Occitan phonology
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This article describes the
phonology Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a ...
of the
Occitan language Occitan (; oc, occitan, link=no ), also known as ''lenga d'òc'' (; french: langue d'oc) by its native speakers, and sometimes also referred to as ''Provençal'', is a Romance languages, Romance language spoken in Southern France, Monaco, Ital ...
.


Consonants

Below is a consonant chart that covers multiple dialects. Where symbols for consonants occur in pairs, the left represents a
voiceless consonant In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating. Phonologically, it is a type of phonation, which contrasts with other states of the larynx, but some object that the word phonation implies v ...
and the right represents a
voiced consonant Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants). Speech sounds can be described as either voiceless (otherwise known as ''unvoiced'') or voiced. The term, however, is used to refer ...
. ; Notes: * The phoneme is mostly found in Southern Occitan (written in Gascon, in Provençal, and in
Languedocien Languedocien (French name, ), Languedocian or Lengadocian (), is an Occitan dialect spoken in rural parts of southern France such as Languedoc, Rouergue, Quercy, Agenais and Southern Périgord. It is sometimes also called Languedocien-Guyennai ...
). * The distinction between and is general in Provençal,
Vivaro-Alpine Vivaro-Alpine ( oc, vivaroalpenc, vivaroaupenc) is a variety of Occitan language, Occitan spoken in southeastern France (namely, around the Dauphiné area) and northwestern Italy (the Occitan Valleys of Piedmont and Liguria). There is also a sma ...
,
Auvergnat or (endonym: ) is a northern dialect of Occitan spoken in central and southern France, in particular in the former administrative region of Auvergne. Currently, research shows that there is not really a true Auvergnat dialect but rather a vas ...
and
Limousin Limousin (; oc, Lemosin ) is a former administrative region of southwest-central France. On 1 January 2016, it became part of the new administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It comprised three departments: Corrèze, Creuse, and Haute-Vienn ...
. However, in Languedocien and Gascon, the phonemes and are neutralized as (thus has disappeared). * In
Languedocien Languedocien (French name, ), Languedocian or Lengadocian (), is an Occitan dialect spoken in rural parts of southern France such as Languedoc, Rouergue, Quercy, Agenais and Southern Périgord. It is sometimes also called Languedocien-Guyennai ...
: ** the phonemes indicate three kinds of sounds, depending on what surrounds them: *** a voiced
plosive In phonetics, a plosive, also known as an occlusive or simply a stop, is a pulmonic consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases. The occlusion may be made with the tongue tip or blade (, ), tongue body (, ), lips ...
sound by default *** devoiced to phrase-finally or before a voiceless sound *** a voiced
fricative A fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of ; the back of the tongue against the soft palate in t ...
when both preceded and followed by voiced continuants (i.e., vowels or ) within the same phrase. ** the phonemes and and the sequences are neutralized as (thus , and have disappeared). * In
Auvergnat or (endonym: ) is a northern dialect of Occitan spoken in central and southern France, in particular in the former administrative region of Auvergne. Currently, research shows that there is not really a true Auvergnat dialect but rather a vas ...
and
Limousin Limousin (; oc, Lemosin ) is a former administrative region of southwest-central France. On 1 January 2016, it became part of the new administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It comprised three departments: Corrèze, Creuse, and Haute-Vienn ...
, and locally in other dialects, ** the phonemes and are neutralized as (thus has disappeared). ** the phonemes and are neutralized as (thus has disappeared). * In
Auvergnat or (endonym: ) is a northern dialect of Occitan spoken in central and southern France, in particular in the former administrative region of Auvergne. Currently, research shows that there is not really a true Auvergnat dialect but rather a vas ...
, most of the consonants, except , can have a palatalized sound before ''i'' and ''u''. Consequently, the consonant phonemes have two kinds of sounds, one being not palatal (by default) and the other being palatal (before ''i'' and ''u''): → ; → ; → ; → ; → ; → ; → ; → ; → ; → ; → ; → ; → ; → ; → . * In one part (and only one part) of
Limousin Limousin (; oc, Lemosin ) is a former administrative region of southwest-central France. On 1 January 2016, it became part of the new administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It comprised three departments: Corrèze, Creuse, and Haute-Vienn ...
, a transphonologization has occurred: ** The old phonemes , have now become , , less frequently , . ** The old phonemes , have now become , , less frequently , . * In the Provençal in general, and partially in other dialects, the phonemes and are neutralized as (thus has disappeared). * The original
rhotic consonant In phonetics, rhotic consonants, or "R-like" sounds, are liquid consonants that are traditionally represented orthography, orthographically by symbols derived from the Greek alphabet, Greek letter Rho (letter), rho, including R, , in the Latin ...
s, (tapped) and (trilled), have shown important evolutions: ** In Provençal and partially in other dialects, there is now an opposition between (tapped) and (
uvular Uvulars are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula, that is, further back in the mouth than velar consonants. Uvulars may be stops, fricatives, nasals, trills, or approximants, though the IPA does not prov ...
) (whereas has disappeared). This feature is shared with
Portuguese Portuguese may refer to: * anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal ** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods ** Portuguese language, a Romance language *** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language ** Portu ...
. In the cases when the opposition is impossible between the two phonemes, the default realization is (it was in the original pattern). ** In most of Limousin, Auvergne, Vivarais and Niçard, the phonemes and are neutralized as (or even ).


Gascon consonants

* Gascon shares some traits with
Languedocien Languedocien (French name, ), Languedocian or Lengadocian (), is an Occitan dialect spoken in rural parts of southern France such as Languedoc, Rouergue, Quercy, Agenais and Southern Périgord. It is sometimes also called Languedocien-Guyennai ...
: ** The phonemes have the same realization as described above for Languedocien. ** The phonemes and of the general pattern are neutralized as . It seems possible, however, that the phoneme never existed in Gascon. * Gascon and Southern Languedocien do not have the
semivowel In phonetics and phonology, a semivowel, glide or semiconsonant is a sound that is phonetically similar to a vowel sound but functions as the syllable boundary, rather than as the nucleus of a syllable. Examples of semivowels in English are the ...
(Gascon has , SL has ) and have the same distribution for the phonemes and . * A glottal fricative sound is recognized among the dialects of Gascon. * In one part of Gascon, the
palatal The palate () is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals. It separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. A similar structure is found in crocodilians, but in most other tetrapods, the oral and nasal cavities are not truly separ ...
affricates become
plosive In phonetics, a plosive, also known as an occlusive or simply a stop, is a pulmonic consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases. The occlusion may be made with the tongue tip or blade (, ), tongue body (, ), lips ...
palatal consonants: .


Vowels


Vowel pronunciation according to position

Note: * The grapheme , when in final position and after the word's stress, is pronounced in general (locally: , ). * The grapheme is pronounced in general (locally: , ). * Final is generally used in loanwords, especially from Catalan, Spanish and Italian.


General ablaut

In an unstressed position, some vowels cannot be realized and become more closed vowels: * The stressed vowel becomes the unstressed vowel . For instance (stress underlined): ''tèrra'' → ''terrassa'' . * The stressed vowel becomes the unstressed vowel . For instance (stress underlined): ''còde'' → ''codificar'' . * In some local dialects, especially in the
Languedocien Languedocien (French name, ), Languedocian or Lengadocian (), is an Occitan dialect spoken in rural parts of southern France such as Languedoc, Rouergue, Quercy, Agenais and Southern Périgord. It is sometimes also called Languedocien-Guyennai ...
variety of
Guyenne Guyenne or Guienne (, ; oc, Guiana ) was an old French province which corresponded roughly to the Roman province of '' Aquitania Secunda'' and the archdiocese of Bordeaux. The name "Guyenne" comes from ''Aguyenne'', a popular transformation o ...
, the stressed vowel becomes the unstressed vowel . For instance (stress underlined): ''bala'' → ''balon'' . ** Also in Guyenne, the vowel , when stressed, is pronounced when followed by a nasal consonant such as or a final that is silent: ''montanha, pan'' (instead of ). Javanese also similarly has such vowel rounding, although the penultimate vowel (< ) could occur before any consonant. * In
Limousin Limousin (; oc, Lemosin ) is a former administrative region of southwest-central France. On 1 January 2016, it became part of the new administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It comprised three departments: Corrèze, Creuse, and Haute-Vienn ...
, Auvernhat,
Vivaro-Alpine Vivaro-Alpine ( oc, vivaroalpenc, vivaroaupenc) is a variety of Occitan language, Occitan spoken in southeastern France (namely, around the Dauphiné area) and northwestern Italy (the Occitan Valleys of Piedmont and Liguria). There is also a sma ...
and in most of Provençal (though not in Niçard), the stressed diphthong becomes the unstressed diphthong . For instance (stress underlined): ''sauta'' → ''sautar'' . * In Limousin, Auvernhat, Vivaro-Alpine and in most of Provençal (though not in Niçard), the stressed diphthong becomes the unstressed diphthong . For instance (stress underlined): ''laissa'' → ''laissar'' .


Vowel changes in Auvergnat

One typical characteristic of Auvergnat (also a feature of some neighbouring dialects of
Vivaro-Alpine Vivaro-Alpine ( oc, vivaroalpenc, vivaroaupenc) is a variety of Occitan language, Occitan spoken in southeastern France (namely, around the Dauphiné area) and northwestern Italy (the Occitan Valleys of Piedmont and Liguria). There is also a sma ...
) is the transformation of the following phonemes: * The old phoneme has become . * The old phoneme has become or . In an unstressed position, some vowels cannot be realized and become more closed vowels: * The stressed vowel becomes the unstressed vowel . For instance (stress underlined): ''tèrra'' → ''terrassa'' . * The stressed vowel becomes the unstressed vowel . For instance (stress underlined): ''còde'' → ''codificar'' . * In the northern part of
Auvergne Auvergne (; ; oc, label=Occitan, Auvèrnhe or ) is a former administrative region in central France, comprising the four departments of Allier, Puy-de-Dôme, Cantal and Haute-Loire. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region Auverg ...
, the stressed vowel (unrounded) becomes the unstressed vowel (rounded). For instance (stress underlined): ''bala'' → ''balon'' . * The stressed diphthong becomes the unstressed diphthong . For instance (stress underlined): ''sauta'' → ''sautar'' . * The stressed diphthong becomes the unstressed diphthong . For instance (stress underlined): ''laissa'' → ''laissar'' .


Vowel changes in Limousin

A strong characteristic of Limousin (also a feature of some neighbouring dialects of
Vivaro-Alpine Vivaro-Alpine ( oc, vivaroalpenc, vivaroaupenc) is a variety of Occitan language, Occitan spoken in southeastern France (namely, around the Dauphiné area) and northwestern Italy (the Occitan Valleys of Piedmont and Liguria). There is also a sma ...
) is the neutralization of the phonemes and in one single phoneme , that can have various degrees of opening. In words of popular formation, the sequences , when at the end of a syllable, first became and have now become long vowels, , which tends to create new phonemes with a relevant opposition between short vowels and long vowels. The same phenomenon exists in one part of
Vivarais Vivarais (; oc, Vivarés; la, Vivariensis provincia{{cite web , url=http://www.columbia.edu/acis/ets/Graesse/orblatv.html , title = ORBIS LATINUS - Letter V) is a traditional region in the south-east of France, covering the ''département'' of ...
, and also occurred in the transition from Old to Middle French. In an unstressed position, some vowels cannot be realized and become more closed vowels: * The stressed vowel becomes the unstressed vowel . For instance (stress underlined): ''còde'' → ''codificar'' . * The stressed vowel (unrounded) becomes the unstressed vowel (rounded). For instance (stress underlined): ''bala'' → ''balon'' . * The stressed diphthong becomes the unstressed diphthong . For instance (stress underlined): ''sauta'' → ''sautar'' . * The stressed diphthong becomes the unstressed diphthong . For instance (stress underlined): ''laissa'' → ''laissar'' .


Regional variation

* In
Limousin Limousin (; oc, Lemosin ) is a former administrative region of southwest-central France. On 1 January 2016, it became part of the new administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It comprised three departments: Corrèze, Creuse, and Haute-Vienn ...
and
Auvergnat or (endonym: ) is a northern dialect of Occitan spoken in central and southern France, in particular in the former administrative region of Auvergne. Currently, research shows that there is not really a true Auvergnat dialect but rather a vas ...
, final consonants, except for and , are generally muted when not directly followed by a word with a vocalic initial: ''filh'' , ''potz'' , ''fach'' , ''limon'' but ''estelum'' , ''estanh'' , ''un fach ancian'' . * In Limousin and Auvergnat, when a
diphthong A diphthong ( ; , ), also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of the speech o ...
starts in or , it is always a
rising diphthong A diphthong ( ; , ), also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of the speech ...
: ''boisson'' (Auvergnat) and (Limousin) versus (Languedocien) or ( Provençal). * In all dialects but
Languedocien Languedocien (French name, ), Languedocian or Lengadocian (), is an Occitan dialect spoken in rural parts of southern France such as Languedoc, Rouergue, Quercy, Agenais and Southern Périgord. It is sometimes also called Languedocien-Guyennai ...
, final is heavily
velarized Velarization is a secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, velarization is transcribed by one of four d ...
("
dark l The voiced alveolar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral approximants is , and the e ...
") and therefore usually spelled : ''especial'' / ''especiau'' but ''especiala'' in the feminine (except in Gascon where it stays as ''especiau'').


Word stress

Word stress has limited mobility. It can only fall on: * the last syllable (
oxytone An oxytone (; from the grc, ὀξύτονος, ', 'sharp-sounding') is a word with the stress on the last syllable, such as the English words ''correct'' and ''reward''. (A paroxytone is stressed on the penultimate (second-last) syllable. A prop ...
s or ''mots aguts'' 'acute words') * the penultimate syllable (
paroxytone Paroxytone ( el, παροξύτονος, ') is a linguistic term for a word with stress on the penultimate syllable, that is, the second last syllable, such as the English word ''potáto'', and just about all words ending in –ic such as músic, ...
s or ''mots plans'' 'plain words'). * However, in Niçard, and less commonly in the Cisaupenc dialect of the
Occitan Valleys The Occitan Valleys ( oc, Valadas Occitanas; it, Valli Occitane; pms, Valade Ossitan-e; french: Vallées Occitanes; frp, Valâdes Occitanes) are the part of Occitania (the territory of the Occitan language) within the borders of Italy. It is a ...
, the stress can also fall on the antepenultimate (third from last) syllable (
proparoxytone In linguistics, a proparoxytone ( el, προπαροξύτονος, ) is a word with stress on the antepenultimate (third last) syllable, such as the English words "cinema" and "operational". Related terms are paroxytone (stress on the penultimate ...
s or ''mots esdrúchols'' 'slip words'). These were regarded as irregular stress in the orthography and they marked by diacritics (see below). These proparoxytones are equivalent to paroxytones in all other dialects. For instance (stress underlined): The stress is oxytone if the last syllable ending in a consonant or a diphthong ending in ''-u'' or ''-i'' (''occitan'' /utsiˈta/, ''verai''); while the stress is penultimate if the last syllable ending in a vowel (or vowel + ''-s'') and vowel + ''-n'' when in the case of third-person plural verb forms (''libre'', ''libres'', ''parlan''), the stress is also penultimate when the syllable ending in two different vowels (''estatua''). Irregular stresses is normally marked orthographically by acutes (''á'', ''é'', ''í'', ''ó'', ''ú'') and graves (''à'', ''è'', ''ò'').


Historical development

As a
Romance language The Romance languages, sometimes referred to as Latin languages or Neo-Latin languages, are the various modern languages that evolved from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic languages in the Indo-European languages, I ...
, Occitan developed from
Vulgar Latin Vulgar Latin, also known as Popular or Colloquial Latin, is the range of non-formal Register (sociolinguistics), registers of Latin spoken from the Crisis of the Roman Republic, Late Roman Republic onward. Through time, Vulgar Latin would evolve ...
.
Old Occitan Old Occitan ( oc, occitan ancian, label=Occitan language, Modern Occitan, ca, occità antic), also called Old Provençal, was the earliest form of the Occitano-Romance languages, as attested in writings dating from the eighth through the fourteen ...
(around the eighth through the fourteenth centuries) had a similar pronunciation to present-day Occitan; the major differences were: * Before the 13th century, had softened before
front vowel A front vowel is a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages, its defining characteristic being that the highest point of the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would otherw ...
s to , not yet to . * In the early
Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...
, between vowels represented the affricate , not yet . * In early Old Occitan, represented in final position. * In the late Middle Ages, the letter went from to in unaccented position and in stressed syllables followed by a nasal consonant. * When not part of a diphthong, the vowel spelled was probably pronounced as , not yet . * Between vowels, the letter or represented, for most speech in
Occitania Occitania ( oc, Occitània , , or ) is the historical region in Western Europe, Western and Southern Europe where the Occitan language, Occitan language was historically spoken and where it is sometimes still used as a second language. This ...
, . However, this could become , especially down south: it later became , which, in turn, would locally depalatalize to in Middle Occitan. * In words where was preceded by a diphthong whose second element was , it was sometimes palatalized to . * In earlier times, some dialects used instead of the more common : despite their similarity, this often led to contrasting spellings ( or vs. ; or vs. ) before it became commonly across the language ( , ). * In the pre-literary period of early
Old Occitan Old Occitan ( oc, occitan ancian, label=Occitan language, Modern Occitan, ca, occità antic), also called Old Provençal, was the earliest form of the Occitano-Romance languages, as attested in writings dating from the eighth through the fourteen ...
had not been fronted to , although strong doubts exist as to when the change actually happened. * When between vowels, lenited to , though this is still true for only Gascon and
Languedocien Languedocien (French name, ), Languedocian or Lengadocian (), is an Occitan dialect spoken in rural parts of southern France such as Languedoc, Rouergue, Quercy, Agenais and Southern Périgord. It is sometimes also called Languedocien-Guyennai ...
dialects; elsewhere, it eventually turned to or was deleted. * In Gascon, there was one voiced labial phoneme that was in the beginning of a word and between vowels. This still happens today and has spread to the neighbouring Languedocien dialect. * The phoneme was exclusively pronounced (it is now in intervocalic or final position in some dialects).McGee, Timothy James, Rigg, A. G. and Klausner, David N. 1996. ''Singing Early Music: The Pronunciation of European Languages in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance, Volume 1'', p. 105:


Old Occitan phonology


See also

*
Catalan phonology The phonology of Catalan, a Romance language, has a certain degree of dialectal variation. Although there are two standard varieties, one based on Central Eastern dialect and another one based on South-Western or Valencian dialect, this articl ...
*
Occitan conjugation This article discusses the conjugation of verbs in a number of varieties of the Occitan language, including Old Occitan and Catalan. Each verbal form is accompanied by its phonetic transcription. The similarities with Catalan are more noticeable ...
* Occitan alphabet


Notes


References

* *Balaguer, Claudi & Patrici Pojada: ''Diccionari Català - Occità / Occitan - Catalan'' *Fettuciari, Jòrgi, Guiu Martin & Jaume Pietri: ''Diccionari Provençau - Francés'' * * * Bèc, Pèire. (1973). ''Manuel pratique d’occitan moderne'', coll. Connaissance des langues, Paris: Picard. * Bianchi, Andriu & Alan Viaut. (1995). ''Fiches de grammaire d’occitan gascon normé'', vol. 1. Bordeaux: Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux * Romieu, Maurici & Andriu Bianchi. (2005). ''Gramatica de l’occitan gascon contemporanèu'', Bordèu: Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux. * Ronjat, Juli. (1930–1941). ''Grammaire istorique icdes parlers provençaux modernes'', 4 vol. eprint, 1980, Marselha: Laffitte Reprints, 2 vol.


Further reading

*Lavalade, Yves. ''Dictionnaire Occitan - Français'' *Omelhièr, Cristian. ''Petiòt diccionari Occitan d'Auvèrnhe - Francés'' {{Language phonologies Occitan language Languages of France Italic phonologies it:Pronuncia dell'occitano