Ned Ward

Ned Ward (1667 – 20 June 1731), also known as Edward Ward, was a satirical writer and publican in the late 17th and early 18th century in London. His most famous work, ''The London Spy'', appeared in 18 monthly instalments from November 1698. It was described by its author as a "complete survey" of the London scene and published in book form in 1703.

Biography

Early life

Ned Ward was born in 1667 in Oxfordshire. According to Theophilus Cibber, Ward was "a man of low extraction... who never received any regular education", but he is likely to have been educated at one of the Oxfordshire grammar schools.Howard William Troyer, ''Ned Ward of Grubstreet; a study of sub-literary London in the eighteenth century'', Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1946.

By 1691 Ward had made his way to London. His first publication, ''The Poet's Ramble After Riches'', describes in humorous Hudibrastic couplets his poverty and his disappointment at not receiving an inheritance. Prose satires that followed were ''Female Policy Detected, or, The Arts of Designing Woman Laid Open'' (1695) and ''A Trip to Jamaica'' (1698). The latter recounts Ward's trip to Port Royal, Jamaica in 1687, satirised the way settlers were recruited to the Americas. Its success led to publication of ''A Trip to New England'' in 1699.

Literary success

Ward adapted the format of ''A Trip to Jamaica'' and ''A Trip to New England'' to his experiences of London in ''The London Spy'', which was published in 18 monthly parts from November 1698. Narrated by a philosopher who abandons his scholarly pursuits for real-life experience, ''The London Spy'' established Ward's name and style in the literary world, so successfully that the series was reprinted in 1703,''The London Spy Complete'', ed. Allison Muri and Benjamin Neudorf. The Grub Street Project.
/ref> and for over a decade his writings were labelled "by the Author of ''The London Spy''". ''The London Spy'' was followed by over 100 satires in prose and verse, whose targets included ale-house keepers, dissenting ministers, lawyers and booksellers. He extended some of these works into periodicals, such as ''The Weekly Comedy, as it is Dayly Acted at most Coffee-Houses in London'' in 1699.

Political life

Ward was involved in political controversy from as early as 1698. A "High-Church Tory", he launched several attacks on low-church moderation and conformity, the first being ''Ecclesia et factio'' (Church and faction, 1698). Ward's best-known political publication, ''Hudibras Redivivus'', issued in 24 monthly parts between 1705 and 1707, drew on topical political materials. Taken into custody both in February and June 1706, Ward was charged with seditious libel for accusing the Queen Anne of failing to support the Tories in Parliament, and was condemned to stand in the pillory.

Tavern life

Ward was publican at the ''King's Head Tavern'', next to Gray's Inn, London, from 1699. In 1712 he opened an alehouse near Clerkenwell Green. His writings abated somewhat under King George I, focusing after 1712 on local and personal experiences, notably ''The Merry Travellers'' (1712), which discussed his own customers. From 1717 to about 1730, Ward kept the ''Bacchus Tavern'' in Moorfields. During this time his writings were still gaining popularity and spreading across to the Americas, where even Cotton Mather, the socially and politically influential New England Puritan minister, author and pamphleteer, warned in 1726 against "such Pestilences, and indeed all those worse than Egyptian Toads (the Spawns of a Butler, and a Brown, and a Ward...)". Close geographically to Grub Street, Moorfields offered Ward proximity to his readers. He became a target for Alexander Pope. Between late 1729 and late 1730, Ward left the ''Bacchus'' for the British Coffee House in Fullwood's Rents near Gray's Inn.

Death

On 20 June 1731 Ward died and was buried in the churchyard of the parish of Old St Pancras in north London on 27 June. His grave is lost and not listed on the Burdett-Coutts Memorial among the important graves there. His obituary in ''Applebee's Original Weekly Journal'' of 28 September 1731 published the names of his wife and children, but there is no record of his marriage.

Works

Trip format

Ward drew on his own experiences in Port Royal to develop the "trip format", which he continued to use in the first decade of his prominence. He had travelled to Jamaica in the hope of escaping the poverty he experienced in London, but found things no more encouraging in the New World than the Old. This led him to write a biting attack, not only on the New World itself, but on the authors who had written about it in such glowing terms. This type of satirical account, first used by Ward on Jamaica, was extended by him to New England (which he did not visit), Islington, Sadler's Wells, Bath and Stourbridge.

Prose satires

In ''The London Spy'', Ward presented the seamier side of life through graphic description, racy anecdotes and character sketches. Some such satires were expanded into periodicals, allowing for extended commentary on specific human and individual vices that Ward experienced personally, particularly within London and in his own taverns.

The Prisoner's Opera

In 1730 in the wake of the success of John Gay's ''The Beggar's Opera'', Ward wrote the libretto for a similarly-themed ballad opera ''The Prisoner's Opera'' which was performed at Sadler's Wells.

List of works

Ward's popularity waned after his death, though ''The London Spy'' was serialised by several London and provincial newspapers in the 1730s. ''The New London Spy'' was used as a book title by Hunter Davies in 1966.

See also

*List of 18th-century British working-class writers

References

Literature

*Fritz-Wilhelm Neumann: ''Ned Wards London. Säkularisation, Kultur und Kapitalismus um 1700'', Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, Germany 2012,
*Howard William Troyer: ''Ned Ward of Grubstreet; a Study of Sub-literary London in the Eighteenth Century''. London 1946
*Ned Ward, ''The London Spy'' (1703). Edited by Kenneth Fenwick (1955). The Folio Society: London

External links

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*Ned Ward
''The Second Volume of the Writings of the Author of The London-Spy'' (1706)
*Ned Ward

*Ned Ward
''A Vade Mecum for Malt-Worms'' (1715)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ward, Ned
1667 births
1731 deaths
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
18th-century English writers
18th-century English male writers
British publicans