Negligibly senescent organism

Negligible senescence is a term coined by biogerontologist Caleb Finch to denote organisms that do not exhibit evidence of biological aging (senescence), such as measurable reductions in their reproductive capability, measurable functional decline, or rising death rates with age. There are many species where scientists have seen no increase in mortality after maturity. This may mean that the lifespan of the organism is so long that researchers' subjects have not yet lived up to the time when a measure of the species' longevity can be made. Turtles, for example, were once thought to lack senescence, but more extensive observations have found evidence of decreasing fitness with age.

Study of negligibly senescent animals may provide clues that lead to better understanding of the aging process and influence theories of aging. The phenomenon of negligible senescence in some animals is a traditional argument for attempting to achieve similar negligible senescence in humans by technological means.

There are also organisms that exhibit negative senescence, whereby mortality chronologically decreases as the organism ages, for all or part of the life cycle, in disagreement with the Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality (see also Late-life mortality deceleration). Furthermore, there are species that have been observed to regress to a larval state and regrow into adults multiple times, such as '' Turritopsis dohrnii''.

Studies have indicated a connection between phenomena related to negligible senescence and the dynamic stability of an organism's underlying regulatory network over its lifetime. Depending on the parameters of metabolism and the connectivity of the network, on one hand, and the genetic and expressome error elimination rates (repair efficiency), on the other, organisms may function in such a way that damage is either effectively eliminated and kept under control at all times, or the amount of damage is getting exponentially amplified. The two limiting cases may correspond to the distinct regimes of non-aging and "normal" aging, respectively. The boundary between the aging regimes corresponds to the phase transition line, whereas most regulatory networks of living species operate at the stability-instability boundary. If the relation between aging and criticality in genetic regulatory networks and the corresponding explanation behind the negligible senescence is confirmed by further research, it may explain how weak genetic perturbation can produce switching between normal (Gompertzian) aging and negligibly senescent regimes on evolutional time scales.

In vertebrates

Some fish, such as some varieties of sturgeon and rougheye rockfish, and some tortoises and turtles are thought to be negligibly senescent, although recent research on turtles has uncovered evidence of senescence in the wild. The age of a captured fish specimen can be measured by examining growth patterns similar to tree rings on the otoliths (parts of motion-sensing organs).

In 2018, naked mole-rats were identified as the first mammal to defy the Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality, and achieve negligible senescence. It has been speculated, however, that this may be simply a "time-stretching" effect primarily due to their very slow (and cold-blooded and hypoxic) metabolism.

In plants

In plants, aspen trees are one example of biological immortality. Each individual tree can live for 40–150 years above ground, but the root system of the clonal colony is long-lived. In some cases, this is for thousands of years, sending up new trunks as the older trunks die off above ground. One such colony in Utah, given the nickname of "Pando", is estimated to be 80,000 years old, making it possibly the oldest living colony of aspens.

The world's oldest known living non- clonal organism was the Methuselah tree of the species '' Pinus longaeva'', the bristlecone pine, growing high in the White Mountains of Inyo County in eastern California, aged years. This record was superseded in 2012 by another Great Basin bristlecone pine located in the same region as Methuselah, and was estimated to be 5,062 years old. The tree was sampled by Edmund Schulman and dated by Tom Harlan.

Ginkgo trees in China resist aging by extensive gene expression associated with adaptable defense mechanisms that collectively contribute to longevity.

In bacteria

Among bacteria, individual organisms are vulnerable and can easily die, but on the level of the colony, bacteria can live indefinitely. The two daughter bacteria resulting from cell division of a parent bacterium can be regarded as unique individuals or as members of a biologically "immortal" colony. The two daughter cells can be regarded as "rejuvenated" copies of the parent cell because damaged macromolecules have been split between the two cells and diluted. See asexual reproduction.

Maximum life span

Some examples of maximum observed life span of animals thought to be negligibly senescent are:

Cryptobiosis

Some rare organisms, such as tardigrades, usually have short lifespans, but are able to survive for thousands of years—and, perhaps, indefinitely—if they enter into the state of cryptobiosis, whereby their metabolism is reversibly suspended.

See also

* Biological immortality
* DNA damage theory of aging
* Indefinite lifespan
* Maximum lifespan
* Strategies for engineered negligible senescence
* Societal effects of negligible senescence

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Negligible Senescence
Senescence
Biological evolution
Immortality
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