapons – Weapons that are intended for use underwater
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Diving support personnel

There are also diver support activities which require assessed competence and registration for which formal training may be required.
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Science of underwater diving

The diving environment

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* Physical and biological aspects of the diving environment
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** Hazards of the aquatic environment represented by List of diving hazards and precautions#The aquatic environment –
** Hazards of the specific diving environment represented by List of diving hazards and precautions#The specific diving environment –
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Physics of underwater diving

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Physiology of underwater diving

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Diving medicine, disorders and treatment

Diving medicine

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Diving disorders and treatment

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Diving safety

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Diving incidents, rescues, and fatalities

Incidents and people involved in a notable incident while diving or during a diving operation.
* Early diving incidents
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* Freediving incidents
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* Professional diving incidents
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** Offshore diving incidents
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** Rescues involving diving
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** Professional diving fatalities
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*** Victor F. Guiel Jr. represented by
*** Craig M. Hoffman represented by
*** Peter Henry Michael Holmes represented by
*** Edwin Clayton Link represented by
*** Gerard Anthony Prangley represented by
*** Per Skipnes represented by
*** Robert John Smyth represented by
*** Albert D. Stover represented by
*** Richard A. Walker represented by
*** Lothar Michael Ward represented by
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Legal aspects of diving

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Geography of diving

History of underwater diving

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Military and covert operations

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Underwater salvage operations

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* Kursk submarine disaster#Salvage operation – Raising the wreck of a Russian nuclear submarine
* represented by USS Sailfish (SS-192)#Sinking of Squalus and recommissioning as Sailfish – The successful rescue of the crew and later raising of the sunken vessel.

Training, certification, registration and standards

Diver training

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Diver training can be distinguished between recreational and occupational diver training. Recreational diver training tends to be split into small skill sets for customer convenience and provider profitability. Recreational diver training systems include training and registration of instructors and dive leaders for recreational diving
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Professional diver training is usually for registration based on mode of diving and requires a wider range of competence for a range of equipment skills and environments. Titles of certificates vary, but the basic competences are similar and may be internationally recognised by agreement.
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Scientific diving is occupational diving in the pursuit of scientific knowledge, and there may be different conditions that apply regionally regarding regulation and registration.
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Diver certification organisations

* Occupational diver certification authorities
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** Freediver certification agencies
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** Recreational scuba certification agencies
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*** CEDIP members
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*** Cave diving certification agencies
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* Scientific diver certification authorities
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Organisations setting international standards and codes of practice for diving and diver training

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* Scientific diving standards organizations
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Commercial diving schools

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Underwater diving organisations

Diver membership organisations

Diver membership organisations
* Freediver federations
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* Recreational and technical scuba clubs and associations
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* Scientific, archaeological and historical diving organisations
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* National underwater-sports federations
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* International underwater-sports federations
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Diver nature conservation organisations

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Diving industry trade associations

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Underwater environmental research organisations

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Diving medical research organisations

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Underwater diving publications

Books and manuals

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* – Tom Mount, Joseph Dituri, Eds
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** Scientific diving manual published by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
** John Bevan Ed. A manual of offshore diving
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* Alf O. Brubakk, Tom S. Neuman, Eds
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Legislation

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Codes of practice

(National or international codes of practice for diving)
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Standards

(National or international standards relating to diving equipment or practices)

Buoyancy compensators
* Diving accessories. Buoyancy compensators. Functional and safety requirements, test methods.
* Diving equipment. Buoyancy compensators. Functional and safety requirements, test methods.

Depth gauges
* Diving accessories. Depth gauges and combined depth and time measuring devices. Functional and safety requirements, test methods.

Diver training
* Recreational diving services – Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers
* Recreational diving services – Requirements for training on environmental awareness for recreational divers

Diving masks

* Underwater Safety. Recreational Skin and Scuba Diving. Lenses for Masks.
* Gumowy sprzęt pływacki - Maski pływackie (Rubber swimming equipment - Swimming masks).
* Specification for snorkels and face masks. Amended 1977.
* 潛水鏡. Diving mask.
* 潛水鏡檢驗法. Method of test for diving mask.
* Tauch-Zubehör. Tauchbrillen. Sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen und Prüfung. Diving accessories for skin divers. Diver's masks. Requirements and testing.
* Diving equipment. Diving mask. Requirements and test methods.
* Маски резиновые для плавания под водой. Общие технические условие. Rubber masks for submarine swimming. General specifications.
* Tauch-Zubehör; Tauchmasken (Tauchbrillen); Sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen, Prüfung, Normkennzeichnung. Diving accessories; divers’ masks; safety requirements, testing, marking of conformity.

Dry suits
* Diving suits. Dry suits. Requirements and test methods.
* Diving suits. Dry suits. Requirements and test methods.

Recreational diving services
* Recreational diving services – Requirements and guidance on environmentally sustainable practices in recreational diving

Snorkels

* Specification for snorkels and face masks. Amended 1977.
* Tauch-Zubehör; Schnorchel; Maße, Anforderungen, Prüfung. Diving accessories for skin divers. Snorkel. Technical requirements of safety, testing.
* Tauch-Zubehör; Schnorchel; Sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen und Prüfung. Diving accessories for skin divers. Snorkel. Safety requirements and testing.
* Diving accessories. Snorkels. Safety requirements.
* Diving equipment. Snorkels. Requirements and test methods.
* Tauch-Zubehör; Schnorchel; Abmessungen, sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen, Prüfung, Normkennzeichnung. Diving accessories; snorkels; dimensions, safety requirements, testing, marking of conformity.

Swimfins

* BN-82/8444-17.02 Gumowy sprzęt pływacki - Płetwy pływackie (Rubber swimming equipment - Swimming fins).
* DIN 7876:1980 Tauchzubehör. Schwimmflossen. Maße, Anforderungen und Prüfung. Diving accessories for skin divers. Flippers. Dimensions, requirements and testing.
* Diving equipment. Diving open heel fins. Requirements and test methods.
* Ласты резиновые для плавания. Общие технические условия. Swimming rubber flippers. General specifications.
* Military specification. Swim fins, rubber.
* Specification for rubber swimming fins.
* Specification for rubber swimming fins. First revision.
* Tauch-Zubehör; Schwimmflossen; Abmessungen, sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen, Prüfung, Normkennzeichnung. Diving accessories; fins; dimensions, safety requirements, testing, marking of conformity.

Underwater breathing apparatus
* Transportable gas cylinders. Periodic inspection and testing of seamless aluminium alloy gas cylinders
* Transportable gas cylinders. Periodic inspection and testing of seamless steel gas cylinders
* Respiratory equipment - Self-contained re-breathing diving apparatus

Wetsuits
* 濕式潛水衣. Diving Wet Suit.
* Diving suits. Wet suits. Requirements and test methods.
* Diving suits. Wet suits. Requirements and test methods.

Journals and magazines

* Magazine on technical diving, founded and edited by Michael Menduno
* Quarterly magazine of DAN on diving safety and recreational diving matters
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Repositories

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Recreational dive site guides

Notable dive site guides with Wikipedia article.
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Authors of publications about diving

Authors of general non-fiction works on diving topics who are the subjects of Wikipedia articles.
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Documentaries

Documentary movies focused on underwater diving.
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Underwater diving in popular culture

Movies, novels, TV series and shows, comics, graphic art, sculpture, games, myths, legends, and misconceptions. Fiction in general relating to all forms of diving, including hypothetical and imaginary methods, and other aspects of underwater diving which have become part of popular culture.

Researchers in diving medicine and physiology

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Underwater divers

* Outline of underwater divers – Hierarchical outline list of biographical articles about underwater divers
* Index of underwater divers – Alphabetical listing of articles about underwater divers

Pioneers of diving

* James F. Cahill – American scuba diving pioneer
* Alphonse and Théodore Carmagnolle – French inventors of the first anthropomorphic armoured diving suit
* Charles Condert – Inventor of an unsuccessful early scuba system
* Jacques Cousteau – Inventor of scuba-diving apparatus and film-maker
* Charles Anthony Deane – Pioneering diving engineer and inventor of a surface supplied diving helmet
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* Guglielmo de Lorena – Italian inventor of a diving bell used for archaeological work on the Roman ships of lake Nemi
* Auguste Denayrouze – French inventor of a demand air supply regulator for underwater diving
* Frédéric Dumas – French pioneer of scuba diving
* Ted Eldred – Australian inventor of the single hose diving regulator
* Maurice Fernez – French inventor and pioneer in underwater breathing apparatus
* Émile Gagnan – French engineer and co-inventor of the open circuit demand scuba regulator
* Bret Gilliam – Pioneering technical diver and author.
* Edmond Halley – English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist
* Hans Hass – Austrian biologist, film-maker, and underwater diving pioneer
* Stig Insulán – Inventor of an adjustable automatic exhaust valve for variable volume dry suits
* Jim Jarret – Diver who test dived the first successful atmospheric diving suits
* Yves Le Prieur – French naval officer and inventor of a free-flow scuba system
* John Lethbridge – English wool merchant who invented a diving machine in 1715
* William Hogarth Main – Cave diver and scuba configuration experimentalist
* Phil Nuytten – Canadian deep-ocean explorer, scientist, and inventor of the Newtsuit
* Joseph Salim Peress – pioneering British diving engineer
* Benoît Rouquayrol – French inventor of an early diving demand regulator
* Dick Rutkowski – American pioneer in hyperbaric and diving medicine and use of mixed breathing gases for diving
* Joe Savoie – Inventor of the neck dam for lightweight helmets
* Augustus Siebe – German-born British engineer mostly known for his contributions to diving equipment
* Charles Spalding – Scottish confectioner and amateur diving bell designer
* Robert Sténuit – Belgian journalist, writer, underwater archeologist and the first aquanaut.
* Arne Zetterström – Diver involved in experimental work with Hydrox breathing gas

Underwater art and artists

* Jason deCaires Taylor – British sculptor and creator of the world's first underwater sculpture park
* Christ of the Abyss – Submerged statue of Jesus Christ

Miscellaneous

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Awards and events

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See also

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References

External links

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Underwater diving
Underwater diving