Northwestern Turkic
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The Kipchak languages (also known as the Kypchak, Qypchaq, Qypshaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the
Turkic language family Turkic may refer to: * anything related to the country of Turkey * Turkic languages, a language family of at least thirty-five documented languages ** Turkic alphabets (disambiguation) ** Turkish language, the most widely spoken Turkic language * ...
spoken by approximately 28 million people in much of
Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a subregion, region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes t ...
and
Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. The vast majority of the region is covered by Russia, whic ...
, spanning from
Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...
to China. Some of the most widely spoken languages in this group are Kazakh, Kyrgyz and
Tatar The Tatars ()Tatar
in the Collins English Dictionary
is an umbrella term for different
.


Linguistic features

The Kipchak languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together. Some of these features are shared with other
Common Turkic Common Turkic, or Shaz Turkic, is a taxon in some classifications of the Turkic languages that includes all of them except the Oghuric languages. Classification Lars Johanson's proposal contains the following subgroups: * Southwestern Common ...
languages; others are unique to the Kipchak family.


Shared features

*Change of Proto-Turkic *d to (e.g. *''hadaq'' > ''ajaq'' "foot") *Loss of initial *h (preserved only in Khalaj), see above example


Unique features


Family-specific

*Extensive labial
vowel harmony In phonology, vowel harmony is an assimilatory process in which the vowels of a given domain – typically a phonological word – have to be members of the same natural class (thus "in harmony"). Vowel harmony is typically long distance, mea ...
(e.g. ''olor'' vs. ''olar'' "them") *Frequent
fortition Fortition, also known as strengthening, is a consonantal change that increases the degree of stricture. It is the opposite of the more common lenition. For example, a fricative or an approximant may become a stop (i.e. becomes or becomes ). A ...
(in the form of
assibilation In linguistics, assibilation is a sound change resulting in a sibilant consonant. It is a form of spirantization and is commonly the final phase of palatalization. Arabic A characteristic of Mashreqi varieties of Arabic (particularly Lev ...
) of initial (e.g. ''*etti'' > ''etti'' "seven") * Diphthongs from syllable-final and (e.g. *''taɡ'' > ''taw'' "mountain", *''sub'' > ''suw'' "water")


Language-specific

*In both
Tatar The Tatars ()Tatar
in the Collins English Dictionary
is an umbrella term for different
and Bashkir, the original mid and high vowels are swapped in position by vowel raising and lowering:


Classification

The Kipchak languages may be broken down into four groups based on geography and shared features (languages in bold are still spoken today):


See also

* Kipchaks *
Kipchaks in Georgia The Cumans- Kipchaks in Georgia are of an ancient nomadic Turkic people who inhabited large territories from Central Asia to Eastern Europe. They (the Cuman-Kipchak confederation) played an important role in the history of many nations in the region ...
* Cuman people *
Cuman language Cuman or Kuman (also called Kipchak, Qypchaq or Polovtsian) was a Kipchak Turkic language spoken by the Cumans (Polovtsy, Folban, Vallany, Kun) and Kipchaks; the language was similar to today's various languages of the Kipchak-Cuman branch. C ...
*
Cumania The name Cumania originated as the Latin exonym for the Cuman–Kipchak confederation, which was a tribal confederation in the western part of the Eurasian Steppe, between the 10th and 13th centuries. The confederation was dominated by two Tu ...
*
Kalpak Calpack, kalpak, or qalpaq ( kaa, калпак, tr, kalpak ; kk, қалпақ, ky, калпак, both ; bg, калпак; el, καλπάκι ('); pl, kołpak; uk, ковпак, ') is a high-crowned cap (usually made of felt or sheepski ...


Notes


References


Bibliography

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Kipchak Languages Agglutinative languages Turkic languages Vowel-harmony languages