Olmo grape
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Olmo grapes are
wine Wine is an alcoholic drink made from Fermentation in winemaking, fermented fruit. Yeast in winemaking, Yeast consumes the sugar in the fruit and converts it to ethanol and carbon dioxide, releasing heat in the process. Wine is most often made f ...
and table grape varieties produced by University of California, Davis viticulturist Dr. Harold Olmo. Over the course of his nearly 50-year career, Dr. Olmo bred a wide variety of both grapes by means of both crossing varieties from the same species or creating
hybrid grapes Hybrid grapes are grape varieties that are the product of a Hybrid (biology), crossing of two or more ''Vitis'' species. This is in contrast to crossings between grape varieties of the same species, typically ''Vitis vinifera'', the European grape ...
from cultivars of different ''
Vitis ''Vitis'' (grapevine) is a genus of 81 accepted species of vining plants in the flowering plant family Vitaceae. The genus consists of species predominantly from the Northern Hemisphere. It is economically important as the source of grapes, bot ...
'' species. Over 30 new grape varieties were created by Dr. Olmo and introduced to the California wine and table grape industries.


Ruby Cabernet

Ruby Cabernet is the most notable and widely planted Olmo grape. It is a cross between the ''
Vitis vinifera ''Vitis vinifera'', the common grape vine, is a species of flowering plant, native to the Mediterranean Basin, Mediterranean region, Central Europe, and southwestern Asia, from Morocco and Portugal north to southern Germany and east to northern ...
'' varieties Cabernet Sauvignon and Carignan that was first trialed by Dr. Olmo in 1936 before being released in 1948. The grape is primarily used in blending, adding color and tartness, but producers such as E & J Gallo Winery have produced varietal wines from the grape. According to wine expert Jancis Robinson, Ruby Cabernet can have some aromas reminiscent of a young Cabernet Sauvignon with the color of a Carignan but it lacks the structure and body to produce premium wines.Robinson, Jancis ''Vines, Grapes & Wines'' Mitchell Beazley pgs 226-227, 264-265 1986 In California, the variety is widely planted in the Central Valley where it can withstand the hot
continental climate Continental climates often have a significant annual variation in temperature (warm to hot summers and cold winters). They tend to occur in central and eastern parts of the three northern-tier continents (North America, Europe, and Asia), typi ...
of the valley and still produce harvest yields of 6 to 9 tons an acre. Outside of the United States, the variety can also be found in
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,
Argentina Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourt ...
,
Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes, Andes Mountains and the Paci ...
,
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and
South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. Its Provinces of South Africa, nine provinces are bounded to the south by of coastline that stretches along the Atlantic O ...
.


Rubired

Rubired is a hybrid of the ''vinifera'' variety Tinto Cão and Alicante Ganzin, which itself is a hybrid of '' Vitis rupestris'' Armon Rupestris Ganzin No. 4 and the ''vinifera'' crossing Alicante Bouschet. Trial breeding and testing were completed by Olmo in 1958. Like Ruby Cabernet, it was bred to produce significant yields in hot climates, and in the California Central Valley it regularly yields 8 to 10 tons per acre. However, Rubired is a '' teinturier'' variety with pigmented, instead of clear, juice. Most red wine grapes have clear juice, the red color of wines coming from extraction of pigment from the grape skins. Rubired was originally intended for producing fortified port-style wines, and since the late 20th century, producers in Australia have included it in some port-style blends. Its intensely dark color is often useful in blending to intensify the color of other red wines, but it can also be used to create varietal wines.


Emerald Riesling

Emerald Riesling is a white wine grape crossing between the ''vinifera'' varieties Riesling and Muscadelle. Trials on the variety began in 1936 and the variety was released in 1948 at the same time as Ruby Cabernet. Unlike many of the cool-climate Riesling crossings produced in
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at facilities like Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute, the Emerald Riesling was bred for warm climates like the San Joaquin Valley of California where today more than half of all Emerald Riesling plantings are found. Outside of California, there are limited plantings in South Africa. It is also used quite extensively in Israel, where big wineries use it to produce light, and aromatic - usually off-dry - wines. It comprises roughly 2.6% of the total grape production in Israel, totaling (in 2012) 1,408 tons.
Israel Wine Board, 2012
According to wine expert Jancis Robinson, Emerald Riesling produces an aromatic, high acid (wine), acid wine that does not quite have the flavor definition more commonly associated with Riesling or its cool climate crossings. In cooler climate areas where it has been planted, such as the Monterey AVA, it can share some traits with Riesling but with a distinctly fuller body. Emerald Riesling is also known under the synonyms California 1139 E 29, Emerald Rizling, and Riesling Izumrudnii.Emerald Riesling
Vitis International Variety Catalogue, accessed 2010-07-15


Other wine grapes

*Carnelian is a crossing of the ''Vitis vinifera'' Carignan and a separate ''vinifera'' crossing between Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache. It was created in 1972 to combine the genetic traits that allow Carignan and Grenache to produce well in warm climates with some of flavor and wine characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon. *Centurian (also known as Centurion) is a ''vinifera'' crossing between Carignan and a separate crossing of Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache. The grape was developed by Dr Olmo in 1975 matching the same grape varieties used to produce the Carnelian grape a few years earlier. Today it is mostly planted in the Central Valley of California.J. Robinson ''Jancis Robinson's Guide to Wine Grapes'' pg 46 Oxford University Press 1996 *
Flora Flora (: floras or florae) is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring (indigenous (ecology), indigenous) native plant, native plants. The corresponding term for animals is ''fauna'', and for f ...
is a crossing of two ''vinifera'' varieties, Semillon and Gewürztraminer, that was created in 1938 by Dr. Olmo at the California Agricultural Experiment Station.J. Robinson ''Jancis Robinson's Wine Course'' Third Edition pg 109 Abbeville Press 2003 A separate red Flora hybrid exist but it is not related in any way to the Olmo Flora. * Royalty is a crossing of the ''Vitis vinifera'' Trousseau gris variety from the Jura wine region of
France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
and the teinturier grape Alicante Ganzin that, itself, is a hybrid of a '' Vitis rupestris'' variety and the ''Vitis vinifera'' grape Aramon.J. Robinson ''Vines Grapes & Wines'' pg 226 Mitchell Beazley 1986 The variety was first developed in 1938 but wasn't released for commercial use until 1958 when it was released with Rubired.J. Robinson ''Jancis Robinson's Guide to Wine Grapes'' pg 161 Oxford University Press 1996 *Symphony is a crossing of the ''vinifera'' varieties Muscat of Alexandria and Grenache gris. that Dr. Olmo first began developing in 1948. It took over 30 years to complete crossing trials and produce a viable cultivar. Symphony was finally completed and introduced commercially in 1981 and
patent A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an sufficiency of disclosure, enabling discl ...
ed in 1983. The grape makes a white wine with a slight spiciness with tree fruit aromas of
citrus ''Citrus'' is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the family Rutaceae. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including important crops such as oranges, mandarins, lemons, grapefruits, pomelos, and limes. ''Citrus'' is nativ ...
, apricot and
peach The peach (''Prunus persica'') is a deciduous tree first domesticated and Agriculture, cultivated in China. It bears edible juicy fruits with various characteristics, most called peaches and the glossy-skinned, non-fuzzy varieties called necta ...
. It is primarily a blending grape but can be made into a varietal wine.


See also

*
Seibel grapes Seibel grapes are a group of wine grape varieties which originated with the work of French viticulturist Albert Seibel crossing European wine grape with American grape species to increase disease resistance. They were planted widely in France duri ...
* Rogers' Hybrids


References

{{American wine Hybrid grape varieties