Nikolaus Riehl (24 May 1901 – 2 August 1990) was a German nuclear physicist. He was head of the scientific headquarters of

Auergesellschaft The industrial firm ''Auergesellschaft'' was founded in 1892 with headquarters in Berlin. Up to the end of World War II, ''Auergesellschaft'' had manufacturing and research activities in the areas of gas mantles, luminescence, rare earths, radio ...

. When the Russians entered

Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitu ...

near the end of

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...

, he was invited to the

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...

, where he stayed for 10 years. For his work on the

Soviet atomic bomb project The Soviet atomic bomb project was the classified research and development program that was authorized by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union to develop nuclear weapons during and after World War II. Although the Soviet scientific community disc ...

, he was awarded a

Stalin Prize Stalin Prize may refer to: * The State Stalin Prize in science and engineering and in arts, awarded 1941 to 1954, later known as the USSR State Prize The USSR State Prize (russian: links=no, Государственная премия СССР, ...

, Lenin Prize, and

Order of the Red Banner of Labor The Order of the Red Banner of Labour (russian: Орден Трудового Красного Знамени, translit=Orden Trudovogo Krasnogo Znameni) was an order of the Soviet Union established to honour great deeds and services to the ...

. When he was repatriated to Germany in 1955, he chose to go to

West Germany West Germany is the colloquial term used to indicate the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; german: Bundesrepublik Deutschland , BRD) between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the German reunification through the accession of East Germany on 3 ...

, where he joined

Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (28 March 1911, in Esslingen am Neckar – 16 December 2000, in Allensbach) was a German physicist. He made contributions to nuclear spectroscopy, coincidence measurement techniques, radioactive tracers for biochemistry and m ...

on his

nuclear reactor A nuclear reactor is a device used to initiate and control a fission nuclear chain reaction or nuclear fusion reactions. Nuclear reactors are used at nuclear power plants for electricity generation and in nuclear marine propulsion. Heat fr ...

staff at Technische Hochschule München (THM); Riehl made contributions to the nuclear facility Forschungsreaktor München (FRM). In 1961 he became an ordinarius professor of technical physics at THM and concentrated his research activities on solid state physics, especially the physics of ice and the optical spectroscopy of solids.

Education

Riehl was born in

Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...

in 1901. His mother Elena Riehl (née Kagan) was

Russian-Jewish The history of the Jews in Russia and areas historically connected with it goes back at least 1,500 years. Jews in Russia have historically constituted a large religious and ethnic diaspora; the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest pop ...

and his father Wilhelm Gottfried Riehl was a professional German engineer employed by Siemens and Halske. With this background, Riehl spoke fluent German and Russian. From 1920 to 1927, he studied physics and physical chemistry at the

Humboldt University of Berlin Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (german: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a German public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin. It was established by Frederick William III on the initiative ...

. He received his doctorate in

nuclear physics Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter. Nuclear physics should not be confused with atomic physics, which studies t ...

from the University of Berlin in 1927, under the guidance of the nuclear physicist

Lise Meitner Elise Meitner ( , ; 7 November 1878 – 27 October 1968) was an Austrian-Swedish physicist who was one of those responsible for the discovery of the element protactinium and nuclear fission. While working at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute on r ...

and the nuclear chemist

Otto Hahn Otto Hahn (; 8 March 1879 – 28 July 1968) was a German chemist who was a pioneer in the fields of radioactivity and radiochemistry. He is referred to as the father of nuclear chemistry and father of nuclear fission. Hahn and Lise Meitner ...

; his thesis topic was on Geiger-Müller counters for beta ray

spectroscopy Spectroscopy is the field of study that measures and interprets the electromagnetic spectra that result from the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter as a function of the wavelength or frequency of the radiation. Matter ...

.Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Riehl.

Career

Early years

Riehl initially took a position in German industry with

, where he became an authority on

luminescence Luminescence is spontaneous emission of light by a substance not resulting from heat; or "cold light". It is thus a form of cold-body radiation. It can be caused by chemical reactions, electrical energy, subatomic motions or stress on a crys ...

. While he completed his

Habilitation Habilitation is the highest university degree, or the procedure by which it is achieved, in many European countries. The candidate fulfills a university's set criteria of excellence in research, teaching and further education, usually including ...

, he continued his industrial career at Auergesellschaft, as opposed to working in academia. From 1927, he was a staff scientist in the

radiology Radiology ( ) is the medical discipline that uses medical imaging to diagnose diseases and guide their treatment, within the bodies of humans and other animals. It began with radiography (which is why its name has a root referring to radiat ...

department. From 1937, he was head of the optical engineering department. From 1939 to 1945, he was the director of the scientific headquarters. Auergesellschaft had a substantial amount of "waste"

uranium Uranium is a chemical element with the symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weak ...

from which it had extracted

radium Radium is a chemical element with the symbol Ra and atomic number 88. It is the sixth element in group 2 of the periodic table, also known as the alkaline earth metals. Pure radium is silvery-white, but it readily reacts with nitrogen (rat ...

. After reading a paper in 1939 by Siegfried Flügge, on the technical use of nuclear energy from uranium, Riehl recognized a business opportunity for the company, and, in July of that year, went to the Heereswaffenamt (HWA, Army Ordnance Office) to discuss the production of uranium. The HWA was interested and Riehl committed corporate resources to the task. The HWA eventually provided an order for the production of uranium oxide, which took place in the Auergesellschaft plant in

Oranienburg Oranienburg () is a town in Brandenburg, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Oberhavel. Geography Oranienburg is a town located on the banks of the Havel river, 35 km north of the centre of Berlin. Division of the town Oranienburg ...

, north of

In the Soviet Union

Near the close of

, as American, British, and Russian military forces were closing in on Berlin, Riehl and some of his staff moved to a village west of Berlin, to try and assure occupation by British or American forces. However, in mid-May 1945, with the assistance of Riehl's colleague Karl Günter Zimmer, the Russian nuclear physicists Georgy Flerov and Lev Artsimovich showed up one day in NKVD colonel's uniforms.Oleynikov, 2000, 7. The use of Russian nuclear physicists in the wake of Soviet troop advances to identify and "requisition" equipment, materiel, intellectual property, and personnel useful to the Russian atomic bomb project is similar to the American Operation Alsos. The military head of Alsos was Lt. Col.

Boris Pash Boris Theodore Pash (born ''Boris Fedorovich Pashkovsky'', Russian: Борис Фёдорович Пашковский; 20 June 1900 – 11 May 1995) was a United States Army military intelligence officer. He commanded the Alsos Mission during W ...

, former head of security on the American atomic bomb effort, the

Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project w ...

, and its chief scientist was the eminent physicist Samuel Goudsmit. In early 1945, the Soviets initiated an effort similar to Alsos ( Russian Alsos). Forty out of less than 100 Russian scientists from the Soviet atomic bomb project's Laboratory 2 went to Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia in support of acquisitions for the project. The two colonels requested that Riehl join them in Berlin for a few days, where he also met with nuclear physicist Yulii Borisovich Khariton, also in the uniform of an NKVD colonel. This sojourn in Berlin turned into 10 years in the Soviet Union! Riehl and his staff, including their families, were flown to Moscow on 9 July 1945. Eventually, Riehl's entire laboratory was dismantled and transported to the Soviet Union. Other prominent German scientists from Berlin who were taken to the Soviet Union at that time, and who would cross paths with Riehl, were Manfred von Ardenne, director of his private laboratory Forschungslaboratoriums für Elektronenphysik, Gustav Hertz, Nobel Laureate and director of Research Laboratory II at

Siemens Siemens AG ( ) is a German multinational conglomerate corporation and the largest industrial manufacturing company in Europe headquartered in Munich with branch offices abroad. The principal divisions of the corporation are ''Industry'', ''E ...

Peter Adolf Thiessen Peter Adolf Thiessen (6 April 1899 – 5 March 1990) was a German physical chemist. He voluntarily went to the Soviet Union at the close of World War II, and he received high Soviet decorations and the Stalin Prize for contributions to the ...

, ordinarius professor at the

and director of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für physikalische Chemi und Elektrochemie (KWIPC) in

Berlin-Dahlem Dahlem ( or ) is a locality of the Steglitz-Zehlendorf borough in southwestern Berlin. Until Berlin's 2001 administrative reform it was a part of the former borough of Zehlendorf. It is located between the mansion settlements of Grunewald and ...

, and

Max Volmer Max Volmer (; 3 May 1885 – 3 June 1965) was a German physical chemist, who made important contributions in electrochemistry, in particular on electrode kinetics. He co-developed the Butler–Volmer equation. Volmer held the chair and directo ...

, ordinarius professor and director of the Physical Chemistry Institute at the Berlin Technische Hochschule. Soon after being taken to the Soviet Union, Riehl, von Ardenne, Hertz, and Volmer were summoned for a meeting with Lavrentij Beria, head of the

NKVD The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (russian: Наро́дный комиссариа́т вну́тренних дел, Naródnyy komissariát vnútrennikh del, ), abbreviated NKVD ( ), was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union. ...

and the Soviet atomic bomb project. When a Soviet search team arrived at the Auergesellschaft facility in Oranienburg, they found nearly 100 tons of fairly pure uranium oxide. The Soviet Union took this uranium as reparations, which amounted to between 25% and 40% of the uranium taken from Germany and Czechoslovakia at the end of the war. Khariton said the uranium found there saved the Soviet Union a year on its atomic bomb project. From 1945 to 1950, Riehl was in charge of uranium production at Plant No. 12 in Ehlektrostal' (Электросталь). German scientists, who were mostly atomic scientists, sent by the Soviets, at the close of World War II, to work in the Riehl group at Plant No. 12 included A. Baroni (PoW), Hans-Joachim Born, Alexander Catsch (Katsch), Werner Kirst, H. E. Ortmann, Herbert Schmitz (PoW), Walter Sommerfeldt, Herbert Thieme, Günter Wirths, and Karl Günter Zimmer as well as Heinrich Tobien, formerly "Chemiemeister" at Auergesellschaft; Walter Przybilla, brother of Riehl's wife, and mentioned in this context, also spent 10 years in SU, but was not a scientist under Riehl. While Born, Catsch, and Zimmer had collaborated with Riehl in Germany, they were actually not part of ''Auergesellschaft'' but with N. V. Timofeev-Resovskij's Genetics Department at the '' Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft's'' ''Institut für Hirnforschung'' (KWIH, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research) in Berlin-Buch. Riehl had a hard time incorporating these three into his tasking at Plant No. 12 on his uranium production tasking, as Born was a radiochemist, Catsch was a physician and radiation biologist, and Zimmer was a physicist and radiation biologist. The Ehlektrostal' Plant No. 12, by the last quarter of 1946, was delivering about three metric tons of metallic uranium per week to Laboratory No. 2., which was later known as the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy. By 1950, Plant No. 12 was producing about one metric ton per day, and it was not the only metallic uranium production plant in operation. After the detonation of the Russian uranium bomb, uranium production was going smoothly and Riehl's oversight was no longer necessary at Plant No. 12. Riehl then went, in 1950, to head an institute in Sungul', where he stayed until 1952. Essentially the remaining personnel in his group were assigned elsewhere, with the exception of H. E. Ortmann, A. Baroni (PoW), and Herbert Schmitz (PoW), who went with Riehl. However, Riehl had already sent Born, Catsch, and Zimmer to the institute in December 1947. The German contingent at the institute in Sungul' never exceeded 26 – in 1946 there were 95 people at the facility, which grew to 451 by 1955, and the German contingent had already left a few years before that. Besides those already mentioned, other Germans at the institute were Rinatia von Ardenne (sister of Manfred von Ardenne, director of Institute A, in Sukhumi) Wilhelm Menke, Willi Lange (who married the widow of Karl-Heinrich Riewe, who had been at Heinz Pose's Laboratory V, in Obninsk), Joachim Pani, and K. K. Rintelen. The institute in Sungul' was responsible for the handling, treatment, and use of radioactive products generated in reactors, as well as radiation biology, dosimetry, and radiochemistry. The institute was known as Laboratory B, and it was overseen by the 9th Chief Directorate of the

( MVD after 1946), the same organization which oversaw the Russian Alsos operation. The scientific staff of Laboratory B – a

ShARAShKA A Special Design Bureau (, ''osoboje konstruktorskoe bûro''; ОКБ), commonly informally known as a ''sharashka'' (russian: шара́шка, ; sometimes ''sharaga'', ''sharazhka'') was any of several secret research and development laboratories ...

– was both Soviet and German, the former being mostly political prisoners or exiles, although some of the service staff were criminals.Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 121-128, and 202.Oleynikov, 2000, 15-17.Penzina, V. V. ''Archive of the Russian Federal Nuclear Centre of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Technical Physics, named after E. I. Zababakhin. Resource No. 1 – Laboratory "B".'' n Russianbr>VNIITF
). Penzina is cited as head of the VNIITF Archive in Snezhinsk. (Laboratory V, in

Obninsk Obninsk (russian: О́бнинск) is a city in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the bank of the Protva River southwest of Moscow and northeast of Kaluga. Population: History The history of Obninsk began in 1945 when the First Research In ...

, headed by

Heinz Pose Rudolf Heinz Pose (10 April 1905 – 13 November 1975) was a Germans, German nuclear physicist who worked in the Soviet atomic bomb project. He did pioneering work which contributed to the understanding nuclear energy levels. He worked on the ...

, was also a sharashka and working on the Soviet atomic bomb project. Other notable Germans at the facility were Werner Czulius, Hans Jürgen von Oertzen,

Ernst Rexer Ernst Rexer (2 April 1902 – 14 May 1983) was a German nuclear physicist. He worked on the German nuclear energy program during World War II. After the war, he was sent to Laboratory V, in Obninsk, to work on the Soviet atomic bomb project. In ...

, and Carl Friedrich Weiss.) Laboratory B was known under another cover name as ''Объект 0211'' (Ob'ekt 0211, Object 0211), as well as Object B. (In 1955, Laboratory B was closed. Some of its personnel were transferred elsewhere, but most of them were assimilated into a new, second nuclear weapons institute, Scientific Research Institute-1011, NII-1011, today known as the Russian Federal Nuclear Center All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Technical Physics, RFYaTs–VNIITF. NII-1011 had the designation ''предприятие п/я 0215'', i.e., enterprise post office box 0215 and ''Объект 0215''; the latter designation has also been used in reference to Laboratory B after its closure and assimilation into NII-1011.) One of the political prisoners in Laboratory B was Riehls' colleague from the KWIH, N. V. Timofeev-Resovskij, who, as a Soviet citizen, was arrested by the Soviet forces in Berlin at the conclusion of the war, and he was sentenced to 10 years in the

Gulag The Gulag, an acronym for , , "chief administration of the camps". The original name given to the system of camps controlled by the State Political Directorate, GPU was the Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps (, )., name=, group= ...

. In 1947, Timofeev-Resovskij was rescued out of a harsh Gulag prison camp, nursed back to health, and sent to Sungul' to complete his sentence, but still make a contribution to the Soviet atomic bomb project. At Laboratory B, Timofeev-Resovskij headed the radiobiology department at Laboratory B, and another political prisoner, S. A. Voznesenskij, headed the radiochemistry department. At Laboratory B, Born, Catsch, and Zimmer were able to conduct work similar to that which they had done in Germany, and all three became section heads in Timofeev-Resovskij's department. Until Riehl's return to Germany in June 1955, which Riehl had to request and negotiate, he was quarantined in Agudseri (Agudzery, in Russian Агудзера) starting in 1952. The home in which Riehl lived had been designed by

and had been previously occupied by Gustav Hertz, when he was director of Laboratory G. For his contributions to the

, Riehl was awarded a

(first class), a Lenin Prize, and the

Hero of Socialist Labor The Hero of Socialist Labour (russian: links=no, Герой Социалистического Труда, Geroy Sotsialisticheskogo Truda) was an honorific title in the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries from 1938 to 1991. It repre ...

medal. As part of the awards, he was also given a

Dacha A dacha ( rus, дача, p=ˈdatɕə, a=ru-dacha.ogg) is a seasonal or year-round second home, often located in the exurbs of post-Soviet countries, including Russia. A cottage (, ') or shack serving as a family's main or only home, or an outbu ...

west of

Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...

; but he did not accept the dacha because he wanted to keep personal distance from the soviets and to return to his homeland. For work at Plant No. 12, Riehl's colleagues Wirths and Thieme were awarded a

and the Order of the Red Banner of Soviet Labor, also known and the Order of the Red Flag.

Return to Germany

In 1954, the Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR, German Democratic Republic) and the Soviet Union prepared a list of scientists they wished to keep in the DDR, due to their having worked on projects related to the Soviet atomic bomb project; this list was known as the "A-list". On this A-list were the names of 18 scientists, dominated by members of the Riehl group, which worked at Plant No. 12 in Ehlektrostal'. While Riehl's work for the Soviet Union netted him significant prestige and wealth, his primary motivation for leaving Russia was freedom. Riehl arrived in

East Germany East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; german: Deutsche Demokratische Republik, , DDR, ), was a country that existed from its creation on 7 October 1949 until German reunification, its dissolution on 3 October 1990. In t ...

on 4 April 1955; however, by early June he had fled to

. Once there, he joined Heinz Maier-Leibniz on his

staff at Technische Hochschule München, where he made contributions, starting in 1957, to the nuclear facility Forschungsreaktor München (FRM). In 1961 he became an ordinarius professor of technical physics there and concentrated his research activities on solid state physics, especially the physics of ice and optical spectroscopy of solids.

Personal

Riehl and his wife Ilse, had two daughters, Ingeborg (oldest) and Irene. Riehl had a son who had died of natural causes and was buried in Germany.Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 133 and Reference # 2 on p. 133.

Selected publications and patents

The majority of these literature citations have been garnered by searching on variations of the author's name on

Google Google LLC () is an American Multinational corporation, multinational technology company focusing on Search Engine, search engine technology, online advertising, cloud computing, software, computer software, quantum computing, e-commerce, ar ...

Google Scholar Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines. Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes ...

, th
Energy Citations Database
*P. M. Wolf and N. Riehl ''Über die Zerstörung von Zinksulfidphosphoren durch - Strahlung'', ''Annalen der Physik'', Volume 403, Issue 1, 103-112 (1931) *P. M. Wolf and N. Riehl ''Über die Zerstörung von Zinksulfidphosphoren durch - Strahlen. 2. Mitteilung'', ''Annalen der Physik'', Volume 409, Issue 5, 581-586 (1933) *Nikolaus Riehl ''Transparent Coating'', Patent number: CA 350884, Patent owner: Degea Aktiengesellschft (Auergesellschaft), Issue date: June 11, 1935, Canadian Class (CPC): 117/238. *Nikolaus Riehl ''Light-Modifying Article and Method of Producing the Same'', Patent number: 2088438, Filing date: Jun 2, 1934, Issue date: Jul 27, 1937, Assignee: Degea. *N. Riehl and H. Ortmann ''Über die Druckzerstörung von Phosphoren'', ''Annalen der Physik'', Volume 421, Issue 6, 556-568 (1937) *N. Riehl ''New results with luminescent zinc sulphide and other luminous substances'', ''Trans. Faraday Soc.'' Volume 35, 135 - 140 (1939) *N. Riehl ''Die "Energiewanderung" in Kristallen und Molekülkomplexen'', ''Naturwissenschaften'' Volume 28, Number 38, Pages 601-607 (1940). The author was identified as being at the ''wissenschaftlichen Laboratorium der Auergesellschaft'', Berlin. *N. Riehl, N. V. Timofeev-Resovskij, and K. G. Zimmer ''Mechanismus der Wirkung ionisierender Strahlen auf biologische Elementareinheiten'', '' Die Naturwissenschaften'' Volume 29, Numbers 42-43, 625-639 (1941). Riehl was identified as being in Berlin, and the other two were identified as being in Berlin-Buch. *N. Riehl, ''Physik und technische Anwendungen der Lumineszenz. Springer; Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1941 (4. Oktober 2013). *N. Riehl ''Zum Mechanismus der Energiewanderung bei Oxydationsfermenten'', ''Naturwissenschaften'' Volume 31, Numbers 49-50, 590-591 (1943) *N. Riehl, R. Rompe, N. W. Timoféeff-Ressovsky und K. G. Zimmer ''Über Energiewanderungsvorgänge und Ihre Bedeutung Für Einige Biologische Prozesse'', ''Protoplasma'' Volume 38, Number 1, 105-126 (1943). The article was received on 19 April 1943. * G. I. Born (H. J. Born), N. Riehl, K. G. Zimmer, Title translated from the Russian: ''Efficiency of Luminescence Production by Beta Rays in Zinc Sulfide'', ''Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR'' Volume 59, March, 1269-1272 (1948) *N. Riehl and H. Ortmann ''Über die Struktur von Leuchtzentren in aktivatorhaltigen Zinksulfidphosphoren'', ''Annalen der Physik'', Volume 459, Issue 1, 3-14 (1959). Institutional affiliations: Technische Hochschule und Liebenwalde, Munich; Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Munich. *N. Riehl and R. Sizmann ''Production of Extremely High Lattice Defect Concentration in the Irradiation of Solid Bodies in Reactors'' n German ''Zeitschrift für Angewandte Physik'' Volume 11, 202-207 (1959). Institutional affiliation: Technische Physik der Technische Hochschule, Munich. *N. Riehl, R. Sizmann, and O. J. Stadler ''Effects of Alpha-Irradiation on Zinc Sulfide Phosphors'' n German ''Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A'' Volume 16, 13-20 (1961). Institutional affiliation: Technische Hochschule, Munich. *K. Fink, N. Riehl, and O. Selig ''Contribution to the Question of the Cobalt Content in Reactor Construction Steel'' n German ''Nukleonik'' Volume 3, 41-49 (1961). Institutional Affiliations: Phoenix-Rheinrohr A.G., Düsseldorf; and Technische Hochschule, Munich. *N. Riehl and R. Sizmann ''Effects of High Energy Irradiation on Phosphors'' n German ''Physica Status Solidi'' Volume 1, 97-119 (1961). Institutional affiliation: Technische Hochschule, Munich. *N. Riehl ''Effects of High Energy Radiation on the Surface of Solid Bodies'' n German ''Kerntechnik'' Volume 3, 518-521 (1961). Institutional affiliation: Technische Hochschule, Munich. *H. Blicks, N. Riehl, and R. Sizmann ''Reversible Light Center Transformations in ZnS Phosphors'' n German ''Z. Physik'' Volume 163, 594-603 (1961). Institutional affiliation: Technische Hochschule, Munich. *N. Riehl, W. Schilling, and H. Meissner ''Design and Installation of a Low Temperature Irradiation Facility at the Munich Research Reactor FRM'', ''Res. Reactor J.'' Volume 3, Number 1, 9-13 (1962). Institutional affiliation: Technische Hochschule, Munich. *S. Hoffmann, N. Riehl, W. Rupp, and R. Sizmann ''Radiolysis of Water Vapor by Alpha-Radiation'' n German ''Radiochimica Acta'' Volume 1, 203-207 (1963). Institutional affiliation: Technische Hochschule, Munich. *O. Degel and N. Riehl ''Diffusion of Protons (Tritons) in Ice Crystals'' n German ''Physik Kondensierten Materie'' Volume 1, 191-196 (1963). Institutional affiliation: Technische Hochschule, Munich. *R. Doll, H. Meissner, N. Riehl, W. Schiling, and F. Schemissner ''Construction of a Low-Temperature Irradiation Apparatus at the Munich Research Reactor'' n German''Zeitschrift für Angewandte Physik'' Volume 17, 321-329 (1964). Institutional affiliation: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Munich. *N. Riehl and R. Sizmann ''The Abnormal Volatility of Alpha-Irradiated Materials'' n German ''Radiochimica Acta'' Volume 3, 44-47 (1964). Institutional affiliation: Technische Hochschule, Munich. *H. Blicks, O. Dengel, and N. Riehl ''Diffusion of Protons (Tritons) in Pure and Doped Ice Monocrystals'' n German ''Physik der Kondensierten Materie'' Volume 4, 375-381 (1966). Institutional affiliation: Technische Hochschule, Munich. *O. Dengel, E. Jacobs, and N. Riehl ''Diffusion of Tritons in NH₄-Doped Ice Single Crystals'' n German ''Physik der Kondensierten Materie'' Volume 5, 58-59 (1966). Institutional affiliation: Technische Hochschule, Munich. *H. Engelhardt, H. Müller-Krumbhaar, B. Bullemer, and N. Riehl ''Detection of Single Collisions of Fast Neutrons by Nucleation of Tyndall Flowers in Ice'', ''J. Appl. Phys. '' Volume 40: 5308-5311(Dec 1969). Institutional affiliation: Technische Hochschule, Munich. *N. Riehl and F. Fischer ''Einführung in die Lumineszenz'', Thiemig, 1971. *N. Riehl, A. Muller, and R. Wengert ''Release of trapped charge carriers by phonons generated by alpha-particles'' n German ''Z. Naturforsch.'', Volume 28, Number 6, 1040-1041 (1973). Institutional affiliation: Technische Universität, Munich. *N. Riehl and R. Wengert ''Charge carrier release in He-cooled crystals by phonon fluxes generated by impinging hot gas atoms, by heat pulses, or by alpha-particles'', ''Journal: Phys. Status Solidi (a)'', Volume 28, Number 2, 503-509 (1975). Institutional affiliation: Technische Universität, Munich.

Books

*Nikolaus Riehl and Henry Ortmann ''Über den Aufbau der Zinksulfid-Luminophore'' (Verl. Chemie, 1957) *Riehl, Nikolaus, Bernhard Bullemer, and Hermann Engelhardt (editors). ''Physics of Ice. Proceedings of the International Symposium, Munich, 1968'' (Plenum, 1969) *Fred Fischer and Nikolaus Riehl ''Einführung in die Lumineszenz'' (Thiemig, 1971) *Nikolaus Riehl and

Frederick Seitz Frederick Seitz (July 4, 1911 – March 2, 2008) was an American physicist and a pioneer of solid state physics and lobbyist. Seitz was the 4th president of Rockefeller University from 1968–1978, and the 17th president of the United States Nat ...

''Stalin's Captive: Nikolaus Riehl and the Soviet Race for the Bomb'' (American Chemical Society and the Chemical Heritage Foundations, 1996) . This book is a translation of Nikolaus Riehl's book ''Zehn Jahre im goldenen Käfig (Ten Years in a Golden Cage)'' (Riederer-Verlag, 1988); Seitz has written a lengthy introduction to the book. This book is a treasure trove with its 58 photographs.

Notes

References

*Albrecht, Ulrich, Andreas Heinemann-Grüder, and Arend Wellmann ''Die Spezialisten: Deutsche Naturwissenschaftler und Techniker in der Sowjetunion nach 1945'' (Dietz, 1992, 2001) * Barwich, Heinz and Elfi Barwich ''Das rote Atom'' (Fischer-TB.-Vlg., 1984) *Heinemann-Grüder, Andreas ''Die sowjetische Atombombe'' (Westfaelisches Dampfboot, 1992) *Heinemann-Grüder, Andreas ''Keinerlei Untergang: German Armaments Engineers during the Second World War and in the Service of the Victorious Powers'' in Monika Renneberg and Mark Walker (editors) ''Science, Technology and National Socialism'' 30-50 (Cambridge, 2002 paperback edition) *Hentschel, Klaus (editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (editorial assistant and translator) ''Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources'' (Birkhäuser, 1996) *Holloway, David ''Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy 1939–1956'' (Yale, 1994) *Maddrell, Paul "Spying on Science: Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945–1961" (Oxford, 2006) *Naimark, Norman M. ''The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949'' (Belknap, 1995) *Oleynikov, Pavel V. ''German Scientists in the Soviet Atomic Project'', ''The Nonproliferation Review'' Volume 7, Number 2, 1 – 30
(2000)
The author has been a group leader at the Institute of Technical Physics of the Russian Federal Nuclear Center in

Snezhinsk Snezhinsk ( rus, Сне́жинск, p=ˈsnʲeʐɨnsk) is a closed town in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. Population: History The settlement began in 1955 as Residential settlement number 2, a name which it had until 1957 when it received town ...

(Chelyabinsk-70). *Riehl, Nikolaus and

''Stalin's Captive: Nikolaus Riehl and the Soviet Race for the Bomb'' (American Chemical Society and the Chemical Heritage Foundations, 1996) . *Walker, Mark ''German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power 1939–1949'' (Cambridge, 1993)

External links

History
– Technische Hochschule München {{DEFAULTSORT:Riehl, Nikolaus 1901 births 1990 deaths Scientists from Saint Petersburg Baltic-German people Jews from the Russian Empire 20th-century German chemists Jewish chemists Stalin Prize winners Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union Nuclear program of Nazi Germany Humboldt University of Berlin alumni Technical University of Munich faculty