Nesta H. Webster
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Nesta Helen Webster (née Bevan, 24 August 1876 – 16 May 1960) was an English author who promoted
antisemitic canards Antisemitic tropes, canards, or myths are " sensational reports, misrepresentations, or fabrications" that are defamatory towards Judaism as a religion or defamatory towards Jews as an ethnic or religious group. Since the Middle Ages, such rep ...
and revived theories about the Illuminati.Who are the Illuminati? ''Independent on Sunday'' (London) 6 November 2005. She claimed that the secret society's members were occultists, plotting communist world domination, through a Jewish cabal, the Masons and Jesuits. She blamed the group for events including the French Revolution,
1848 Revolution The Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Springtime of the Peoples or the Springtime of Nations, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe starting in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in Europea ...
, the First World War, and the Bolshevik Revolution. Her writing influenced later conspiracy theories and ideologies, including American anti-communism (particularly the John Birch Society) and the militia movement. In 1920, Webster became a contributor to ''
The Jewish Peril ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' () or ''The Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion'' is a fabricated antisemitic text purporting to describe a Jewish plan for global domination. The hoax was plagiarized from several ...
'', a series of articles in the London '' Morning Post'' centered on the forged document '' The Protocols of the Elders of Zion''. These articles were compiled and published in the same year in book form under the title of ''
The Cause of World Unrest This lists early editions of ''The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion'', an antisemitic forgery purporting to describe a Jewish conspiracy to achieve world domination. For recent editions, see Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the E ...
''. Webster claimed that the authenticity of the ''Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' was an "open question". Prior to World War II, Webster was involved in
Fascist Fascism is a far-right, Authoritarianism, authoritarian, ultranationalism, ultra-nationalist political Political ideology, ideology and Political movement, movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and pol ...
political groups in the United Kingdom.


Early years

Born in 1876, in the North London stately home
Trent Park Trent Park is an English country house, together with its former extensive grounds, in north London. The original great house and a number of statues and other structures located within the grounds (such as the Orangery) are Grade II listed b ...
, Webster was the youngest daughter of Robert Cooper Lee Bevan and Emma Frances Shuttleworth. She was educated at Westfield College, now part of Queen Mary, University of London. When she became an adult, she travelled around the world, visiting India, Burma, Singapore, and Japan. In 1904, she married Arthur Templer Webster, Superintendent of the British Police in India.


Writing

Reading the letters of the Countess of Sabran, Webster believed herself to be a reincarnation of someone from the time of the French Revolution. Her first book on the subject of the French Revolution was ''The
Chevalier de Boufflers Stanislas Jean, chevalier de Boufflers (31 May 1738, Nancy – 18 January 1815) was a French statesman and writer. Biography He was born near Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle, the son of Louis François, marquis de Boufflers. His mother, Marie Cathe ...
'', followed by ''The French Revolution: A study in democracy'', in which she credited a conspiracy based around Freemasonry as responsible for the French Revolution. She wrote that "the lodges of the German Freemasons and Illuminati were thus the source whence emanated all those anarchic schemes which culminated in the Terror, and it was at a great meeting of the Freemasons in Frankfurt-am-Main, three years before the French Revolution began, that the deaths of Louis XVI and Gustavus III of Sweden were first planned." Webster differentiated between " Continental Freemasonry" and " British Freemasonry"; while the former was a subversive force in her mind, she considered the latter "an honourable association" and a "supporter of law, order and religion". Masons of the United Grand Lodge of England supported her writings.


Political views

The publication of the
antisemitic Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism. Antis ...
forgery '' The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' led Webster to believe that Jews were the driving force behind an international conspiracy, which in ''World Revolution: the Plot Against Civilization'' she developed into a "Judeo-Masonic" conspiracy behind international finance and responsible for the Bolshevik revolution. Following this, she became the leading writer of ''The Patriot'', an antisemitic paper financed by
Alan Percy Alan Percy (c.1480-1560) was an English churchman and academic, Master of St John's College, Cambridge, and later Master of Trinity College, Arundel which he surrendered to Henry VIII in 1545. Life He was third son of Henry Percy, 4th Earl o ...
.
Winston Churchill Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 Winston Churchill in the Second World War, dur ...
praised her in a 1920 article entitled "Zionism versus Bolshevism: A Struggle for the Soul of the Jewish People,"Quoted in
Anthony Julius Anthony Robert Julius (born 16 July 1956) is a British solicitor advocate known for being Diana, Princess of Wales' divorce lawyer and for representing Deborah Lipstadt. He is a partner at the law firm Mishcon de Reya. He holds the chair in Law ...
, '' Trials of The Diaspora, A History of Anti-Semitism in England'' (Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 719, footnote 387.
in which he wrote "This movement among the Jews is not new. From the days of Spartacus-Weishaupt to those of Karl Marx, and down to Trotsky (Russia), Bela Kun (Hungary),
Rosa Luxembourg Rosa Luxemburg (; ; pl, Róża Luksemburg or ; 5 March 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a Polish and naturalised-German revolutionary socialist, Marxist philosopher and anti-war activist. Successively, she was a member of the Proletariat party, ...
(Germany), and
Emma Goldman Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) was a Russian-born anarchist political activist and writer. She played a pivotal role in the development of anarchist political philosophy in North America and Europe in the first half of the ...
(United States), this world-wide conspiracy for the overthrow of civilisation and for the reconstitution of society on the basis of arrested development, of envious malevolence, and impossible equality, has been steadily growing. It played, as a modern writer, Mrs. Webster, has so ably shown, a definitely recognisable part in the tragedy of the French Revolution." Webster became involved in several far-right groups including the British Fascists,Thomas Linehan, ''British Fascism 1918-39: Parties, Ideology and Culture'', Manchester University Press, 2000, p. 46 the
Anti-Socialist Union The Anti-Socialist Union was a British political pressure group that supported free trade economics and opposed socialism. It was active from 1908 to 1948 with its heyday occurring before the First World War. Organizational history Formation Coming ...
, The Link, and the
British Union of Fascists The British Union of Fascists (BUF) was a British fascist political party formed in 1932 by Oswald Mosley. Mosley changed its name to the British Union of Fascists and National Socialists in 1936 and, in 1937, to the British Union. In 1939, fo ...
., page 176 In her books, Webster argued that Bolshevism was part of a much older and more secret, self-perpetuating conspiracy. She described three possible sources for this conspiracy: Zionism,
Pan-Germanism Pan-Germanism (german: Pangermanismus or '), also occasionally known as Pan-Germanicism, is a pan-nationalist political idea. Pan-Germanists originally sought to unify all the German-speaking people – and possibly also Germanic-speaking ...
or "the
occult The occult, in the broadest sense, is a category of esoteric supernatural beliefs and practices which generally fall outside the scope of religion and science, encompassing phenomena involving otherworldly agency, such as magic and mysticism a ...
power". She claimed that even if the ''Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' were fake, they still described how Jews behave. Webster dismissed much of the persecution of the Jews by Nazi Germany as exaggeration and propaganda, having abandoned her anti-German views due to her initial admiration of Adolf Hitler. She came to oppose Hitler after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Webster favoured "traditional roles for women and believed women should primarily influence men to be better men", but was frustrated by limits on the careers open to women, because she believed jobs should not just be for the money but should be purposeful professions. She saw marriage as limiting her choices, although her wedding financially allowed her to be a writer. She believed in raising women's education, and that the education they had been receiving was inferior to men's, making women less capable than they could be. She believed that, with better education, women would have substantial political capabilities to a degree considered "non-traditional", but without that education they'd be only as men imagined all women to be, the suppliers of men's and children's "material needs". " e implied ... hatwomen and men might well be true equals." She believed there had been "women's supremacy ... npre-revolutionary France, when powerful women never attempted to compete directly with men, but instead drew strength from other areas where they excelled. She favoured women being allowed to vote and favoured keeping the British Parliamentary system for the benefit of both women and men, although doubted that voting would provide everything women needed, and thus did not join the
suffrage movement Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the start of the 18th century, some people sought to change voting laws to allow women to vote. Liberal political parties would go on to grant women the right to vot ...
. In the 1920s, "her views on women had become more conservative", and she made them secondary to her conspiracy writing.


Criticism

In February 1924, Hilaire Belloc wrote to an American Jewish friend regarding one of Webster's publications which purported to expose evidence of Jewish conspiracy. Though Belloc's record of writing about Jews has itself attracted accusations of antisemitism, his contempt for Webster's own efforts was evident: Umberto Eco, whose novel ''
The Prague Cemetery ''The Prague Cemetery'' ( it, Il cimitero di Praga) is a novel by Italian author Umberto Eco. It was first published in October 2010; the English translation by Richard Dixon appeared a year later. Shortlisted for the Independent Foreign Ficti ...
'' recounts the development of the ''Protocols'', has characterised Webster's propagation of the document as evidence of a
delusional A delusion is a false fixed belief that is not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence. As a pathology, it is distinct from a belief based on false or incomplete information, confabulation, dogma, illusion, hallucination, or some o ...
tendency:


Works


''The Chevalier De Boufflers. A Romance of the French Revolution''
E.P. Dutton and Company, 1927. st Pub. London, John Murray, 1910. Reprints: 1916; 1920; 1924; 1925; E.P. Dutton & Co., New York, 1926
''Britain's Call to Arms: An Appeal to Our Women''.
London, Hugh Rees, 1914. * ''The Sheep Track. An Aspect of London Society''. London: John Murray (1914). * ''The French Revolution: A Study in Democracy''. London: Constable & Co. (1919). * ''The French Terror and Russian Bolshevism''. London: Boswell Printing & Publishing Co. (1920) .
''World Revolution. The Plot Against Civilization''
Small, Maynard & Company, 1921 st Pub. London, Constable & Co., 1921. Reprints: Constable, 1922; Chawleigh, The Britons Publishing Co., 1971; Sudbury, Bloomfield Books, 1990?]. ** ''The Revolution of 1848,'' Kessinger Publishing, 2010. * ''The Past History of the World Revolution. A Lecture'', Woolwich, Royal Artillery Institution, 1921. * with Kurt Kerlen, ''Boche and Bolshevik'', being a series of articles from the ''Morning Post of London'', reprinted for distribution in the United States, New York, Beckwith, 1923. Reprint: Sudbury, Bloomfield Books 990? .
''Secret Societies and Subversive Movements''
London, Boswell Printing & Publishing Co. London, 1924. Reprints: Boswell, 1928 and 1936; London, The Britons Publishing Co., London, 1955 and 1964; Palmdale
Christian Book Club of America
and Sudbury and Sudbury, Bloomfield Books, 198 Kessinger Publishing, 2003. .Heckethorn, Charles William
''The Secret Societies of all Ages and Countries''Vol. 2
London: George Redway (1897).
* ''The Socialist Network''. London: Boswell Printing & Publishing Co. (1926). ** Reprinted: Boswell (1933); Sudbury, Bloomfield (1989?); Noontide Press (2000). . * ''The Need for Fascism in Britain''. London: British Fascists, Pamphlet no. 17 (1926). * ''The Surrender of an Empire''. London: Boswell Printing & Publishing Co. (1931). ** Reprinted: Angriff Press (1972); Gordon Press Publishers (1973); Sudbury, Bloomfield Books (1990?). * ''The Origin and Progress of the World Revolution''. London: Boswell Printing & Publishing Co. (1932). * (with the pseudonym of Julian Sterne). ''The Secret of the Zodiac'', London: Boswell Printing & Publishing Co. (1933).
''Germany and England''.
London: Boswell Publishing Co. (1938). Revised and reprinted from ''The Patriot''.
''Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette Before the Revolution''.
London: Constable & Co. (1936). * ''Spacious Days: An Autobiography''. London: Hutchinson (1949). ** ''Crowded Hours: Part Two of her Autobiography''. The manuscript "disappeared from her publisher's office." It remains unpublished. * ''Marie-Antoinette Intime'' (in
French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
). Paris:
La Table ronde LA most frequently refers to Los Angeles, the second largest city in the United States. La, LA, or L.A. may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Music * La (musical note), or A, the sixth note * "L.A.", a song by Elliott Smith on ''Figure ...
(1981). .


Selected articles


“Conservatism – A Living Creed,”
''The Patriot'', Vol. I, No. 1, 9 February 1922.
"Danton,"
The Patriot, Vol. II, No. 16, 22 May 1922.
"Saint Just,"
''The Patriot'', Vol. II, No. 18, 8 June 1922.
"A Few Terrorists,"
''The Patriot'', Vol. II, No. 19, 15 June 1922.
"The Marquis De Sade,"
''The Patriot'', Vol. II, No. 20, 22 June 1922.
“'Beppo' and Bakunin,"
''The Patriot'', Vol. II, No. 22, 6 July 1922.


Bibliography

* Gilman, Richard M., ''Behind "World Revolution": The Strange Career of Nesta H. Webster'', Ann Arbor, Insights Books, 1982. * Lee, Martha F., ''Nesta Webster: The Voice of Conspiracy'', in ''Journal of Women's History'', Vol. 17, No. 3, p. 81 ''ff.'' Fall, 2005. Biography.


See also

* Blair Coan *
Elizabeth Dilling Elizabeth Eloise Kirkpatrick Dilling (April 19, 1894 – May 26, 1966) was an American writer and political activist.Dye, 6 In 1934, she published ''The Red Network—A Who's Who and Handbook of Radicalism for Patriots'', which catalogs over 1,3 ...
*
Ralph Easley Ralph Montgomery Easley (1856–1939) was an American journalist and political organizer. He was Director of the American political reform group, the National Civic Federation. Easley was born in Frederick, Illinois, but moved to Hutchinson, K ...
* Hamilton Fish * David George Plotkin


References


External links

* *
The London Times Obituary
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Webster, Nesta Helen 1876 births 1960 deaths Alumni of Westfield College Bevan family English conspiracy theorists Anti-Masonry English non-fiction writers Protocols of the Elders of Zion English fascists British Union of Fascists politicians English feminists British women's rights activists English suffragists Place of death missing English people of Welsh descent Antisemitism in England Illuminati conspiracy theorists