Observationvm medicarvm Nicolaes Tulp 1641

''Observationes Medicae'' is a 1641 book by

Nicolaes Tulp Nicolaes Tulp (9 October 1593 – 12 September 1674) was a Dutch surgeon and mayor of Amsterdam. Tulp was well known for his upstanding moral character and as the subject of Rembrandt's famous painting ''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp'' ...

. Tulp is primarily famous today for his central role in the 1632

group portrait A group is a number of persons or things that are located, gathered, or classed together. Groups of people * Cultural group, a group whose members share the same cultural identity * Ethnic group, a group whose members share the same ethnic iden ...

Rembrandt Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (, ; 15 July 1606 – 4 October 1669), usually simply known as Rembrandt, was a Dutch Golden Age painter, printmaker and draughtsman. An innovative and prolific master in three media, he is generally consid ...

of the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons, which commemorates his appointment as

praelector A praelector is a traditional role at the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford. The role differs somewhat between the two ancient universities. University of Cambridge At Cambridge, a praelector is the fellow of a college who forma ...

in 1628. "Observationes Medicae" is also the title commonly used by early

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...

doctors in the 16th and 17th centuries who wrote up their cases from private practise in

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

to share with contemporary colleagues.

Professor Tulp

Though already well known at the time his book was written, Professor Tulp enjoyed international fame after publishing this book, and in 1652 a second edition was printed, highly unusual at that time. His book comprises 164 cases from his practise, kept in a diary from his early career onwards. His book was illustrated with plates, and it is not clear who drew these or engraved them. According to various sources, he drew many of these himself. His birth name was Claes Pietersz. He adopted the name Tulp when he had a Tulip shaped sign placed outside his door when he set up shop in Amsterdam. Many of his early patients could not read or write. He soon no longer needed to advertise his services, however, and his many duties as Praelector, and later, mayor of the city of

Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Amstel'') is the Capital of the Netherlands, capital and Municipalities of the Netherlands, most populous city of the Netherlands, with The Hague being the seat of government. It has a population ...

, prevented him from spending so much time on his practise. He published the book 5 years after the Amsterdam

Pharmacopoeia A pharmacopoeia, pharmacopeia, or pharmacopoea (from the obsolete typography ''pharmacopœia'', meaning "drug-making"), in its modern technical sense, is a book containing directions for the identification of compound medicines, and published by ...

was completed, which was his own personal initiative, and that helped to set intercity medical standards in the region known as the United Provinces.

Vondel

Tulp had a reputation for a moral upstanding character, and

Joost van den Vondel Joost van den Vondel (; 17 November 1587 – 5 February 1679) was a Dutch poet, writer and playwright. He is considered the most prominent Dutch poet and playwright of the 17th century. His plays are the ones from that period that are still most ...

wrote poetry extolling his virtue. He later also wrote a poem in honor of the second edition of this book.Op de Bespiegelingen der Geneeskunste Van den E. Heere, Dr. Nikolaes Tulp, Burgermeester en Raet van Amsterdam, by Joost van den Vonde
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Earliest illustration of a chimpanzee

Tulp's book has various accounts of unusual illnesses and primarily growths or ''carcinomas'', but also has accounts of creatures brought back from

Dutch East India Company The United East India Company ( nl, Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, the VOC) was a chartered company established on the 20th March 1602 by the States General of the Netherlands amalgamating existing companies into the first joint-stock ...

ships. His drawing of a

chimpanzee The chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes''), also known as simply the chimp, is a species of great ape native to the forest and savannah of tropical Africa. It has four confirmed subspecies and a fifth proposed subspecies. When its close relative th ...

is considered the first of its kind.

University of Amsterdam The University of Amsterdam (abbreviated as UvA, nl, Universiteit van Amsterdam) is a public research university located in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The UvA is one of two large, publicly funded research universities in the city, the other being ...

(2008) ''Bijzondere collecties - Aap, vis, boek - Linnaeus in de Artis Bibliotheek'', Amsterdam. This creature was called an ''Indian Satyr'', since all ships cargo was considered

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

n. However, the accompanying text claims the animal came from

Angola , national_anthem = " Angola Avante"() , image_map = , map_caption = , capital = Luanda , religion = , religion_year = 2020 , religion_ref = , coordina ...

. This drawing was copied many times and formed the basis for many theories on the origin of man. Most notably, Tulp's work and that of Jacob de Bondt (alias Jacobus Bontius) was copied and republished by

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

to show a link between apes and man.

Jan de Doot

One of the interesting cases is the story of how

Jan de Doot Jan de Doot () is the subject of a painting from 1655 by Carel van Savoyen. It shows De Doot, a smith, holding in one hand a kitchen knife, and in the other a large bladder stone the size and shape of an egg, set in gold. This 17th-century Dutch b ...

performed a bladder operation on himself. ''But this stone weighing 4 ounces and the size of a hen's egg was a wonder how it came out with the help of one hand, without the proper tools, and then from the patient himself, whose greatest help was courage and impatience embedded in a truly impenetrable faith which caused a brave deed as none other. So was he no less than those whose deeds are related in the old scriptures. Sometimes daring helps when reason doesn't.''

(1740) ''Geneeskundige Waarnemingen van Nicolaas Tulp''. Jurriaan Wishoff, Amsterdam.

Ludovicus Wolzogen

''Observationes Medicae'' became so popular, that a hundred years later a translated version was published. Professor Tulp never wanted to publish in Dutch for fear of

hypochondriac Hypochondriasis or hypochondria is a condition in which a person is excessively and unduly worried about having a serious illness. An old concept, the meaning of hypochondria has repeatedly changed. It has been claimed that this debilitating cond ...

behavior. He was very against quacks and self-medication and it was for this reason that he worked on the Amsterdam

. This second version therefore, would have been against his wishes. However, the book was prefaced by a long ''lykoratie'', or ode to his memory, in which Ludovicus Wolzogen explains what a wonderful man Tulp was, and everything that he did for the city of Amsterdam and medicine in general. He claims to have made an accurate translation from the Latin, but the flowery language is so different from Tulp's terse descriptions, that this is highly unlikely. After this edition, the number of cases went up from 164 to 251,

Index Capitvm Libri I

The chapters and accompanying plates of the 1641 and 1740 editions of Book one are the same, only four extra chapters appear in the later version. * 1 Calvaria fracta. * 2 Occulta capitis rima * 3 Fractura ossis cuneiformis * 4 Fractura capitis sanata * 5 Salutaris modioli usus. * 6 Morbus attonitus * 7 Morbus attonitus a sanguine * 8 Morbus comitialis sponte sanatus * 9 Morbus comitialis a splene * 10 Morbus comitialis a vulva * 11 Epilepsia fexies cottidie accedens * 12 Tremor periodicus * 13 Reciprocus capitis dolor * 14 Convulvsio sedentaria * 15 Praesagium convulsionis periodicae * 16 Viti saltus * 17 Malleatio * 18 Imaginaria ossium mollities * 19 Mola imaginaria * 20 Aquaemetus * 21 Senexrabiosus * 22 Catalepsis ex amore * 23 Pollicis tremor, a detractione sanguinis * 24

Hydrocephalus Hydrocephalus is a condition in which an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs within the brain. This typically causes increased intracranial pressure, pressure inside the skull. Older people may have headaches, double vision, poor ...

* 25 Hydrocephalus dimidiati capitis * 26 Polypus narium * 27 Polypus cordis * 28 Oculiprocidentia * 29 Encanthiscancrosa * 30 Vulnus pupillae sanatum * 31 Caecitas a veneno * 32 Dolor capitis a natura devictus * 33 Dolor inter caput, ac pedem reciprocus * 34 Pedes talpini * 35 Respiratio per aures * 36 Mors a dente genuino * 37 Ulera palati * 38 Prolapsus palati * 39 Vox a febre intercepta * 40 Idem silentium a pituita * 41 Mutus loquens * 42 Gula resoluta * 43 Inedia undecim dierum * 44 Lethalis gula tumor * 45 Idem tumor a pituita * 46 Strumarum anatome * 47 Cancer quinquaginta annos innoxius * 48 Arteriotomia * 49 Sanguis ex dente * 50 Vulnus aspera arteriae * 51 Angina interna * 52 Ranula * 53 Cancer mammarum * 54 Evanidae mammarum pustulae * 55 Livor ex tusst

Index Capitvm Lib. II

The chapters and accompanying plates of the 1641 and 1740 editions of Book two are the same, only one extra chapter appears in the later version. * 1 Dolor pleuriticus e bile * 2 Sanguis octies puerperaemissus * 3 Pleuritis sanguinem venis subtrahens * 4 Pleuritis suppurata * 5 Legitima thoracis sectio * 6 Pus thoracis per umbilicum * 7 Rara difficilis spiritus caussa * 8 Marcor ostreis sanatus * 9 Idem successus a sola natura * 10 Vomica pulmonis * 11 Sputum sanguinis triginta annorum * 12 Surculus, venae arteriosae, expectoratus * 13 Integra vena a pulmone rejecta * 14 Frustum pulmonis, fauces occludens * 15 Turunda ore rejecta * 16 Hydrops thoracis * 17 Pulmp praecisus * 18 Vulnus cordis * 19 Cordis palpitatio a Liene * 20 Ira puerperis noxia * 21 Vomitus bilis atrae * 22 Vomitus octodecim mensium * 23 Vomitus pituitae concretae * 24 Praegnans edensmille quadringentos haleces * 25 Calculus arterialis * 26 Fibrae jocinoris vulneratae * 27 Pus Iocinoris, peros, ac alvum * 28 Lien verberans * 29 Lien disruptus * 30 Magnus lien * 31 Sanguis cutem transudans * 32 Steatoma mesenterii * 33 Steatoma cum ulcere, & aqua * 34 Hydrops cum vesiculis mesenterii * 35 Tympanites cum ascite * 36 Morbus regius, cum hydrope * 37 Abscessus mesenterii, a partu disruptus * 38 Ventrissectio * 39 Perforatio scroti * 40 Mors ex depresso ventre * 41 Volvulus ex ira * 42 Caput lumbrici lati * 43 Ischuria lunatica * 44 Calculus renum * 45 Calculus ureterem obturans * 46

Diabetes Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level ( hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst and increased ap ...

* 47 Mictus lapidosus * 48 Membrana lapidescens * 49 Mictus vermis cruenti * 50 Unde viginti vermiculi emicti * 51 Cottidianus vermium mictus * 52 Periodicus capillorum mictus * 53 Ulcus vesicae sanatum

Index Capitvm Lib. III

The chapters and accompanying plates of the 1641 and 1740 editions of Book three are the same, the ''Indisch Satyr'' is also the last plate in the later version. * 1 Misera, virginis gibbosa, conditio * 2 Vesica a calculo consumpta * 3 Gangraena umbilici * 4 Lapides bezoarticiin homine * 5 Calculus vesica adnatus * 6 Calculus vesica arcte circumdatus * 7 Calculus trium unciarum sponte excretus * 8 Modus eximendi calculum ex urethra * 9 Turunda lapidescens * 10 Lethalis ani tumor * 11 Dolor ani quarta hora a solut an alyo * 12 Lumbricus ex inguine * 13 Periculosa hernia sanata * 14 Sapientia juvenilis * 15 Praeposterum silentium * 16 Immoderatus clysteris usus * 17 Interior intestini tunica excreta * 18 Adepscottidie ab alvo prodiens * 19 Idem adeps, ab alvo, ac vesica * 20 Vulnus, latioris intestini sanatum * 21 Valvula intestinalis * 22 Convulsio abdominis * 23 Abscessus inguinum, a vulva * 24 Tabes dorsalis * 25 Coxa dolor adscessu fanatus * 26 Coxa ferramento exusta * 27 Vulnus spinalis medullae * 28 Fistula insanabilis * 29 Lethalis lumborem tumor * 30 Spina dorsibifida * 31 Vulva bili innatans * 32 Hydrops uteri * 33 Fungus ex vulva excifus * 34 Major fungus ibidem excifus * 35 Terus sive fricatrix * 36 Menstrua puellae quadrimae * 37 Partus monstri bicipitis * 38 Dissectio monstribicipitis * 39 Coles incurvatus * 40 Pediculi pubis * 41 Mors ex flore calcis * 42 Sudor septem annorum * 43 Excoriatio ab oleo Vitrioli * 44 Exedenspraecordiorum herpes * 45 Pulfus arteriae extracarpum, explorandus * 46 Gangraena universalis * 47 Gangraena pedis * 48 Sphacelus brachii, a febre * 49 Atrophia brachii suctu sanata * 50 Rotundum vulnus * 51 Carcinoma fremoris * 52 Febris quintana * 53 Cibi abstinentia quartanae lethalis * 54 Error naturae compensatus * 55 Incredibile corporis humani incrementum * 56 Indisch Satyr

Index Capitvm Lib. IV

There is no Book four in the original version, but the later version calls it ''Register der Hoofdstukken van het vierde boek''. The sixty chapters and accompanying plates are some of the most popular in Dutch medical literature, however, including the Jan de Doot (or Jan Lethaus, a bastardized version of the Latin for lethal - lethalis), ending with a chapter on Tea.

References

{{Commons category, Observationes Medicae by Nicolaes Tulp

External links

''Observationes Medicae''
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of ''Amstelredamensis Observationes Medicae, Nicolai Tulpii'', Amsterdam Elzevier, 1652 edition, digitalized from a copy in the possession of the

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''Geneeskundige Waarnemingen''
��Copies in Google books on the Dutch translation ''Geneeskundige Waarnemingen van Nicolaas Tulp''
Drie boecken der medicijnsche aenmerkingen
copy from 1650 in Google books

on

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site * Explanation of Rembrandt's painting in the

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1641 books History of anatomy History of medicine 1640s in science 1641 in science