Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?

The "Pakistan Declaration''"'' (titled ''Now or Never'') was a 1933 pamphlet by Rahmat Ali. It was presented to the delegates of the Round Table Conferences (India), Third Round Table Conference on 28 January 1933, in which the term wikt:Pakistan, ''Pakstan'' (without the letter "i") was proposed for a separate homeland of Muslims in South Asia.

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written and published by Choudhry Rahmat Ali, on 28 January 1933, in which the word wikt:Pakistan, Pakstan (without the letter "i") was used for the first time and was circulated to the delegates of the Third Round Table Conference in 1932.

The pamphlet was created for circulation to the British and Indian delegates to the Third Round Table Conference in London in 1933.

It was addressed with a covering letter dated 28 January 1933 signed by Ali alone, and addressed from 3 Humberstone Road. It states:

I am enclosing herewith an appeal on behalf of the thirty million Muslims of PAKSTAN, who live in the five Northern Units of India—Punjab, North-West Frontier (Afghan) Province, Kashmir, Sind, and Baluchistan. It embodies their demand for the recognition of their national status, as distinct from the other inhabitants of India, by the grant to Pakstan of a separate Federal Constitution on religious, social and historical grounds.

The pamphlet started with this famous sentence:

At this solemn hour in the history of India, when British and Indian statesmen are laying the foundations of a Federal Constitution for that land, we address this appeal to you, in the name of our common heritage, on behalf of our ''thirty million Muslim'' brethren who live in PAKSTAN—by which we mean the five Northern units of India, Viz: Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sindh and Baluchistan.

The pamphlet asked that "the five Northern units of British India, India"—Punjab Province (British India), Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (1901–55), North-West Frontier Province (Afghans, Afghan Province), Jammu and Kashmir (princely state), Kashmir, Sindh, Sindh (then part of Bombay Presidency, Bombay and Sind) and Baluchistan Agency, Baluchistan (or Pakstan) become a state independent of the proposed Undivided India, Indian Federation.

Ali's pamphlet had a clear and succinct description of the Muslims of his proposed 'Pakstan' as a 'nation', which was derived from the two-nation theory of Muslim reformer Syed Ahmad Khan, Syed Ahmed Khan

Ali believed that the delegates of the first and second Round Table Conferences committed 'an inexcusable blunder and an incredible betrayal' by accepting the principle of an All-India Federation. He demanded that the national status of the 30 million Muslims of the northwestern units be recognized and a separate Federal Constitution be granted to them.

Professor K. K. Aziz writes that "Rahmat Ali alone drafted this declaration. The word Pakstan was used for the first time in this pamphlet. To make it "representative", he looked for people who would sign it along with him. This difficult search among the firm grip of 'Indianism' on the young intellectual at English universities took him more than a month to find three young men in London who offered to support and sign it.

Reactions and aftermath

Following the publication of the pamphlet, the Hindu press vehemently criticized the idea, and specifically the word ''Pakstan'' used in it. By 1938, the name had received popularity throughout India and was subsequently added to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, Encyclopedia of Islam.

With the addition of an "i" to euphony, improve the pronunciation, the name of Pakistan grew in popularity and combined with the philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal, the Two-nation theory, two nation theory of Syed Ahmad Khan and views of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Jinnah led to the commencement of the Pakistan Movement, and consequently the creation of Pakistan as an independent state in 1947.

Assessments and legacy

In later pamphlets, other than Pakistan, Ali also suggested the establishment of several other Muslim states within the subcontinent such as Bangistan and Osmanistan. He suggested the former Muslim provinces of Eastern Bengal and Assam in East India become Bangistan, an independent Muslim state for Bengali, Assamese and Bihari speaking Muslims. He also suggested the princely state of Hyderabad State, Hyderabad become an Islamic monarchy called Osmanistan.

After the All-India Muslim League, Muslim League's acceptance of the British partition plan on 3 June 1947, he issued a statement six days later called "The Great Betrayal" in asking for the rejection of the British plan and the acceptance of his Pakistan plan. He was unhappy over a smaller Pakistan than the one he had conceived in his 1933 pamphlet ''Now or Never''. He condemned Jinnah for accepting a smaller Pakistan, and is said to have called him "Quisling-e-Azam". In the end the British plan was accepted, and Ali's was rejected. Ali voiced his dissatisfaction with the creation of Pakistan ever since.

Mian Abdul Haq, a contemporary of Ali at the University of Cambridge, stated that, after 1935, Ali's mental makeup changed resulting from a study of "major Nazi works, of which he knew many passages by heart".

Author

The author of this famous pamphlet was Choudhry Rahmat Ali (16 November 1897 – 3 February 1951), a Muslim nationalist from Punjab Province (British India), Punjab, who was one of the earliest proponents of the creation of the state of Pakistan. He is credited with creating the name "Pakistan" for a separate Muslim homeland from Presidencies and provinces of British India. He had propagated the Scheme of Pakistan with a missionary zeal since its inception in 1933. He also later founded the Pakistan National Movement to propagate his ideas. Being a political thinker and an idealist, wanted more than for accepting a smaller Pakistan in 1947 and save every Indian Muslim from the so-called "Hindu domination".

After the Partition of India, partition and creation of Pakistan in 1947, Ali returned to Lahore, planning to stay in the country, but he was expelled out of Pakistan by the then Prime Minister Liaqat Ali Khan. His belongings were confiscated, and he left empty-handed for England in October 1948.

Ali died on 3 February 1951 in Cambridge. According to Thelma Frost, he was "destitute, forlorn and lonely" at the time of his death. Fearing (correctly) that he may have died insolvent, the Master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, Edward Welbourne, instructed that the College would cover the funeral expenses. He was buried on 20 February at Cambridge City Cemetery in Cambridge, England. The funeral expenses and other medical expenses were repaid by the High Commissioner for Pakistan in November 1953, after what was described as a “protracted correspondence” between the London office and the relevant authorities in Pakistan.Emmanuel College Cambridge Archives

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{{Authority control
Pakistan Movement
Pamphlets
Political terminology in Pakistan
Government documents of Pakistan
Pakistani philosophical literature
1933 non-fiction books
1933 in India
1930s in British India