Negeri Sembilan Malay
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Negeri Sembilan Malay (; also known as or ) is an Austronesian language spoken mainly in the
Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
n state of
Negeri Sembilan Negeri Sembilan (, Negeri Sembilan Malay: ''Nogoghi Sombilan'', ''Nismilan'') is a state in Malaysia which lies on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia. It borders Selangor on the north, Pahang in the east, and Malacca and Johor to the s ...
and in northern
Malacca Malacca ( ms, Melaka) is a state in Malaysia located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula, next to the Strait of Malacca. Its capital is Malacca City, dubbed the Historic City, which has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site si ...
in
Alor Gajah ) , pushpin_map = Malaysia Malacca#Malaysia West , pushpin_mapsize = 300px , map_caption = Alor Gajah Town in Alor Gajah District (left)Alor Gajah District in Malacca State (right) , subdivision_type = Country , subd ...
. The language is spoken by the descendants of
Minangkabau Minangkabau may refer to: * Minangkabau culture, culture of the Minangkabau people * Minangkabau Culture Documentation and Information Center * Minangkabau Express, an airport rail link service serving Minangkabau International Airport (''see below' ...
settlers from
Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...
, who have migrated to Negeri Sembilan since as early as the 14th century. It is often considered a variant or dialect of the
Minangkabau language Minangkabau (Minangkabau: , Pegon script: ; id, Bahasa Minangkabau; ms, Bahasa Minangkabau or , Jawi: ) is an Austronesian language spoken by the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, the western part of Riau, South Aceh Regency, the northern part of ...
; lexical and phonological studies, however, indicate that it is more closely related to
Standard Malay Malaysian Malay ( ms, Bahasa Melayu Malaysia), also known as Standard Malay (Malay: ''Bahasa Melayu Standard''), ( English translation: Malaysian language), or simply Malay, is a standardized form of the Malay language used in Malaysia (as o ...
than it is to Minangkabau.


History

The Minangkabau people began migrating from the Sumatra highlands to the
Malay Peninsula The Malay Peninsula (Malay: ''Semenanjung Tanah Melayu'') is a peninsula in Mainland Southeast Asia. The landmass runs approximately north–south, and at its terminus, it is the southernmost point of the Asian continental mainland. The area ...
in the 14th century. Migration skyrocketed from the 15th century to the 16th century. At that time, trade activity through the
Strait of Malacca The Strait of Malacca is a narrow stretch of water, 500 mi (800 km) long and from 40 to 155 mi (65–250 km) wide, between the Malay Peninsula (Peninsular Malaysia) to the northeast and the Indonesian island of Sumatra to the southwest, connec ...
increased and many migrants were granted protection by the
Malacca Sultanate The Malacca Sultanate ( ms, Kesultanan Melaka; Jawi script: ) was a Malay sultanate based in the modern-day state of Malacca, Malaysia. Conventional historical thesis marks as the founding year of the sultanate by King of Singapura, Parameswa ...
. From the ports of Malacca, groups and groups of Minangkabau settlers started venturing inland. This was the first migration wave of Minangkabau people to Malacca. Most of the Minangkabau migrants were from Luhak Tanah Datar and Luhak Limapuluh Kota. This first wave of migration resulted in the opening of a new ''
mukim A mukim is a type of administrative division used in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. The word ''mukim'' is a loanword in English. However, it was also originally a loanword in Malay from the Arabic word: (meaning ''resident''). The clo ...
''. The number of inhabitants inland started increasing due to the rise of migrants and those migrants developed into their own groups of communities. These groups resulted in the creation of 12
clans A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent. Even if lineage details are unknown, clans may claim descent from founding member or apical ancestor. Clans, in indigenous societies, tend to be endogamous, meaning ...
as a whole. Different from in Sumatra, the naming of the clans were done based on the origin of the migrants. Migrants from Limapuluh Kota formed the clans: * Payakumbuh (Payo Kumbuh/Payokumbuah) * Batu Hampar * Mungkal * Seri Melenggang (Somolenggang/Simalanggang) * Seri Lemak (Solomak/Sarilamak) * Tiga Nenek (Tigo Nenek) * Batu Belang (Batu Bolang) * Tiga Batu (Tigo Batu/Tigo Batua Situjuah) Meanwhile, the migrants from Tanah Datar formed the Tanah Datar clan. These migrants also formed three other clans which resulted from intermarriages with communities already settled where the aforementioned Tanah Datar migrants migrated to. These clans were: * Anak Acheh (Anok Aceh) * Anak Melaka (Anok Malako) * Biduanda (Biduando/Dondo) The Biduanda clan were seen as the leader of the clans that were present because they formed as a result of the intermingling between the Minangkabau people and the
Orang Asli Orang Asli (''lit''. "first people", "native people", "original people", "aborigines people" or "aboriginal people" in Malay) are a heterogeneous indigenous population forming a national minority in Malaysia. They are the oldest inhabitants of ...
, the native people of the Malay Peninsula. The opening of new mukims inland resulted in the formation of nine nagaris that composed of that were governed by
Undangs An Undang is a ruling chief or territorial chief who still play an important role in the state of Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. The name is believed to be derived from the Malay word ''undang-undang'' meaning "law". The Minangkabau who settled at N ...
. The nagaris were: * Jelebu * Klang * Johol * Rembau * Sungai Ujong * Jelai * Naning * Segamat * Pasir Besar These nine nagaris later formed a federation that was called the Board of Negeri Sembilan (). This federation was under the protection of the
Johor Sultanate The Johor Sultanate ( ms, Kesultanan Johor or ; also called the Sultanate of Johor, Johor-Pahang, or the Johor Empire) was founded by Malaccan Sultan Mahmud Shah's son, Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II in 1528. Johor was part of the Malaccan ...
. In the 18th century, the Johor Sultanate received several attacks and was in an unpeaceful state. During this period, Negeri Sembilan was under the
Bugis The Bugis people (pronounced ), also known as Buginese, are an ethnicity—the most numerous of the three major linguistic and ethnic groups of South Sulawesi (the others being Makassar and Toraja), in the south-western province of Sulawe ...
, insofar as the Datuks of Negeri Sembilan cooperated to make a request to the Sultan of Johor (
Abdul Jalil Shah IV Paduka Sri Sultan ‘Abdu’l Jalil IV Ri’ayat Shah Zillu’llah fi al-’Alam bin Dato’ Bendahara Sri Maharaja Tun Habib Abdul Majid (or simply as Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah IV) was the Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Johor and Pahang and t ...
) to invite a king from
Pagaruyung Pagaruyung (ڤاڬارويوڠ; also Pagarruyung, Pagar Ruyung and, Malayapura or Malayupura) was the seat of the Minangkabau kings of Western Sumatra, though little is known about it. Modern Pagaruyung is a village in ''Tanjung Emas'' subdistr ...
to make him the leader, a request which was accepted. The invitation of the king (Raja Melewar) brought along the second migration wave of Minangkabau people and resulted in the formation of the state of Negeri Sembilan with the
Yamtuan Besar Yamtuan, also known officially as Yang di-Pertuan Besar and unofficially as Grand Ruler, is the royal title of the ruler of the states and federal territories of Malaysia, Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan. The Grand Ruler of Negeri Sembilan is ...
as its leader and
Adat Perpatih Adat Perpatih (also known as Lareh Bodi Caniago) are customary laws which originated from the Minangkabau Highlands in Sumatra, Indonesia. It was founded by a Minangkabau leader named Sutan Balun or more famously known as Dato Perpatih Nan Sebata ...
as its law. The two migration waves of Minangkabau people and the assimilation of the Minangkabau language to the languages of the natives are what resulted in the language of Negeri Sembilan Malay. Negeri Sembilan Malay has been influenced by several languages such as
Malaysian Malay Malaysian Malay ( ms, Bahasa Melayu Malaysia), also known as Standard Malay (Malay: ''Bahasa Melayu Standard''), ( English translation: Malaysian language), or simply Malay, is a standardized form of the Malay language used in Malaysia (as o ...
, the standard Malaysian variety of Malay, English and Arabic, different from the Minangkabau language in Sumatra which has been influenced more by Indonesian, the Indonesian standardised form of Malay and Dutch. The Minangkabau people of Negeri Sembilan have been separated from the Minangkabau people of Sumatra for 500–600 years. This resulted in Negeri Sembilan Malay developing its own unique features.


Phonology


Comparison with Standard Malay


Vowels


Consonants


Vocabulary

According to Reniwati (2012), Negeri Sembilan Malay has a lexical similarity of 94.74% with Standard Malay and a lexical similarity of 83.16% with Minangkabau.


References


Further reading

*


External links


A list of terms in Negeri Sembilan's Malay dialect
(Malay) {{Austronesian languages Languages of Malaysia Malayic languages