Ethiopia Ethiopia, , om, Itiyoophiyaa, so, Itoobiya, ti, ኢትዮጵያ, Ítiyop'iya, aa, Itiyoppiya officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the ...

is a landlocked

sovereign country A sovereign state or sovereign country, is a political entity represented by one central government that has supreme legitimate authority over territory. International law defines sovereign states as having a permanent population, defined terr ...

located in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west,

South Sudan South Sudan (; din, Paguot Thudän), officially the Republic of South Sudan ( din, Paankɔc Cuëny Thudän), is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia, Sudan, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the ...

to the south-west,

Kenya ) , national_anthem = " Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"() , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Nairobi , coordinates = , largest_city = Nairobi ...

to the south,

Somalia Somalia, , Osmanya script: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; ar, الصومال, aṣ-Ṣūmāl officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of thProvisional Constituti ...

to the east and

Djibouti Djibouti, ar, جيبوتي ', french: link=no, Djibouti, so, Jabuuti officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Somalia to the south, Ethiopia to the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red ...

to the north-east. Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in the world and Africa's second-most populous nation. Ethiopia has yielded some of humanity's oldest traces, making the area important in the history of

human evolution Human evolution is the evolutionary process within the history of primates that led to the emergence of '' Homo sapiens'' as a distinct species of the hominid family, which includes the great apes. This process involved the gradual development o ...

. Recent studies claim that the vicinity of present-day

Addis Ababa Addis Ababa (; am, አዲስ አበባ, , new flower ; also known as , lit. "natural spring" in Oromo), is the capital and largest city of Ethiopia. It is also served as major administrative center of the Oromia Region. In the 2007 census, t ...

was the point from which human beings migrated around the world. Ethiopian dynastic history traditionally began with the reign of Emperor Menelik I in 1000 BC. The roots of the Ethiopian state are similarly deep, dating with unbroken continuity to at least the Aksumite Empire (which adopted the name "Ethiopia" in the 4th century) and its predecessor state, D`mt (with early 1st millennium BC roots). After a period of decentralized power in the 18th and early 19th centuries known as the Zemene Mesafint ("Era of the Judges/Princes"), the country was reunited in 1855 by Kassa Hailu, who became Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, beginning Ethiopia's modern history. Ethiopia's borders underwent significant territorial expansion to its modern borders for the rest of the century,B. Holcomb & S. Ibssa, ''The Invention of Ethiopia'' (Trenton, 1990) (page no?)Jalata, ''Oromia and Ethiopia: State Formation and Ethnonational Conflict'' (page no?) especially by Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia, Menelik II and Ras Gobena, culminating in its victory over the Italians at the Battle of Adwa in 1896 with the military leadership of Ras Makonnen, and ensuring its sovereignty and freedom from colonization. It was occupied by Benito Mussolini's Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946), Fascist Italy from 1936 to 1941, ending with its liberation by British Empire and Ethiopian Patriot forces. Its eastern border also changed in 1950 from the former 1908 Convention Line to the subsequent provisional administrative line.

General reference

* Pronunciation: * Common English country name:

* Official English country name: The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia * Common endonym(s): List of countries and capitals in native languages, * Official endonym(s): List of official endonyms of present-day nations and states, * List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names#Countries and nations, Adjectival(s): Ethiopian * List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names#Countries and nations, Demonym(s): * Etymology: Name of Ethiopia * International rankings of Ethiopia * ISO country codes: ET, ETH, 231 * ISO region codes: See ISO 3166-2:ET * Internet country code top-level domain: .et

Geography of Ethiopia

Geography of Ethiopia * Ethiopia is: a landlocked country * Location: ** Eastern Hemisphere and Northern Hemisphere ** Africa *** North Africa *** East Africa **** Horn of Africa ** Time zone: East Africa Time (UTC+03) ** Extreme points of Ethiopia *** High: Ras Dashen, Ras Dejen *** Low: Denakil Depression ** Land boundaries: 5,328 km :: 723 km :: 883 km :: 1,600 km :: 912 km :: 861 km :: 349 km :* Coastline: ''none'' * Population of Ethiopia: 79,221,000 (July 2008) - List of countries by population, 15th most populous country * * Area of Ethiopia: 1,104,300 km² * :commons:Atlas of Ethiopia, Atlas of Ethiopia

Environment of Ethiopia

Environment of Ethiopia * Climate of Ethiopia * Environmental issues in Ethiopia * List of ecoregions in Ethiopia, Ecoregions in Ethiopia * Renewable energy in Ethiopia * Protected areas of Ethiopia ** List of national parks of Ethiopia, National parks of Ethiopia * Wildlife of Ethiopia ** Fauna of Ethiopia *** List of birds of Ethiopia, Birds of Ethiopia *** List of mammals of Ethiopia, Mammals of Ethiopia

Natural geographic features of Ethiopia

* Glaciers in Ethiopia: none The only List of glaciers in Africa, glaciers in Africa are on Mt Kenya (in Kenya), on Kilimanjaro (in Tanzania), and in the Ruwenzori Mountains (which are located in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo). Se
Proceedings of the Riederalp Workshop, September 1978; Actes de l'Atelier de Riederalp, septembre 1978): IAHS-AISH Publ. no. 126, 1980.
/ref> * List of islands of Ethiopia, Islands of Ethiopia * List of lakes in Ethiopia, Lakes of Ethiopia * List of mountains of Ethiopia, Mountains of Ethiopia ** List of volcanoes in Ethiopia, Volcanoes in Ethiopia * List of rivers of Ethiopia, Rivers of Ethiopia * List of World Heritage Sites in Africa#Ethiopia, World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia

Regions of Ethiopia

Ecoregions of Ethiopia

List of ecoregions in Ethiopia

Administrative divisions of Ethiopia

= Regions of Ethiopia

= Regions of Ethiopia * Afar Region, Afar * Amhara Region, Amhara * Benishangul-Gumuz Region, Benishangul-Gumuz * Gambela Region, Gambela * Harari Region, Harari * Oromia Region, Oromia * Somali Region, Somali * Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region * Tigray Region, Tigray

= Zones of Ethiopia

= Municipalities of Ethiopia

= * Capital (political), Capital of Ethiopia: Capital of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa * List of cities in Ethiopia, Cities of Ethiopia

Demography of Ethiopia

Demographics of Ethiopia

Government and politics of Ethiopia

: * Form of government: federation, federal parliamentary system, parliamentary republic * Capital (political), Capital of Ethiopia: Capital of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa * Elections in Ethiopia * List of political parties in Ethiopia, Political parties in Ethiopia

Branches of the government of Ethiopia

Government of Ethiopia

Executive branch of the government of Ethiopia

* Head of state - President of Ethiopia, Mulatu Teshome * Head of government - Prime Minister of Ethiopia, Hailemariam Desalegn * Council of Ministers (Ethiopia), Council of Ministers ** Prime Minister of Ethiopia - Hailemariam Desalegn ** Deputy Prime Ministers of Ethiopia - Debretsion Gebremichael, Demeke Mekonnen, Muktar Kedir ::#Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ethiopia), Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Tewodros Adhanom ::#Ministry of Defense (Ethiopia), Ministry of Defense - Siraj Fegesa ::#Ministry of Federal Affairs - Shiferaw Teklemariam ::#Ministry of Justice - Berhan Hailu ::#Ministry of Civil Service - Muktar Kedir ::#Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (Ethiopia), Ministry of Finance and Economic Development - Sufian Ahmed ::#Ministry of Agriculture (Ethiopia), Ministry of Agriculture - Tefera Deribew ::#Ministry of Industry - Mekonnen Manyazewal ::#Ministry of Trade and Industry - Kebede Chane ::#Ministry of Science and Technology - Desse Dalke ::#Ministry of Transport (Ethiopia), Ministry of Transport - Diriba Kuma ::#Ministry of Communications and Information Technology - Debretsion Gebremichael ::#Ministry of Urban Development and Construction - Mekuria Haile ::#Ministry of Water and Energy - Alemayehu Tegenu ::#Ministry of Mines - Sinkinesh Ejigu ::#Ministry of Education - Demeke Mekonnen ::#Ministry of Health - Keseteberhan Admasu ::#Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs (Ethiopia), Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs - Abdulfetah Abdulahi Hassen ::#Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Ethiopia), Ministry of Culture and Tourism - Amin Abdulkadir ::#Ministry of Women, Youth and Children’s Affairs - Zenebu Tadesse

Legislative branch of the government of Ethiopia

* Federal Parliamentary Assembly (bicameral) ** Upper house: House of Federation ** Lower house: House of People's Representatives

Judicial branch of the government of Ethiopia

Court system of Ethiopia

Foreign relations of Ethiopia

Foreign relations of Ethiopia * List of diplomatic missions in Ethiopia, Diplomatic missions in Ethiopia * Diplomatic missions of Ethiopia * Foreign aid to Ethiopia

International organization membership

The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is a member of: * African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States (ACP) * African Development Bank Group (AfDB) * African Union (AU) * African Union/United Nations Hybrid operation in Darfur (UNAMID) * Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) * Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) * Group of 24 (G24) * Group of 77 (G77) * Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) * International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) * International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) * International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) * International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) * International Development Association (IDA) * International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS) * International Finance Corporation (IFC) * International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) * International Labour Organization (ILO) * International Maritime Organization (IMO) * International Monetary Fund (IMF) * International Olympic Committee (IOC) * International Organization for Migration (IOM) (observer) * International Organization for Standardization (ISO) * International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM) * International Telecommunication Union (ITU) * International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO) * International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) * Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) * Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) * Nonaligned Movement (NAM) * Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) * Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) * United Nations (UN) * United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) * United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) * United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) * United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) * United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) * United Nations Operation in Cote d'Ivoire (UNOCI) * Universal Postal Union (UPU) * World Customs Organization (WCO) * World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) * World Health Organization (WHO) * World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) * World Meteorological Organization (WMO) * World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) * World Trade Organization (WTO) (observer)

Law and order in Ethiopia

: Law of Ethiopia * Constitution of Ethiopia * Human rights in Ethiopia ** LGBT rights in Ethiopia * Child marriage in Ethiopia * Ethiopian Federal Police, Law enforcement in Ethiopia

Military of Ethiopia

: Military of Ethiopia * Command ** Commander-in-chief: *** Ministry of Defense (Ethiopia), Ministry of Defence of Ethiopia * Forces ** Army of Ethiopia ** Navy of Ethiopia ** Air Force of Ethiopia * Military history of Ethiopia

Local government in Ethiopia

History of Ethiopia

History of Ethiopia *Current events of Ethiopia * Economic history of Ethiopia * Military history of Ethiopia

Culture of Ethiopia

Culture of Ethiopia * Architecture of Ethiopia * Cuisine of Ethiopia ** List of Ethiopian dishes * Languages of Ethiopia * Media in Ethiopia * National symbols of Ethiopia ** Coat of arms of Ethiopia ** Flag of Ethiopia ** National anthem of Ethiopia * People of Ethiopia * Prostitution in Ethiopia * Public holidays in Ethiopia * Religion in Ethiopia ** Christianity in Ethiopia ** Hinduism in Ethiopia ** Islam in Ethiopia ** Judaism in Ethiopia * List of World Heritage Sites in Africa#Ethiopia, World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia

Art in Ethiopia

* Cinema of Ethiopia * Music of Ethiopia

Sports in Ethiopia

Sports in Ethiopia * Football in Ethiopia * Ethiopia at the Olympics

Economy and infrastructure of Ethiopia

Economy of Ethiopia * List of countries by GDP (nominal), Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007): 98th (ninety-eighth) * Agriculture in Ethiopia ** Coffee production in Ethiopia ** Fishing in Ethiopia ** Forestry in Ethiopia * Banking in Ethiopia ** National Bank of Ethiopia * Communications in Ethiopia ** Internet in Ethiopia * Land reform in Ethiopia * List of companies of Ethiopia, Companies of Ethiopia * Currency, Currency of Ethiopia: Ethiopian birr, Birr ** ISO 4217: Ethiopian birr, ETB * Energy in Ethiopia * Health care in Ethiopia * Mining in Ethiopia * Ethiopia Stock Exchange *
Addis Ababa Stock Exchange
* Tourism in Ethiopia * Trade unions in Ethiopia * Transport in Ethiopia ** List of airports in Ethiopia, Airports in Ethiopia ** Rail transport in Ethiopia * Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia