Outline of space technology

Space technology is technology for use in outer space, in travel (''astronautics'') or other activities beyond Earth's atmosphere, for purposes such as spaceflight, space exploration, and Earth observing satellite, Earth observation. Space technology includes space vehicles such as spacecraft, satellites, space stations and orbital spaceflight, orbital launch vehicles; :Spacecraft communication, deep-space communication; :Spacecraft propulsion, in-space propulsion; and a wide variety of :Spaceflight technology, other technologies including support infrastructure equipment, and procedures.

The space environment is a sufficiently novel environment that attempting to work in it often requires new tools and techniques.

Many common everyday services for Earth, terrestrial use such as weather forecasting, remote sensing, satellite navigation systems, satellite television, and some long-distance communications systems critically rely on space infrastructure. Of the sciences, Outline of astronomy, astronomy and Outline of earth science, Earth science benefit from space technology. New technologies originating with or accelerated by space-related endeavors are often subsequently exploited in other economic activities.

History of space technology

The first country on Earth to put any technology into space was Soviet Union, formally known as the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" (USSR). The USSR sent the Sputnik 1 satellite on October 4, 1957. It weighed about , and is believed to have orbited around the globe. Analysis of the radio signals was used to gather information about the electron density of the ionosphere, while temperature and pressure data was encoded in the duration of radio beeps.

The first successful human spaceflight was ''Vostok 1'', carrying 27-year-old Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin in April 1961. The entire mission was controlled by either automatic systems or by Mission control center, ground control. This was because medical staff and spacecraft engineers were unsure how a human might react to weightlessness, and therefore it was decided to lock the pilot's manual controls.

The first probe to impact the surface of the Moon was the Soviet probe Luna 2, which made a hard landing on September 14, 1959. The far side of the Moon was first photographed on October 7, 1959, by the Soviet probe Luna 3.s
On December 24, 1968, the crew of Apollo 8, Frank Borman, Jim Lovell, James Lovell and William Anders, became the first human beings to enter lunar orbit and see the far side of the Moon in person. Humans first landed on the Moon on July 20, 1969. The first human to walk on the lunar surface was Neil Armstrong, commander of Apollo 11.

Apollo 11 was followed by Apollo 12, Apollo 14, 14, Apollo 15, 15, Apollo 16, 16, and Apollo 17, 17. Apollo 13 had a failure of the Apollo service module, but passed the far side of the Moon at an altitude of above the lunar surface, and 400,171 km (248,655 mi) from Earth, marking the List of spaceflight records, record for the farthest humans traveled from Earth in 1970.

The first robotic lunar rover to land on the Moon was the Soviet vessel Lunokhod 1 on November 17, 1970, as part of the Lunokhod program. To date, the last human to stand on the Moon was Eugene Cernan, who as part of the Apollo 17 mission, walked on the Moon in December 1972. Apollo 17 was followed by several uncrewed interplanetary missions operated by NASA.

One of the notable interplanetary missions is ''Voyager 1'', the first artificial object to List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System, leave our Solar System into Outer space#Interstellar space, interstellar space on August 25, 2012. It is also the most distant artificial object from Earth. The probe passed the Heliopause (astronomy)#Heliopause, heliopause at 121 Astronomical unit, AU to enter Interstellar medium, interstellar space. ''Voyager 1'' is currently at a distance of (21.708 billion kilometers; 13.489 billion miles) from Earth as of January 1, 2019.

Hazards caused by space technology

See also

* NewSpace
* Spacecraft propulsion
* Space science

References

External links

*
NASA images and videos of space technologyNASA solar system overviewSpace-Tech: To Infinity and Beyond

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