Ottoman clothing or Ottoman fashion is the style and design of

clothing Clothing (also known as clothes, apparel, and attire) are items worn on the body. Typically, clothing is made of fabrics or textiles, but over time it has included garments made from animal skin and other thin sheets of materials and natura ...

worn during the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...

Ottoman period

While the Palace and its court dressed lavishly, the common people were only concerned with covering themselves. Starting in the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, administrators enacted

sumptuary laws Sumptuary laws (from Latin ''sūmptuāriae lēgēs'') are laws that try to regulate consumption. ''Black's Law Dictionary'' defines them as "Laws made for the purpose of restraining luxury or extravagance, particularly against inordinate expendi ...

upon clothing. The clothing of

Muslim Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abrah ...

Christians Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words ''Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρ� ...

Jew Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""T ...

ish communities, clergy, tradesmen, and state and military officials were particularly strictly regulated during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. In this period men wore outer items such as 'mintan' (a vest or short jacket), 'zıbın', 'şalvar' (trousers), 'kuşak' (a sash), 'potur', an entari or kaftan (a long robe), ' kalpak', ' sarık' on the head; 'çarık', çizme (boots), 'çedik', 'Yemeni' on the feet. The administrators and the wealthy wore

caftan A kaftan or caftan (; fa, خفتان, ) is a variant of the robe or tunic. Originating in Asia, it has been worn by a number of cultures around the world for thousands of years. In Russian usage, ''kaftan'' instead refers to a style of men's ...

s with fur lining and embroidery, whereas the middle class wore 'cübbe' (a mid-length robe) and 'hırka' (a short robe or tunic), and the poor wore collarless 'cepken' or '

yelek A yelek (also spelled ''jelick'' in older English texts) is the bodice or waistcoat of Ottoman origin, traditionally worn by women. The ''yelek'' is typically a sleeveless and collarless garment and usually has small pockets on the sides. Traditi ...

' (vest). Women's everyday wear was şalvar (trousers), a gömlek (chemise) that came down to the mid-calf or ankle, a short, fitted jacket called a zıbın, and a sash or belt tied at or just below the waist. For formal occasions, such as visiting friends, the woman added an entari or kaftan, a long robe that was cut like the zıbın apart from the length. Both zıbın and kaftan were buttoned to the waist, leaving the skirts open in front. Both garments also had buttons all the way to the throat but were often buttoned only to the underside of the bust, leaving the garments to gape open over the bust. All of these clothes could be brightly colored and patterned. However, when a woman left the house, she covered her clothes with a ferace, a dark, modestly cut robe that buttoned all the way to the throat. She also covered her hair and face with a pair of veils. Headgear was the most potent indicator of male social status. While commoners wore "külah's" covered with 'abani' or 'Yemeni', higher-ranking men wore a wide variety of turbans. 'Political crises of the 17th century were reflected as chaos in clothes. The excessively luxurious compulsion of consumption and showing off in the

Tulip Era The Tulip Period, or Tulip Era (Ottoman Turkish: لاله دورى, tr, Lâle Devri), is a period in Ottoman history from the Treaty of Passarowitz on 21 July 1718 to the Patrona Halil Revolt on 28 September 1730. This was a relatively peacef ...

lasted until the 19th century. The modernization attempts of

Mahmud II Mahmud II ( ota, محمود ثانى, Maḥmûd-u s̠ânî, tr, II. Mahmud; 20 July 1785 – 1 July 1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839. His reign is recognized for the extensive administrative, ...

in the 1830s first had its effects in the state sector. While the 'sarık' was replaced by the ' fez', the people employed in the

Sublime Porte The Sublime Porte, also known as the Ottoman Porte or High Porte ( ota, باب عالی, Bāb-ı Ālī or ''Babıali'', from ar, باب, bāb, gate and , , ), was a synecdoche for the central government of the Ottoman Empire. History The name ...

began to wear trousers, 'setre' and 'potin'.

Headwear

Ottoman headdresses indicated the status and occupation of the wearer. Royal turbans could be decorated with feathers in an ornamental

aigrette The term aigrette (; from the French for egret, or ''lesser white heron'') refers to the tufted crest or head-plumes of the egret, used for adorning a headdress. The word may also identify any similar ornament, in gems. History and description ...

. Starting from the 19th century, sultans started wearing fezzes instead of turbans. The daughters of sultans would receive luxurious jewelry when getting married, including diadems or veils with jewels embedded in them. Imperial and noble ladies would also cover their heads with small handkerchiefs and their faces with Brussels net veils. There are not a lot of records of women's clothing at the time, so artwork is used to gain some understanding. Headdresses were typically tall, pointed hats with a veil attached to them, which served to cover their faces during outings. In depictions of sultanas, their clothing is mostly fabricated with few references to what Ottoman women actually wore. A portrait of

Roxelana Hurrem Sultan (, ota, خُرّم سلطان, translit=Ḫurrem Sulṭān, tr, Hürrem Sultan, label=Modern Turkish; 1500 – 15 April 1558), also known as Roxelana ( uk, Роксолана}; ), was the chief consort and legal wife of the List o ...

depicts her wearing a pillbox-shaped headdress with decorative jewels on the border. While her headdress illustrates popular styles in Ottoman women's headwear at the time, her clothing remains very similar to European-style clothing. This was a popular way of depicting women, specifically sultanas, back then. Many factors contributed to changes in Ottoman women's garments, including the cost of materials and firmans, or royal declarations. At the beginning of the 18th century, upper-class women began wearing yashmaks, or veils that covered their faces when going out. Over time, the yashmaks became more transparent and wider with silver embroidery. As more changes were made to women’s clothing, yashmaks and feraces were seen less as garments to cover the body and instead as decorative and ornamental styles. In the 19th century, there were more extreme changes in women’s clothing. Yemenis, or headscarves, were so thin that their hair was almost all visible. Other traditional garments combined Turkish and European styles of fashion. Around the time of World War I, Turkish women began wearing headscarves tied below the chin instead of the charsaf, a robe-like dress that covered the whole body and head except for the eyes.

Tanzimat period

During the '

Tanzimat The Tanzimat (; ota, تنظيمات, translit=Tanzimāt, lit=Reorganization, ''see'' nizām) was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerif in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 187 ...

' and 'Meşrutiyet' period in the 19th century, the common people still keeping to their traditional clothing styles presented a great contrast with the administrators and the wealthy wearing 'redingot', jacket, waistcoat, boyunbağı (tie), 'mintan', sharp-pointed and high-heeled shoes. Women's clothes of the Ottoman period were observed in the 'mansions' and Palace courts. 'Entari', 'kuşak', 'şalvar', 'başörtü', 'ferace' of the 19th century continued their existence without much change. In the 16th century, women wore two-layer long 'entari' and 'tül', velvet shawl on their heads. Their outdoor clothing consisted of 'ferace' and 'yeldirme'. The simplification in the 17th century was apparent in an inner 'entari' worn under a short-sleeved, caftan-shaped outfit and the matching accessory was a belt. Women's wear becoming more showy and extravagant brought about adorned hair buns and tailoring. Tailoring in its real sense began in this period. The sense of women's wear primarily began in large residential centers such as Istanbul and İzmir in the 19th century and women gradually began to participate in social life, along with the westernization movement.

Pera Pera may refer to: Places * Pera (Beyoğlu), a district in Istanbul formerly called Pera, now called Beyoğlu ** Galata, a neighbourhood of Beyoğlu, often referred to as Pera in the past * Pêra (Caparica), a Portuguese locality in the district ...

became the center of fashion and the Paris fashion was followed by the tailors of

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

and Armenian origin. In the period of

Abdul Hamid II Abdülhamid or Abdul Hamid II ( ota, عبد الحميد ثانی, Abd ül-Hamid-i Sani; tr, II. Abdülhamid; 21 September 1842 10 February 1918) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 31 August 1876 to 27 April 1909, and the last sultan to ...

, the use of 'ferace' (a concealing outer robe shaped like a modestly cut version of the indoor dress) was replaced by 'çarşaf' of different styles. However, the rural sector continued its traditional style of clothing.

Ottoman influence on Western female dress

Interactions between Ottomans and Britons occurred throughout history, but in the 18th century, European visitors and residents in the Ottoman Empire markedly increased, and exploded in the 19th century. As such, fashion is one method to gauge the increased interactions. Historically, Europeans clothing was more delineated between male and female dress. Hose and trousers were reserved for men, and skirts were for women. Conversely, in the Ottoman Empire, the male and female dress was more similar. A common item worn by both was the şalvar, a voluminous undergarment in white fabric shaped like what is today called "harem pants". To British women traveling in the Ottoman Empire, the şalvar quickly became a symbol of freedom because they observed that Ottoman women had more rights than British women did. Lady Mary Wortley Montague (1689–1762), whose husband was the British Ambassador to Constantinople, noted in her travels in her "Embassy Letters" that Ottoman women "possessed legal property rights and protections that far surpassed the rights of Western women". These female travelers often gained an intimate view of Ottoman culture, since as women, they had easier access to the Muslim Elite harems than did men. Şalvar successfully spread into Europe at the end of the 19th century as various female suffragists and feminists used şalvar as a symbol of emancipation. Other British women of distinction, such as Lady (Janey) Archibald Campbell (1845–1923), and Lady Ottoline (Violet Anne) Morrell (1873–1938) wore şalvar "in an attempt to symbolize their refusal of traditional British standards and sexual differences". Şalvar also spread beyond Europe when Amelia Jenks Bloomer modified these "Turkish trousers" to create American "bloomers". Another area where the Ottomans influenced female Western dress was in layering. Initially, layering had a practical use for the ancestors of the Ottoman Empire, who were pastoral nomads and horse riders, and needed to wear layers to adapt to changing temperatures.Jirousek, p. 2 But as the Ottoman Empire came into being, the layering of garments would distinguish one's gender, class, or rank within particular communities, while also displaying many sumptuous fabrics, thus signaling one's wealth and status. Layering also had spiritual significance. For instance, in Islamic art, layering different patterns represents a spiritual metaphor of the divine order that seems to be incomprehensible, but is actually planned and meaningful. In Europe, in the 16th century, skirts began to have a layered appearance. Previous to the 16th century, skirts were slit only at the bottom, but now, the slit bisected the front of the skirt to reveal a contrasting layer underneath. Often, the underlayer would coordinate with a layered sleeve.Jirousek, p. 12 Hanging sleeves were also a European concept that was derived from the Ottomans, although they arrived in Europe much earlier than layered skirts. In the 12th century, religious and scholarly peoples would wear coats that had hanging sleeves, similar to Turkish-style outer kaftans. These hanging sleeves meant one could see the second layer of fabric underneath the outer layer. Although hanging sleeves had been present in Europe since the 12th century, they did not escape Lady Mary Montague's fascination in the 18th century. In a letter dated 10 March 1717, she wrote to the Countess of Marabout Hafiz (Hafsa) Sultan, a woman who was a favorite of the deposed Sultan Mustafa: "But her dress was something so surprisingly rich, that I cannot forbear describing it to you. She wore a vest called donalmá, which differs from a caftan by long sleeves and folding over the bottom. It was of purple cloth, straight to her shape, and thick-set on each side, down to her feet, and round the sleeves, with pearls of the best water, of the same size as their buttons commonly are."Inal, p. 253

Republican period

The common clothing styles prevailing in the mid 19th century imposed by religious reasons entered a transformation phase in the Republican period. In this period the 'şapka' and the following 'kılık kıyafet' reform being realized with the leadership of

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, or Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1921, and Ghazi Mustafa Kemal from 1921 Surname Law (Turkey), until 1934 ( 1881 – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish Mareşal (Turkey), field marshal, Turkish National Movement, re ...

in Kastamonu in 1925 had a full impact in Istanbul. Women's 'çarşaf' and 'peçe' were replaced by a coat, scarf, and shawl. Men began to wear hats, jackets, shirts, waistcoats, ties, trousers and shoes. With the industrialization process of the 1960s, women entered the work-life and tailors were substituted by readymade clothes industry. The contemporary fashion concept, as it is in the whole world, is apparent in both social and economic dimensions in

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula ...

as well.

Modern use

Modern Turkish designers such as Rıfat Özbek, Cemil İpekçi, Vural Gökçaylı, Yıldırım Mayruk, Sadık Kızılağaç, Hakan Elyaban, and Bahar Korçan draw inspiration from historical Ottoman designs, and Ottoman or Ottoman-inspired patterns are important to the Turkish textile industry.

Gallery

Religious garb (1878) Image:Constantinople(1878)-rabbi.png, Jewish

rabbi A rabbi () is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi – known as '' semikha'' – following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the Talmud. The basic form o ...

Image:Constantinople(1878)-Armenian patriarch.png,

Armenian Orthodox , native_name_lang = hy , icon = Armenian Apostolic Church logo.svg , icon_width = 100px , icon_alt = , image = Էջմիածնի_Մայր_Տաճար.jpg , imagewidth = 250px , a ...

patriarch Image:Constantinople(1878)-Greek priest.png,

Greek Orthodox The term Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία, ''Ellinorthódoxi Ekklisía'', ) has two meanings. The broader meaning designates "the entire body of Orthodox (Chalcedonian) Christianity, sometimes also cal ...

priest Image:Constantinople(1878)-ulema.png, Turkish Muslim

alim Alim (''ʿAlīm'' , also anglicized as ''Aleem'') is one of the Names of God in Islam, meaning "''All-knowing one''". It is also used as a personal name, as a short form of Abdul Alim, "''Servant of the All-Knowing''": Given name * Alim ad-Din ...

Image:Constantinople(1878)-begging dervis.png,

Mendicant A mendicant (from la, mendicans, "begging") is one who practices mendicancy, relying chiefly or exclusively on alms to survive. In principle, mendicant religious orders own little property, either individually or collectively, and in many inst ...

dervish Dervish, Darvesh, or Darwīsh (from fa, درویش, ''Darvīsh'') in Islam can refer broadly to members of a Sufi fraternity (''tariqah''), or more narrowly to a religious mendicant, who chose or accepted material poverty. The latter usage i ...

Image:Constantinople(1878)-dervis.png, Active dervish Everyday people (1878) Image:Constantinople(1878)-Turkish peasant.png, Turkish peasant Image:Constantinople(1878)-zeybek.png, Turkish Zeybek Image:Constantinople(1878)-New Picture (51).png, Turkish man Image:Constantinople(1878)-Turkish mrs. in house.png, Turkish woman at home Image:Constantinople(1878)-vield turk girl.png, Veiled Turkish woman Image:Constantinople(1878)-bag carrier.png, Porter Image:Constantinople(1878)-boy.png, Turkish Boy Image:Constantinople(1878)-boy2.png, Turkish boy Image:Constantinople(1878)-girl.png, Turkish girl Image:Constantinople(1878)-girl12.png, Gypsy girl Image:Constantinople(1878)-sitting on edge.png, Men aboard a ferry Image:Constantinople(1878)-types to edge2.png, Men aboard a ferry Image:Constantinople(1878)-woman.png,

Odalisque An odalisque (, tr, odalık) was a chambermaid or a female attendant in a Turkish seraglio, particularly the court ladies in the household of the Ottoman sultan. In western usage, the term came to mean the harem concubine, and refers to the ...

Image:Constantinople(1878)-woman2.png, Woman outdoors

Folk costumes in 1873

* Vilayet of Constantinople File:Les costumes populaires de la Turquie en 1873 - Partie 1 - Planche 001.jpg, 1. Burgher from Constantinople
2. Aiwas (servant) File:Les costumes populaires de la Turquie en 1873 - Partie 1 - Planche 002.jpg, 1. Caikji (boatman)
2. Sakka (water carrier)
3. Hammal (porter) File:Les costumes populaires de la Turquie en 1873 - Partie 1 - Planche 003.jpg, 1.

Mevlevi The Mevlevi Order or Mawlawiyya ( tr, Mevlevilik or Mevleviyye; fa, طریقت مولویه) is a Sufi order that originated in Konya (a city now in Turkey; formerly capital of the Seljuk Sultanate) and which was founded by the followers of Jalal ...

Dervish Dervish, Darvesh, or Darwīsh (from fa, درویش, ''Darvīsh'') in Islam can refer broadly to members of a Sufi fraternity (''tariqah''), or more narrowly to a religious mendicant, who chose or accepted material poverty. The latter usage i ...

Bektashi The Bektashi Order; sq, Tarikati Bektashi; tr, Bektaşi or Bektashism is an Islamic Sufi mystic movement originating in the 13th-century. It is named after the Anatolian saint Haji Bektash Wali (d. 1271). The community is currently led by ...

Dervish
3.

Mullah Mullah (; ) is an honorific title for Shia and Sunni Muslim clergy or a Muslim mosque leader. The term is also sometimes used for a person who has higher education in Islamic theology and sharia law. The title has also been used in some M ...

File:Les costumes populaires de la Turquie en 1873 - Partie 1 - Planche 004.jpg, 1 and 2. Turkish ladies from Constantinople
3. Turkish schoolboy File:Les costumes populaires de la Turquie en 1873 - Partie 1 - Planche 005.jpg, 1. Armenian bride
2. Jewish woman from Constantinople
3. Greek girl *

Vilayet of Adrianople The Vilayet of Adrianople or Vilayet of Edirne ( ota, ولايت ادرنه; ''Vilâyet-i Edirne'') was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire. This vilayet was split between Turkey and Greece in 1923, culminating i ...

File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_1_-_Planche_006.jpg, 1. Muslim inhabitant of

Edirne Edirne (, ), formerly known as Adrianople or Hadrianopolis ( Greek: Άδριανούπολις), is a city in Turkey, in the northwestern part of the province of Edirne in Eastern Thrace. Situated from the Greek and from the Bulgarian borders ...

2. Muslim horseman from Edirne
3. Christian artisan from Edirne File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_1_-_Planche_007.jpg, 1. Macedonian peasant from Monastir
2. Macedonian peasant woman Monastir
3. Bulgarian woman from

Shkodër Shkodër ( , ; sq-definite, Shkodra) is the fifth-most-populous city of the Republic of Albania and the seat of Shkodër County and Shkodër Municipality. The city sprawls across the Plain of Mbishkodra between the southern part of Lake Shko ...

File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_1_-_Planche_008.jpg, 1. Muslim horseman from

Plovdiv Plovdiv ( bg, Пловдив, ), is the second-largest city in Bulgaria, standing on the banks of the Maritsa river in the historical region of Thrace. It has a population of 346,893 and 675,000 in the greater metropolitan area. Plovdiv is the ...

2. Bulgarian woman from Koyountepe
3. Bulgarian woman from Ah'i Tchelebi File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_1_-_Planche_009.jpg, 1. Bulgarian woman from Ahi Tchelebi
2. Greek woman from

Haskovo Haskovo ( bg, Хасково ) is a city in the region of Northern Thrace in southern Bulgaria and the administrative centre of the Haskovo Province, not far from the borders with Greece and Turkey. According to Operative Program Regional Develo ...

3. Peasant woman from Baidjas * Vilayet of the Danube File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_1_-_Planche_010.jpg, 1: Bulgarian from

Sofia Sofia ( ; bg, София, Sofiya, ) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria. It is situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain in the western parts of the country. The city is built west of the Iskar river, and h ...

2. Bulgarian woman from Sofia File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_1_-_Planche_011.jpg, 1: Bulgarian woman from

Ruse Ruse may refer to: Places *Ruse, Bulgaria, a major city of Bulgaria **Ruse Municipality **Ruse Province ** 19th MMC – Ruse, a constituency *Ruše, a town and municipality in north-eastern Slovenia * Ruše, Žalec, a small settlement in east-cen ...

2. Christian Bulgarian from

Vidin Vidin ( bg, Видин, ; Old Romanian: Diiu) is a port city on the southern bank of the Danube in north-western Bulgaria. It is close to the borders with Romania and Serbia, and is also the administrative centre of Vidin Province, as well as ...

3. Muslim Bulgarian from Vidin * Vilayet of Prizren; Vilayet of Scutari File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_1_-_Planche_012.jpg, 1: Muslim woman from

Prizren ) , settlement_type = Municipality and city , image_skyline = Prizren Collage.jpg , imagesize = 290px , image_caption = View of Prizren , image_alt = View of Prizren , image_flag ...

2. Farmers from around Prizren
3. Christian peasant woman from Matefse File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_1_-_Planche_013.jpg, 1: Hodja from Shkodër
2. Christian priest from Shkodër File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_1_-_Planche_014.jpg, 1: Muslim lady from Shkodër
2. Christian lady from Shkodër
3. Peasant woman from Malissor File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_1_-_Planche_015.jpg, 1: Muslim from Shkodër
2. Muslim lady from Shkodër File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_1_-_Planche_016.jpg, 1: Christian from Shkodër
2. Christian lady from Shkodër File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_1_-_Planche_017.jpg, 1: Shepherd and peasant woman from Malissor * Vilayet of Janina; Vilayet of Salonica; Vilayet of Bosnia File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_1_-_Planche_018.jpg, 1: Wealthy Arnaut from

Ioannina Ioannina ( el, Ιωάννινα ' ), often called Yannena ( ' ) within Greece, is the capital and largest city of the Ioannina regional unit and of Epirus, an administrative region in north-western Greece. According to the 2011 census, the c ...

2. Wealthy Arnaut lady from Ioannina
3. Arnaut child of a wealthy family. File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_1_-_Planche_019.jpg, 1: Arnaut from Ioannina (middle class)
2. Arnaut from Ioannina (lower class) File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_1_-_Planche_020.jpg, 1: Wallachian ( Aromanian) Woman from Ioannina
2. Christian woman from

Preveza Preveza ( el, Πρέβεζα, ) is a city in the region of Epirus, northwestern Greece, located on the northern peninsula at the mouth of the Ambracian Gulf. It is the capital of the regional unit of Preveza, which is part of the region of Epiru ...

3. Peasant woman from around

Trikala Trikala ( el, Τρίκαλα; rup, Trikolj) is a city in northwestern Thessaly, Greece, and the capital of the Trikala regional unit. The city straddles the Lithaios river, which is a tributary of Pineios. According to the Greek National Stati ...

File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_1_-_Planche_021.jpg, 1: Hodja from Saloniki
2.

Hakham Bashi ''Haham Bashi'' (chachampasēs) which is explained as "μεγάλος ραβίνος" or "Grand Rabbi". * Persian: khākhāmbāšīgarī is used in the Persian version of the Ottoman Constitution of 1876. Strauss stated that there was a possibil ...

of Saloniki
3. Burgher from Monastir File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_1_-_Planche_022.jpg, 1: Muslim lady from Saloniki
2. Jewish lady from Saloniki
3. Macedonian woman from

Prilep Prilep ( mk, Прилеп ) is the fourth-largest city in North Macedonia. It has a population of 66,246 and is known as "the city under Marko's Towers" because of its proximity to the towers of Prince Marko. Name The name of Prilep appea ...

File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_1_-_Planche_023.jpg, 1: Inhabitant of

Mostar , settlement_type = City , image_skyline = Mostar (collage image).jpg , image_caption = From top, left to right: A panoramic view of the heritage town site and the Neretva river from Lučki Bridge, Koski Mehmed Pasha ...

2. Burgher from

Sarajevo Sarajevo ( ; cyrl, Сарајево, ; ''see names in other languages'') is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its administrative limits. The Sarajevo metropolitan area including Sarajevo ...

3. Lady from Sarajevo * Vilayet of Crete File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_2_-_Planche_001.jpg, 1. Christian burgher from

Chania Chania ( el, Χανιά ; vec, La Canea), also spelled Hania, is a city in Greece and the capital of the Chania regional unit. It lies along the north west coast of the island Crete, about west of Rethymno and west of Heraklion. The muni ...

2. Christian horseman from Chania
3. Muslim lady from Chania File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_2_-_Planche_002.jpg, 1. Female Christian villager from Chania
2. Christian villager from Chania
3. Inhabitant of

Sfakia Sfakiá ( el, Σφακιά) is a mountainous area in the southwestern part of the island of Crete, in the Chania regional unit. It is considered to be one of the few places in Greece that have never been fully occupied by foreign powers. With a ...

Vilayet of the Archipelago The Vilayet of the Archipelago ( ota, ولايت جزائر بحر سفيد, ;"Vilayet of the Islands of the Mediterranean Sea") was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire extant from 1867 to 1912–13, including, at ...

File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_2_-_Planche_003.jpg, 1. Muslim Artisan man and woman from Çanakkale File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_2_-_Planche_004.jpg, 1. Yorouk (nomad) from

Biga Biga may refer to: Places * Biga, Çanakkale, a town and district of Çanakkale Province in Turkey * Sanjak of Biga, an Ottoman province * Biga Çayı, a river in Çanakkale Province * Biga Peninsula, a peninsula in Turkey, in the northwest par ...

2. Christian inhabitant of

Chios Chios (; el, Χίος, Chíos , traditionally known as Scio in English) is the fifth largest Greek island, situated in the northern Aegean Sea. The island is separated from Turkey by the Chios Strait. Chios is notable for its exports of mast ...

3. Christian from

Lemnos Lemnos or Limnos ( el, Λήμνος; grc, Λῆμνος) is a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea. Administratively the island forms a separate municipality within the Lemnos regional unit, which is part of the North Aegean region. The p ...

File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_2_-_Planche_005.jpg, 1. Yorouk woman from Biga
2. Christian woman from Chios
3. Christian woman from Lemnos File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_2_-_Planche_006.jpg, 1. Muslim from

Rhodes Rhodes (; el, Ρόδος , translit=Ródos ) is the largest and the historical capital of the Dodecanese islands of Greece. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the S ...

2. Muslim lady from Rhodes File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_2_-_Planche_007.jpg, 1. Jew from Rhodes
2. Jewish woman from Rhodes File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_2_-_Planche_008.jpg, 1. Christian inhabitant of

Lesbos Lesbos or Lesvos ( el, Λέσβος, Lésvos ) is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It has an area of with approximately of coastline, making it the third largest island in Greece. It is separated from Asia Minor by the nar ...

2. Christian woman from Lesbos
3. Christian woman from

Symi Symi, also transliterated as Syme or Simi ( el, Σύμη), is a Greek island and municipality. It is mountainous and includes the harbor town of Symi and its adjacent upper town Ano Symi, as well as several smaller localities, beaches, and areas ...

File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_2_-_Planche_009.jpg, 1. Christian inhabitant of

Famagusta Famagusta ( , ; el, Αμμόχωστος, Ammóchostos, ; tr, Gazimağusa or ) is a city on the east coast of Cyprus. It is located east of Nicosia and possesses the deepest harbour of the island. During the Middle Ages (especially under t ...

2. Christian woman from Famagusta
3. Greek religious man of the Tchiko Monastery, near

Lefka Lefka ( el, Λεύκα; tr, Lefke) is a town in Cyprus, overlooking Morphou Bay. It is under the ''de facto'' control of Northern Cyprus. In 2011, the town proper had 3,009 inhabitants. It is the capital of the Lefke District of Northern Cyprus ...

* Vilayet of Hudavendigar File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_001.jpg, 1. Turkmen from around

Bursa ( grc-gre, Προῦσα, Proûsa, Latin: Prusa, ota, بورسه, Arabic:بورصة) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the administrative center of Bursa Province. The fourth-most populous city in Turkey and second-most populous in the ...

File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_002.jpg, 1. Peasant man and woman from around Bursa (wearing wedding clothing)
2. Seis (horse groom) File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_003.jpg, 1. Jew and Jewish woman from Bursa * Vilayet of Aydın File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_004.jpg, 1. Zeibek
2. Artisan from

Aydın Aydın ( ''EYE-din''; ; formerly named ''Güzelhisar'', Ancient and Modern Greek: Τράλλεις /''Tralleis''/) is a city in and the seat of Aydın Province in Turkey's Aegean Region. The city is located at the heart of the lower valley of ...

File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_005.jpg, 1. Christian merchant from Aydın
2.

Haham ''Hakham'' (or ''chakam(i), haham(i), hacham(i)''; he, חכם ', "wise") is a term in Judaism, meaning a wise or skillful man; it often refers to someone who is a great Torah scholar. It can also refer to any cultured and learned person: "He ...

from Izmir
3. Burgher from

Manisa Manisa (), historically known as Magnesia, is a city in Turkey's Aegean Region and the administrative seat of Manisa Province. Modern Manisa is a booming center of industry and services, advantaged by its closeness to the international port ci ...

File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_006.jpg, 1. Muslim lady from Manisa
2. Muslim lady from Izmir * Vilayet of Konia File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_007.jpg, 1. Christian from

Konya Konya () is a major city in central Turkey, on the southwestern edge of the Central Anatolian Plateau, and is the capital of Konya Province. During antiquity and into Seljuk times it was known as Iconium (), although the Seljuks also called it D ...

2. Muslim horseman from Konya
3. Inhabitant of

Elmalı Elmalı is a town and district in Antalya Province, the Mediterranean region of Turkey. It lies about inland, near the town of Korkuteli and west of the city of Antalya. In 2007, the population for the whole district was 36.213, of which 14,0 ...

File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_008.jpg, 1. Armenian Priest from Konya
2. Mullah from Konya
3. Greek Priest from Konya File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_009.jpg, 1. Burgher from Konya
2. Greek woman from

Burdur Burdur is a city in southwestern Turkey. The seat of Burdur Province, it is located on the shore of Lake Burdur. Its estimated 2010 population is 78,389. History Ancient history Whilst there is evidence of habitation in the province dating ...

3. Muslim woman from Burdur File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_010.jpg, 1. Armenian woman from Burdur
2. Turkmen woman from Karie de Outmouk
3. Kurdish woman from Sarıkaya * Vilayet of Ankara File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_011.jpg, 1. Muslim Artisan from

Ankara Ankara ( , ; ), historically known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of Turkey. Located in the central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and over 5.7 million in Ankara Province, maki ...

2. Christian Artisan from Ankara
3. Kurd from around

Yozgat Yozgat is a city and the capital district of Yozgat Province in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. According to 2019 census, population of the district is 421,200 of which 106,280 live in the city of Yozgat. History The first surveys were ...

File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_012.jpg, 1.

Bashi-bazouk A bashi-bazouk ( ota, باشی بوزوق , , , roughly "leaderless" or "disorderly") was an irregular soldier of the Ottoman army, raised in times of war. The army chiefly recruited Albanians and Circassians as bashi-bazouks, but recruits ...

from Ankara
2. Muslim peasant from around Ankara
3. Muslim peasant woman from around Ankara File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_013.jpg, 1. Kurdish woman from around Yozgat
2. Female Christian artisan from Ankara
3. Muslim female artisan from Ankara * Vilayet of Kastamonu File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_014.jpg, 1. Turkish worker from

Kastamonu Kastamonu is the capital district of the Kastamonu Province, Turkey. According to the 2000 census, population of the district is 102,059 of which 64,606 live in the urban center of Kastamonu. (Population of the urban center in 2010 is 91,012.) The ...

2. Peasant from

Safranbolu Safranbolu () is a town and district of Karabük Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is about 9 km north of the city of Karabük, north of Ankara and about 100 km south of the Black Sea coast. The town's historic names in G ...

3. Kurd from

Viranşehir Viranşehir ( ku, Wêranşar) is a market town serving a cotton-growing area of Şanlıurfa Province, in southeastern Turkey, 93 km east of the city Şanlıurfa and 53 km north-west of Ceylanpınar at the Syrian border. In Late Antiquit ...

Vilayet of Sivas The Vilayet of Sivas (, ota, ولايت سيوس, Vilâyet-i Sivas) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire, and was one of the Six Armenian vilayets. The vilayet was bordered by Erzurum Vilayet to the east, ...

File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_015.jpg, 1. Turkish woman from

Osmancık Osmancık is a district of Çorum Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey, located 59 km north of the city of Çorum. Geography Located on an important crossing of the River Kızılırmak on the ancient Silk Road to the orient, Osmancık ...

2. Muslim artisan from

Amasya Amasya () is a city in northern Turkey and is the capital of Amasya Province, in the Black Sea Region. It was called Amaseia or Amasia in antiquity."Amasya" in ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 15th ...

3. Christian lady from

Tokat Tokat is the capital city of Tokat Province of Turkey in the mid- Black Sea region of Anatolia. It is located at the confluence of the Tokat River (Tokat Suyu) with the Yeşilırmak. In the 2018 census, the city of Tokat had a population of 155, ...

File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_016.jpg, 1. Muslim woman from

Sivas Sivas (Latin and Greek: ''Sebastia'', ''Sebastea'', Σεβάστεια, Σεβαστή, ) is a city in central Turkey and the seat of Sivas Province. The city, which lies at an elevation of in the broad valley of the Kızılırmak river, is ...

2. Armenian woman from Sivas
3. Kurdish woman from around Sivas * Vilayet of Trebizond File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_017.jpg, 1. Muslim from

Trabzon Trabzon (; Ancient Greek: Tραπεζοῦς (''Trapezous''), Ophitic Pontic Greek: Τραπεζούντα (''Trapezounta''); Georgian: ტრაპიზონი (''Trapizoni'')), historically known as Trebizond in English, is a city on the B ...

2. Muslim peasant woman from around Trabzon
3. Laz man File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_018.jpg, 1. Muslim lady from Trabzon (indoor dress)
2. The same (outdoor dress) * Vilayet of Erzerum File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_019.jpg, 1. Worker from around

Erzurum Erzurum (; ) is a city in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. It is the largest city and capital of Erzurum Province and is 1,900 meters (6,233 feet) above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 367,250 in 2010. The city uses the double-headed eagle as ...

2. Muslim woman from

Van A van is a type of road vehicle used for transporting goods or people. Depending on the type of van, it can be bigger or smaller than a pickup truck and SUV, and bigger than a common car. There is some varying in the scope of the word across th ...

3. Armenian woman from Van File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_020.jpg, 1. Armenian priest from Akhtamar
2. Kurdish horseman from Hakkâri
3. Kurdish piade (foot soldier) from Hakkâri * Vilayet of Diyarbekir File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_021.jpg, 1. Muslim from

Diyarbakır Diyarbakır (; ; ; ) is the largest Kurdish-majority city in Turkey. It is the administrative center of Diyarbakır Province. Situated around a high plateau by the banks of the Tigris river on which stands the historic Diyarbakır Fortres ...

2. Christian from Diyarbakır
3. from

Palu Palu, which is officially known as the City of Palu ( Indonesian: ''Kota Palu''), is the capital and largest city of Central Sulawesi. Palu is located on the northwestern coast of Sulawesi and borders Donggala Regency to the north and west, Par ...

File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_022.jpg, 1. Muslim lady from Diyarbakır.
2. Christian lady from Diyarbakır
3. A woman from Palu File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_023.jpg, 1. Shepherd from around Diyarbakır
2. A Turk from

Cizre Cizre (; ar, جَزِيْرَة ٱبْن عُمَر, Jazīrat Ibn ʿUmar, or ''Madinat al-Jazira'', he, גזירא, Gzira, ku, Cizîr, ''Cizîra Botan'', or ''Cizîre'', syr, ܓܙܪܬܐ ܕܒܪ ܥܘܡܪ, Gāzartā,) is a city in the Cizre Di ...

3. Turk from around

Mardin Mardin ( ku, Mêrdîn; ar, ماردين; syr, ܡܪܕܝܢ, Merdīn; hy, Մարդին) is a city in southeastern Turkey. The capital of Mardin Province, it is known for the Artuqid architecture of its old city, and for its strategic location ...

File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_024.jpg, 1. Muslim lady from Sa'nt (indoor clothing)
2. The same (outdoor clothing)
3. Turkish woman from

Elazığ Elazığ () is a city in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey, and the administrative centre of Elazığ Province and Elazığ District. It is located in the uppermost Euphrates valley. The plain on which the city extends has an altitude of . ...

* Vilayet of Adana; Vilayet of Aleppo File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_025.jpg, 1.

Bedouin The Bedouin, Beduin, or Bedu (; , singular ) are nomadic Arabs, Arab tribes who have historically inhabited the desert regions in the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, the Levant, and Mesopotamia. The Bedouin originated in the Syrian Desert ...

from the vilayet of

Aleppo )), is an adjective which means "white-colored mixed with black". , motto = , image_map = , mapsize = , map_caption = , image_map1 = ...

2. Bedouin woman from the vilayet of Aleppo
3. Jewish lady from Aleppo File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_026.jpg, 1. Muslim from around

Adana Adana (; ; ) is a major city in southern Turkey. It is situated on the Seyhan River, inland from the Mediterranean Sea. The administrative seat of Adana province, it has a population of 2.26 million. Adana lies in the heart of Cilicia, wh ...

2. Muslim woman from around Tarsus
3. Inhabitant of Hadjin * Vilayet of Syria File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_027.jpg, 1. Christian inhabitant of

Beirut Beirut, french: Beyrouth is the capital and largest city of Lebanon. , Greater Beirut has a population of 2.5 million, which makes it the third-largest city in the Levant region. The city is situated on a peninsula at the midpoint o ...

(summer dress)
2. Muslim lady from Beirut
3. Christian lady from Beirut (winter dress) File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_028.jpg, 1. Muslim from Lebanon
2. Muslim woman from Lebanon File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_029.jpg, 1. Christian mountain dweller, from

Zahlé Zahlé ( ar, زَحْلة) is the capital and the largest city of Beqaa Governorate, Lebanon. With around 150,000 inhabitants, it is the third-largest city in Lebanon after Beirut and Tripoli and the fourth largest taking the whole urban area ...

(Lebanon)
2. Christian mountain dweller, from

Zgharta Zgharta ( ar, زغرتا, syc, ܙܓܪܬܐ), also spelled Zghorta, is a city in North Lebanon, with an estimated population of around 50,000. It is the second biggest city in Northern Lebanon after Tripoli. Zgharta is about 150 metres above se ...

(Lebanon)
3.

Druze The Druze (; ar, دَرْزِيٌّ, ' or ', , ') are an Arabic-speaking esoteric ethnoreligious group from Western Asia who adhere to the Druze faith, an Abrahamic, monotheistic, syncretic, and ethnic religion based on the teachings of ...

from Lebanon File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_030.jpg, 1. Christian woman from Zahlé (Lebanon)
2. Christian woman from Zgharta (Lebanon)
3. Druze woman from Lebanon File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_031.jpg, 1. Bedouin from

Mount Lebanon Mount Lebanon ( ar, جَبَل لُبْنَان, ''jabal lubnān'', ; syr, ܛܘܪ ܠܒ݂ܢܢ, ', , ''ṭūr lewnōn'' french: Mont Liban) is a mountain range in Lebanon. It averages above in elevation, with its peak at . Geography The Mount Le ...

.
2. Bedouin woman from Lebanon File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_032.jpg, 1.

Fellah A fellah ( ar, فَلَّاح ; feminine ; plural ''fellaheen'' or ''fellahin'', , ) is a peasant, usually a farmer or agricultural laborer in the Middle East and North Africa. The word derives from the Arabic word for "ploughman" or "tiller". ...

from around

Damascus )), is an adjective which means "spacious". , motto = , image_flag = Flag of Damascus.svg , image_seal = Emblem of Damascus.svg , seal_type = Seal , map_caption = , ...

2. Druze from around Damascus
3. Arab nomad woman from the Ourban tribe File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_033.jpg, 1. Fellah woman from around Damascus
2. Druze woman from around Damascus
3. Lady from Damascus File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_034.jpg, 1. Christian artisan from Belka
2. Artisan woman from Belka
3. Peasant Muslim woman from around Belka File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_035.jpg, 1. Shopkeeper from Belka
2. Fellah from around Belka
3. Muslim artisan from Belka File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_036.jpg, 1. Jew from

Jerusalem Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...

2. Jewish woman from Jerusalem File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_037.jpg, 1. Arab lady from Jerusalem
2. Fellah from around Jerusalem
3. Fellah woman from around Jerusalem * Vilayets of

Baghdad Baghdad (; ar, بَغْدَاد , ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon and the Sassanid Persian capital of Ctesiphon ...

;

Hejaz The Hejaz (, also ; ar, ٱلْحِجَاز, al-Ḥijāz, lit=the Barrier, ) is a region in the west of Saudi Arabia. It includes the cities of Mecca, Medina, Jeddah, Tabuk, Yanbu, Taif, and Baljurashi. It is also known as the "Western Prov ...

;

Yemen Yemen (; ar, ٱلْيَمَن, al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen,, ) is a country in Western Asia. It is situated on the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula, and borders Saudi Arabia to the north and Oman to the northeast and ...

;

Tripolitania Tripolitania ( ar, طرابلس '; ber, Ṭrables, script=Latn; from Vulgar Latin: , from la, Regio Tripolitana, from grc-gre, Τριπολιτάνια), historically known as the Tripoli region, is a historic region and former province o ...

File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_038.jpg, 1. Arab woman of the Shammar tribe
2. Arab Zobeid woman
3. Muslim lady from

File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_039.jpg, 1. A'alim from

Mecca Mecca (; officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah ()) is a city and administrative center of the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia, and the holiest city in Islam. It is inland from Jeddah on the Red Sea, in a narrow v ...

2. Inhabitant from Djeaddele (environs of Mecca)
3. Baveri of the guard of the Sharif of Mecca File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_040.jpg, 1. Kabyle of the

Harb tribe Harb ( ar, حرب) is a predominantly Arabian tribe in the Arabian peninsula. It is originally a Qahtanite tribe. Several authentic sources on Arab tribes genealogy state that the great-grandfather of Harb tribe is Harb ibn Saad ibn Saad ibn Khawla ...

(environs of Medina)
2. Kabyle woman of the Harb tribe (environs of Medina)
3. Muslim woman from Djeaddele (environs of Mecca) File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_041.jpg, 1. A'alim from

Al Hudaydah Al-Hudaydah ( ar, الْحُدَيْدَة, al-ḥudayda), also transliterated as Hodeda, Hodeida, Hudaida or Hodeidah, is the fourth-largest city in Yemen and its principal port on the Red Sea. As of 2004, its population was 402,560 and it is ...

2. Burgher from Al Hudaydah
3. Muslim lady from

Sana'a Sanaa ( ar, صَنْعَاء, ' , Yemeni Arabic: ; Old South Arabian: 𐩮𐩬𐩲𐩥 ''Ṣnʿw''), also spelled Sana'a or Sana, is the capital and largest city in Yemen and the centre of Sanaa Governorate. The city is not part of the Gover ...

File:Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_3_-_Planche_042.jpg, 1. Shopkeeper from Mocha
2. Muslim lady from Mecca
3. Moorish girl from Tripoli

Notes

References

* * * . * * .

External links

NYPL Digital Gallery — Album of Turkish Costume Paintings
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ottoman Clothing History of Asian clothing Folk costumes