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The Odia script ( or, ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅକ୍ଷର, Odiā akṣara, translit-std=ISO) is a Brahmic script used to write primarily Odia language and others including Sanskrit and other regional languages. The script has developed over more than 1000 years from a variant of Siddhaṃ script which was used in Eastern India, where the characteristic top line transformed into a distinct round umbrella shape due to the influence of Palm-leaf manuscript, palm leaf manuscripts and also being influenced by the neighbouring scripts from the Western and Southern regions.
Odia is a syllabic alphabet or an abugida wherein all consonants have an inherent vowel embedded within. Diacritics (which can appear above, below, before, or after the consonant they belong to) are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When vowels appear at the beginning of a syllable, they are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol.
An important feature of the Odia language seen in the script is the retention of inherent vowel in consonants, also known as schwa, at both medial and final positions. This absence of Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages, schwa deletion, which is also seen in Sanskrit, marks it from the rest of modern Indo-Aryan languages and their equivalent usage in related Brahmic scripts. The absence of the inherent vowel in the consonant is marked by a virama or halanta sign below the consonant.
The curved appearance of the Odia script is a result of the practice of writing on palm leaves, which have a tendency to tear with the use of too many straight lines.
As with all the Brahmic scripts in the region, the Odia script developed through four stages which can be seen from the stone inscriptions, copper-plates and the manuscripts. The periods of development are in the following order,
# Proto-Odia: ca 7th- 9th CE
# Medieval Odia: ca 10th- 12th CE
# Transitional Odia: ca 12th- 14th CE
# Modern(current) Odia: ca 14th- 16th CE
The archaic and medieval forms of Odia are more influenced by the calligraphy of the scripts of neighbouring regions, such as,
# In Northern Odisha-where the letters are written in Odia, mixed in with Siddhaṃ script, Siddham-derived Gaudi style(that is the right vertical part of the letter is slightly bent inwards).
# In southern Odisha-where it is mixed with Telugu-Kannada alphabet, Telugu-Kannada round, cursive form.
# In Western Odisha. Where it is mixed with Nāgarī script, Nagari and Siddhaṃ script, Siddham(squarish shape in upper-part).
With regards to the epigraphical sources, the antiquities which display the various historical forms of writing in Odia script include rock-edicts, temple inscriptions, stone-slabs, pillar inscriptions, sculptures, copper-plates, coins and palm-leaf manuscripts, illustrated manuscripts, ivory plates and allied materials. Numerous instances of the items depicting all the respective stages of the development of the Odia script during the illustrious dynasties of Eastern Ganga dynasty, Eastern Ganga, Somavamshi dynasty, Somavanshi, Bhanja, Bhauma-Kara dynasty, Bhauma-kara, Shailodbhava dynasty, Sailodbhava dynasties.
Some of them belonging to different centuries are as follows-
# One of the earliest specimens of the Odia script is that of the Urjam inscription dating from the 11th CE (1051 CE). The language used in the inscriptions is a dialect spoken on the border regions of Odisha and Madhya Pradesh. The same applies to a bilingual and biscriptual stone inscription (Odia and Tamil) from the reign of Narasingha Deva I, Narasimhadeva (13th CE), found at Bhubaneswar. Odia language in old Odia script is seen on the right side while Tamil in Grantha on the left side.
# The Gumsur copper-plate grant of Netribhanjadeva (11th CE) depicts the medieval phase of this script in square and round variety.
# The stone inscription of the Pottesvara temple, Ganjam district (137 CE), is a notable example of Odia script influenced by Telugu-Kannada variety.
# The Antirigam plate of Yashabhanjadeva (12th CE) depicts Odia calligraphy influenced by northern Nagari. The differences in letters script seems to indicate of the script being in a transitional phase.
# Khilor inscription of Anantavarman Chodaganga, Anantavarman (12th CE) shows the Gaudi script, Gaudi or Proto-Oriya script round shape on the upper part, almost developed like the modern ones.
# The early epigraphical records of the Puri inscriptions of Anangabhima Deva III, Anangabhima III(1211-1238 CE), which is considered to be as one of the earliest Odia inscriptions showing the Gaudi characters, not only shows the stage of the proto, early and medieval phase if the evolution of the Odia script, but also the numericals in early proto-Oriya type while others to be that of the Telugu-Kannada type. The earlier inscription of Anantavarman Chodaganga, Chodagangadeva (1114-1115 CE) shows the Late Siddhaṃ script, Siddhaṃ variety where the pristhamatra style of vowel diacritics is quite prominent.
# In the records of Kenduapatna copper-plates in Sanskrit of the Eastern Ganga King Narasimhadeva II(1278-1305 CE), a transitional variety is seen depicting the development of Odia from Gaudi (showing squarish with round headlines in a ductus that is quite commonly seen on copper-plates and stone inscriptions).
# The copper-plate land-grant record of the Gajapati Kingdom, Gajapati King Purushottama Deva, Purushottamadeva (15th CE), inscribed on a copper axe-head, shows the distinct early version of the modern Odia script which are also seen on the palm-leaves manuscripts belonging to the 15th CE.
With regards to the manuscript sources, the full-fledged script of Odia acquires its classical umbrella hook shape through the development, modification as well as simplification between the 14th and 15th CE, when the palm-leaf manuscript culture becomes dominant in this region. Since the palm-leaves are perishable in nature, no manuscripts are currently available pre-15th CE. Hence, recent works are also important as they show the rare and ancient text as well as artistic illustrations. One of the earliest dated palm-leaf manuscripts is that of Abhinava Gita-Govinda kept in Odisha State Museum. The date of completion of the manuscript is estimated to be that of 1494 CE. Among other manuscripts present at the museum, includes historical works like manuscripts of Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda, Gita-Govinda (16th CE) to the relatively recent works of 18th,19th and 20th century.
Overwhelmingly, the Odia script was used to write the Odia language. However, it has been used as a regional writing-system for Sanskrit Language, Sanskrit. Furthermore, Grierson in his famed ''Linguistic Survey of India'' mentioned that the Odia script is sometimes used for Chhattisgarhi language, Chhattisgarhi, an Eastern Hindi language, in the eastern border regions of Chhattisgarh. However it appears to have been replaced with the Devanagari script.
Odia is a alphasyllabic alphabet or an abugida wherein all consonants have an inherent vowel embedded within. Diacritics (which can appear above, below, before or after the consonant they belong to) are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When vowels appear at the beginning of a syllable, they are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used to combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol. The list of vowels and consonants(both structured and unstructured) are as follows:
Two categories of consonant letters (ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ byan̄jana) are defined in Odia: the structured consonants (ବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ bargya byan̄jana) and the unstructured consonants (ଅବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ abargya byan̄jana).
The first standardised Odia alphabet book was compiled by Madhusudan Rao named Barnabodha in 1895. As seen from the alphabet list, the phonemes ''Ba'', ''Va'' and ''Wa'' were represented by the same letter ବ, with the sound ''Va'' & ''Wa'' being represented by the name abargya ba (ଅବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ). This can be seen in Barnabodha in 1896. This was because the phonemes ''Ba'' and ''Va'' merged in the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages and was represented by the same letter, in case of Odia- ବ. While the phoneme ''Wa'' existed through the consonant ligature symbol, which it shared with ''Ba''- ୍ୱ (ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ- swādhīna). Gopala Chandra Praharaj, who compiled and published the first comprehensive Odia dictionary, Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha(1931-40), introduced a new letter ୱ to the script inventory to represent the phonetic sound of ''Wa'' in order to distinguish it from the same symbol which it earlier shared with ''Ba''. While an alternate letter for ''Wa'' was represented by ଵ, but has not gained full acceptance and instead Praharaj's letter has remained the widely used and recognised letter.
List of diacritic signs and punctuation marks present in languages with Brahmi-derived scripts.
Clusters of two or more consonants form a Typographical ligature, ligature. Basically Odia has two types of such consonant ligatures. The "northern" type is formed by fusion of two or more consonants as in northern scripts like Devanāgarī (but to a lesser extent also in the Malayalam script in the south). In some instances the components can be easily identified, but sometimes completely new glyphs are formed. With the "southern" type the second component is reduced in size and put under the first as in the southern scripts used for Kannada script, and Telugu script, Telugu (and to some extent also for Malayalam script).
List of diacritic signs and punctuation marks present in languages with Brahmi-derived scripts.
The following table lists all conjunct forms. (Different Typeface, fonts may use different ligatures.)
Karani script (କରଣୀ ଅକ୍ଷର) (also Chata script ଛଟା ଅକ୍ଷର) was a cursive/calligraphic style variant of the Odia script developed by the Karan (caste), Karana (କରଣ) community, the scribes (professional writer-class) of the Odia royal courts. It was used in the pre-Independence Orissa (Odisha) region in South Asia and was primarily used by the Karana community who were working for administrative purposes, documentation and keeping records in the royal courts of the Odia princely states (Orissa Tributary States). The name Karani is derived from the metal stylus, Karani that was used for writing on palm leaf.
Fraction symbols are obsolete post decimalisation on 1 April 1957.
File:Odia palm leaf manuscipt.JPG, Palm leaf manuscript written in Odia language
File:Odia palm leaf manuscript.JPG, Palm leaf manuscript written in Odia language
File:Palm leaf -jatak ତାଳ ପତ୍ର ଜାତକ.jpg, Palm leaf-jatak manuscript
File:Jataka.jpg, Jataka or Horoscope
File:Palm leaf manuscript of Draupadi Lakhabindha in Odia.jpg, Palm leaf manuscript of Draupadi Lakhabindha in Odia
File:14th-century Adhyatma Ramayana manuscript, Sanskrit, Oriya script.jpg, 14th-century Adhyatma Ramayana manuscript written in Sanskrit, Odia script
File:Dahuka boli.jpeg, Dahuka boli
File:Guru Gita, Skanda Purana, Sanskrit, Oriya script.jpg, Guru Gita, Skanda Purana, Sanskrit, Odia script
File:OriyaBK1 001.jpg, Odia manuscript
File:OriyaBK1 004.jpg, Odia manuscript
File:OriyaBK1 005.jpg, Odia manuscript
File:Odia calligraphy esabada Odia magazine eodissa.jpg, Odia calligraphy
File:Barnabodha (1896).pdf, Barnabodha by Madhusudan Rao,1896
The Unicode Standard: Chapter 9
– South and Southeast Asian Scripts (PDF)
– From Omniglot {{DEFAULTSORT:Odia alphabet Odia culture Odia language Brahmic scripts Articles containing video clips Linguistic history of India Officially used writing systems of India
History
In Eastern India, a derivative of Siddhaṃ script yielded a group of scripts that eventually became Bengali-Assamese scripts, Tirhuta script and the Odia script, with the latter turning the hook into a characteristic umbrella. The earliest known example of Odia language, in the Kalinga script, dates from 1051.
The curved appearance of the Odia script is a result of the practice of writing on palm leaves, which have a tendency to tear with the use of too many straight lines.
As with all the Brahmic scripts in the region, the Odia script developed through four stages which can be seen from the stone inscriptions, copper-plates and the manuscripts. The periods of development are in the following order,
# Proto-Odia: ca 7th- 9th CE
# Medieval Odia: ca 10th- 12th CE
# Transitional Odia: ca 12th- 14th CE
# Modern(current) Odia: ca 14th- 16th CE
The archaic and medieval forms of Odia are more influenced by the calligraphy of the scripts of neighbouring regions, such as,
# In Northern Odisha-where the letters are written in Odia, mixed in with Siddhaṃ script, Siddham-derived Gaudi style(that is the right vertical part of the letter is slightly bent inwards).
# In southern Odisha-where it is mixed with Telugu-Kannada alphabet, Telugu-Kannada round, cursive form.
# In Western Odisha. Where it is mixed with Nāgarī script, Nagari and Siddhaṃ script, Siddham(squarish shape in upper-part).
With regards to the epigraphical sources, the antiquities which display the various historical forms of writing in Odia script include rock-edicts, temple inscriptions, stone-slabs, pillar inscriptions, sculptures, copper-plates, coins and palm-leaf manuscripts, illustrated manuscripts, ivory plates and allied materials. Numerous instances of the items depicting all the respective stages of the development of the Odia script during the illustrious dynasties of Eastern Ganga dynasty, Eastern Ganga, Somavamshi dynasty, Somavanshi, Bhanja, Bhauma-Kara dynasty, Bhauma-kara, Shailodbhava dynasty, Sailodbhava dynasties.
Some of them belonging to different centuries are as follows-
# One of the earliest specimens of the Odia script is that of the Urjam inscription dating from the 11th CE (1051 CE). The language used in the inscriptions is a dialect spoken on the border regions of Odisha and Madhya Pradesh. The same applies to a bilingual and biscriptual stone inscription (Odia and Tamil) from the reign of Narasingha Deva I, Narasimhadeva (13th CE), found at Bhubaneswar. Odia language in old Odia script is seen on the right side while Tamil in Grantha on the left side.
# The Gumsur copper-plate grant of Netribhanjadeva (11th CE) depicts the medieval phase of this script in square and round variety.
# The stone inscription of the Pottesvara temple, Ganjam district (137 CE), is a notable example of Odia script influenced by Telugu-Kannada variety.
# The Antirigam plate of Yashabhanjadeva (12th CE) depicts Odia calligraphy influenced by northern Nagari. The differences in letters script seems to indicate of the script being in a transitional phase.
# Khilor inscription of Anantavarman Chodaganga, Anantavarman (12th CE) shows the Gaudi script, Gaudi or Proto-Oriya script round shape on the upper part, almost developed like the modern ones.
# The early epigraphical records of the Puri inscriptions of Anangabhima Deva III, Anangabhima III(1211-1238 CE), which is considered to be as one of the earliest Odia inscriptions showing the Gaudi characters, not only shows the stage of the proto, early and medieval phase if the evolution of the Odia script, but also the numericals in early proto-Oriya type while others to be that of the Telugu-Kannada type. The earlier inscription of Anantavarman Chodaganga, Chodagangadeva (1114-1115 CE) shows the Late Siddhaṃ script, Siddhaṃ variety where the pristhamatra style of vowel diacritics is quite prominent.
# In the records of Kenduapatna copper-plates in Sanskrit of the Eastern Ganga King Narasimhadeva II(1278-1305 CE), a transitional variety is seen depicting the development of Odia from Gaudi (showing squarish with round headlines in a ductus that is quite commonly seen on copper-plates and stone inscriptions).
# The copper-plate land-grant record of the Gajapati Kingdom, Gajapati King Purushottama Deva, Purushottamadeva (15th CE), inscribed on a copper axe-head, shows the distinct early version of the modern Odia script which are also seen on the palm-leaves manuscripts belonging to the 15th CE.
With regards to the manuscript sources, the full-fledged script of Odia acquires its classical umbrella hook shape through the development, modification as well as simplification between the 14th and 15th CE, when the palm-leaf manuscript culture becomes dominant in this region. Since the palm-leaves are perishable in nature, no manuscripts are currently available pre-15th CE. Hence, recent works are also important as they show the rare and ancient text as well as artistic illustrations. One of the earliest dated palm-leaf manuscripts is that of Abhinava Gita-Govinda kept in Odisha State Museum. The date of completion of the manuscript is estimated to be that of 1494 CE. Among other manuscripts present at the museum, includes historical works like manuscripts of Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda, Gita-Govinda (16th CE) to the relatively recent works of 18th,19th and 20th century.
Overwhelmingly, the Odia script was used to write the Odia language. However, it has been used as a regional writing-system for Sanskrit Language, Sanskrit. Furthermore, Grierson in his famed ''Linguistic Survey of India'' mentioned that the Odia script is sometimes used for Chhattisgarhi language, Chhattisgarhi, an Eastern Hindi language, in the eastern border regions of Chhattisgarh. However it appears to have been replaced with the Devanagari script.
Alphabet
Odia is a alphasyllabic alphabet or an abugida wherein all consonants have an inherent vowel embedded within. Diacritics (which can appear above, below, before or after the consonant they belong to) are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When vowels appear at the beginning of a syllable, they are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used to combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol. The list of vowels and consonants(both structured and unstructured) are as follows:
Independent vowels
The following are the list of Odia vowels. There is no significant difference in the pronunciation of both short and long vowels (, & , ). Also, the vowels , , and their diacritics are only required while writing Sanskrit in Odia script and not used significantly in modern Odia, hence they are not always mentioned in the Odia alphabet.Consonants
Two categories of consonant letters (ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ byan̄jana) are defined in Odia: the structured consonants (ବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ bargya byan̄jana) and the unstructured consonants (ଅବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ abargya byan̄jana).
The first standardised Odia alphabet book was compiled by Madhusudan Rao named Barnabodha in 1895. As seen from the alphabet list, the phonemes ''Ba'', ''Va'' and ''Wa'' were represented by the same letter ବ, with the sound ''Va'' & ''Wa'' being represented by the name abargya ba (ଅବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ). This can be seen in Barnabodha in 1896. This was because the phonemes ''Ba'' and ''Va'' merged in the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages and was represented by the same letter, in case of Odia- ବ. While the phoneme ''Wa'' existed through the consonant ligature symbol, which it shared with ''Ba''- ୍ୱ (ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ- swādhīna). Gopala Chandra Praharaj, who compiled and published the first comprehensive Odia dictionary, Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha(1931-40), introduced a new letter ୱ to the script inventory to represent the phonetic sound of ''Wa'' in order to distinguish it from the same symbol which it earlier shared with ''Ba''. While an alternate letter for ''Wa'' was represented by ଵ, but has not gained full acceptance and instead Praharaj's letter has remained the widely used and recognised letter.
Structured consonants
The structured consonants(ବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ) are classified according to where the tongue touches the palate of the mouth and are classified accordingly into five structured groups. These consonants are shown here with their ISO 15919, ISO transliteration.Unstructured consonants
The unstructured consonants (ଅବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ) are consonants that do not fall into any of the above structures: Although the sibilants , , have their independent orthography, in modern spoken Odia all three of them are pronounced the same as (sa). - This letter is used sporadically for the phonetic ''Va''/''Wa'' as an alternative for the officially recognised letter , but has not gained widespread acceptance.Notes
Vowel diacritics
The following table shows the list of vowel diacritics on consonants.Signs and punctuation
List of diacritic signs and punctuation marks present in languages with Brahmi-derived scripts.
Consonant ligatures
Clusters of two or more consonants form a Typographical ligature, ligature. Basically Odia has two types of such consonant ligatures. The "northern" type is formed by fusion of two or more consonants as in northern scripts like Devanāgarī (but to a lesser extent also in the Malayalam script in the south). In some instances the components can be easily identified, but sometimes completely new glyphs are formed. With the "southern" type the second component is reduced in size and put under the first as in the southern scripts used for Kannada script, and Telugu script, Telugu (and to some extent also for Malayalam script).
List of diacritic signs and punctuation marks present in languages with Brahmi-derived scripts.
The following table lists all conjunct forms. (Different Typeface, fonts may use different ligatures.)
Ambiguities
The subjoined form of ଛ ''cha'' is also used for subjoined ଥ ''tha'': * for ଛ ''cha'': ଚ୍ଛ ''ccha'', ଞ୍ଛ ''ñcha'', ଶ୍ଛ ''ścha'' * for ଥ ''tha'': ନ୍ଥ ''ntha'', ସ୍ଥ ''stha'' The sign for the nasal ଂ ''ṃ'' looks similar to the right side of the glyph used for ଫ ''pha'' and ଙ ''ṅa'': * ଫ ''pha'' (versus ପଂ ''paṃ'') * ଙ ''ṅa'' (versus ଡଂ ''ḍaṃ'' or ଉଂ ''uṃ'') * ମ୍ଫ ''mpha'' (versus ମ୍ପଂ ''mpaṃ'')Karani script or Odia cursive/calligraphic style
Karani script (କରଣୀ ଅକ୍ଷର) (also Chata script ଛଟା ଅକ୍ଷର) was a cursive/calligraphic style variant of the Odia script developed by the Karan (caste), Karana (କରଣ) community, the scribes (professional writer-class) of the Odia royal courts. It was used in the pre-Independence Orissa (Odisha) region in South Asia and was primarily used by the Karana community who were working for administrative purposes, documentation and keeping records in the royal courts of the Odia princely states (Orissa Tributary States). The name Karani is derived from the metal stylus, Karani that was used for writing on palm leaf.
Numerals
Fraction symbols are obsolete post decimalisation on 1 April 1957.
Comparison of Odia script with ancestral and related scripts
Odia letters are mostly round shaped whereas Devanagari and Bengali have horizontal lines. So in most cases the reader of Odia will find the related distinctive parts of the letter only below the curved hoop.Vowels
Consonants
Vowel diacritics
The vowel diacritics observed in Odia is similar to that of Bengali-Assamese as inherited from the Siddham pristhmatra style, differing from the diacritic symbols inherited by the scripts related to Devanagari line.Sample text
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The following is a sample text in Odia of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (): Odia in the Odia script : Odia in ISO 15919 : Anucchēda 1: Samasta manuṣya janmakāḷaru swādhīna ēbaṁ maryẏādā o adhikārarē samāna. Sēmānaṅkaṭhārē buddhi o bibēka nihita achi ēbaṁ sēmānaṅku paraspara prati bhrātr̥twa manōbhābarē bẏabahāra karibā ucit. Odia in the International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA :: Gloss :Article 1: All human beings from birth are free and dignity and rights are equal. Their reason and intelligence endowed with and they towards one another in a brotherhood spirit behaviour to do should. Translation :Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.Gayatri Mantra
The following is a sample text in Sanskrit of Gayatri Mantra in Odia Script. :ଓଁ ଭୂର୍ଭୁବଃ ସ୍ଵଃ ତତ୍ସବିତୁର୍ବରେଣ୍ୟଂ ଭର୍ଗୋ ଦେବସ୍ୟ ଧୀମହି ଧିୟୋ ୟୋ ନଃ ପ୍ରଚୋଦୟାତ୍।Unicode
Odia script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0. The Unicode block for Odia is U+0B00–U+0B7F:Gallery
Notes
See also
* Karani script * Odia BrailleReferences
External links
The Unicode Standard: Chapter 9
– South and Southeast Asian Scripts (PDF)
– From Omniglot {{DEFAULTSORT:Odia alphabet Odia culture Odia language Brahmic scripts Articles containing video clips Linguistic history of India Officially used writing systems of India