population ecology Population ecology is a sub-field of ecology that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment (biophysical), environment, such as birth rate, birth and death rates, and by immigration an ...

and

demography Demography () is the statistical study of human populations: their size, composition (e.g., ethnic group, age), and how they change through the interplay of fertility (births), mortality (deaths), and migration. Demographic analysis examine ...

, the net reproduction rate, ''R''₀, is the average number of offspring (often specifically daughters) that would be born to a female if she passed through her lifetime conforming to the age-specific fertility and mortality rates of a given year. This rate is similar to the gross reproduction rate but takes into account that some females will die before completing their childbearing years. An ''R''₀ of one means that each generation of mothers is having exactly enough daughters to replace themselves in the population. If the R₀ is less than one, the reproductive performance of the population is below replacement level. The ''R''₀ is particularly relevant where sex ratios at birth are significantly affected by the use of reproductive technologies, or where life expectancy is low. The current (2015–20) estimate for the R₀ worldwide under the UN's medium variant model is 1.09 daughters per woman.

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Net reproduction rate (daughters per woman)
UNdata. Human geography Fertility Demographic economics Rates Population ecology {{human-geo-stub

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