Native American cuisine

Indigenous cuisine of the Americas includes all cuisines and food practices of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Contemporary Native peoples retain a varied culture of traditional foods, along with the addition of some post-contact foods that have become customary and even iconic of present-day Indigenous American social gatherings (for example, frybread). Foods like cornbread, turkey, cranberry, blueberry, hominy and mush have been adopted into the cuisine of the broader United States population from Native American cultures.

In other cases, documents from the early periods of Indigenous American contact with European, African, and Asian peoples have allowed the recovery and revitalization of Indigenous food practices that had formerly passed out of popularity.

The most important Indigenous American crops have generally included Indian corn (or maize, from the Taíno name for the plant), beans, squash, pumpkins, sunflowers, wild rice, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, peanuts, avocados, papayas, potatoes and chocolate.

Indigenous cuisine of the Americas uses domesticated and wild native ingredients. As the Americas cover a large range of biomes, and there are more than 574 currently federally recognized Native American tribes in the US alone, Indigenous cuisine can vary significantly by region and culture. For example, North American Native cuisine differs from Southwestern and Mexican cuisine in its simplicity and directness of flavor.

Background: History, Tradition, and Harvest

In traditional tribal societies, the gathering of shellfish, wild plants, berries and seeds is often done by women.

Native Americans located in the forests and woodlands had a wide variety of plant options. Native Americans who gathered much of the forest had access to many of the sustainable resources including, flesby fruits, roots and tubers, and greens. Available greenery changed year to year, depending on weather conditions and the production cycle of perennial resources such as nut-bearing trees.

A popular source of meat, that offered a great amount of nutrition that Native Americans hunted were Bison, which were most traditional and important for the Plains Indians in the area between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains.

Each Native American territory encompasses considerable regional and temporal variation in topography, climate, and ecology. There have also been temporal and regional differences in Native American lifeways, including their subsistence practices and preparation.

Recipes were initially passed down through oral tradition. Over a period of hundreds of years, some tribes migrated into different climate zones, so by the time European settlers recorded these recipes the cuisine had probably adapted to use local ingredients. Some anthropologists propose that the southwestern Eastern Pueblo, Hopi and Zuni may have retained more of the original elements.

Indigenous cuisine of North America

Country food

Country food, in Canada, refers to the traditional diets of the Indigenous peoples in Canada (known in Canada as First Nations, Metis, and Inuit), especially in remote northern regions where Western food is an expensive import, and traditional foods are still relied upon.

The Government of the Northwest Territories estimated in 2015 that nearly half of Northwest Territories residents in smaller communities relied on country food for 75% of their meat and fish intake; in larger communities the percentage was lower, with the lowest percentage relying on country foods (4%) being in Yellowknife, the capital and only "large community".

The most common country foods in the Northwest Territories' area include mammals and birds (caribou, moose, ducks, geese, seals, hare, grouse, ptarmigan), fish (lake trout, char, inconnu (coney), whitefish, pike, burbot) and berries (blueberries, cranberries, blackberries, cloudberries).

In the eastern Canadian Arctic, Inuit consume a diet of foods that are fished, hunted, and gathered locally. This may include caribou, walrus, ringed seal, bearded seal, beluga whale, polar bear, berries, and fireweed.

The cultural value attached to certain game species, and certain parts, varies. For example, in the James Bay region, a 1982 study found that beluga whale meat was principally used as dog food, whereas the blubber, or muktuk was a "valued delicacy". Value also varies by age, with Inuit preferring younger ring seals, and often using the older ones for dog food.

Contaminants in country foods are a public health concern in Northern Canada; volunteers are tested to track the spread of industrial chemicals from emitters (usually in the South) into the northern food web via the air and water.

In 2017, the Government of the Northwest Territories committed to using country foods in the soon-to-open Stanton Territorial Hospital, despite the challenges of obtaining, inspecting, and preparing sufficient quantities of wild game and plants.

In Southern Canada, wild foods (especially meats) are relatively rare in restaurants, due to wildlife conservation rules against selling hunted meat, as well as strict meat inspection rules. There is a cultural divide between rural and remote communities that rely on wild foods, and urban Canadians (the majority), who have little or no experience with them.

Eastern Native American cuisine

The essential staple foods of the Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands have traditionally been corn (also known as maize), beans, and squash, known as " The Three Sisters" because they were planted interdependently: the beans grew up the tall stalks of the corn, while the squash spread out at the base of the three plants and provided protection and support for the root systems.

Maple syrup is another essential food staple of the Eastern Woodlands peoples. Tree sap is collected from sugar maple trees during the beginning of springtime when the nights are still cold. Birch bark containers are used in the process of making maple syrup, maple cakes, maple sugar, and maple taffy. When the sap is boiled to a certain temperature, the different variations of maple food products are created. When the sap starts to thicken, it can be poured into the snow to make taffy.

Since the first colonists of New England had to adapt their foods to the local crops and resources, the Native influences of Southern New England Algonquian cuisine form a significant part of New England cuisine with dishes such as cornbread, succotash and Johnnycakes and ingredients such as corn, cranberries and local species of clam still enjoyed in the region today.

The Wabanaki tribal nations and other eastern woodlands peoples have made nut milk and infant formula made from nuts and cornmeal, while the Cherokee nation made Kanuchi soup from hickory nuts.

Southeastern Native American cuisine

Southeastern Native American culture has formed the cornerstone of Southern cuisine from its origins through the present day. From Southeastern Native American culture came one of the main staples of the Southern diet: corn (maize), either ground into meal or limed with an alkaline salt to make hominy, using a Native American technique known as nixtamalization. Corn is used to make all kinds of dishes from the familiar cornbread and grits.

Though a less important staple, potatoes were also adopted from Native American cuisine and have been used in many ways similar to corn. Native Americans introduced the first non-Native American Southerners to many other vegetables still familiar on southern tables. Squash, pumpkin, many types of beans, tomatoes, many types of peppers, and sassafras all came to the settlers via Indigenous peoples. The Virginia Algonquian word ''pawcohiccora'' means hickory-nut meat or a nut milk drink made from it.

Many fruits are available in this region. Muscadines, blackberries, raspberries, and many other wild berries were part of Southern Native Americans' diet.

Southeastern Native Americans traditionally supplement their diets with meats derived from the hunting of native game. Venison has always been an important meat staple, due to the abundance of white-tailed deer in the area. Rabbits, squirrels, opossums, and raccoons are also common.

Livestock, adopted from Europeans, in the form of hogs and cattle, are also kept. Aside from the more commonly consumed parts of the animal, it is traditional to also eat organ meats such as liver, brains, and intestines. This tradition remains today in hallmark dishes like chitterlings, commonly called chitlins, which are the fried large intestines of hogs; livermush, a common dish in the Carolinas made from hog liver; and pork brains and eggs. The fat of the animals, particularly of hogs, is traditionally rendered and used for cooking and frying. Many of the early settlers were taught Southeastern Native American cooking methods.

Selected dishes

* Chitterling ( Chitlin), usually made from the large intestines of a hog
* Cornbread
* Hominy, coarsely ground corn used to make grits
* Hush puppy, small, savory, deep-fried round ball made from cornmeal-based batter
* Indian fritter
* Kanuchi, soup made from ground hickory nuts
* Livermush, pig liver, parts of pig heads, cornmeal and spices
* Sofkee, corn soup or drink, sour

Great Plains Native American cuisine

Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies or Plains Indians have historically relied heavily on American bison (American buffalo) as a staple food source. One traditional method of preparation is to cut the meat into thin slices then dry it, either over a slow fire or in the hot sun, until it is hard and brittle. In this form it can last for months, making it a main ingredient to be combined with other foods, or eaten on its own.

One such use could be pemmican, a concentrated mixture of fat and protein, and fruits such as cranberries, Saskatoon berries, blueberries, cherries, chokecherries, and currants are sometimes added. Many parts of the bison were utilized and prepared in numerous ways, including: "boiled meat, tripe soup perhaps thickened with brains, roasted intestines, jerked/smoked meat, and raw kidneys, liver, tongue sprinkled with gall or bile were eaten immediately after a kill."

The animals that Great Plains Indians consumed, like bison, deer, and antelope, were grazing animals. Due to this, they were high in omega-3 fatty acids, an essential acid that many diets lack.

When asked to state traditional staple foods, a group of Plains elders identified prairie turnips (''Psoralea esculenta''), called timpsula or Tin'psila in the Lakota language group; fruits (chokecherries, June berries, plums, blueberries, cranberries, strawberries, buffalo berries, gooseberries); potatoes; squash; dried meats (venison, buffalo, jack rabbit, pheasant, and prairie chicken); and wild rice as being these staple foods.

"We landed at a Watlala village 200 men of Flatheads of 25 houses 50 canoes built of Straw, we were treated verry kindly by them, they gave us round root near the size of a hens egg roasted which they call Wap-to (wapato) to eate . . . . which they roasted in the embers until they became Soft"

—William Clark, Lewis and Clark Expedition

Wapato (''Sagittaria latifolia'') has a number of varieties and is found growing in damp marsh area around ponds, lakes, rivers, and streams. The edible rhizomes were gathered and could be roasted in the embers of a fire, or dried, ground and the meal pressed into a cake which "served well as bread" as noted by Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. They are known today as broadleaf arrowhead, arrowhead, duckroot, or duck-potato.

Western Indigenous cuisine

In the Pacific Northwest, traditional diets include salmon and other fish, seafood, mushrooms, berries, and meats such as deer, duck, and rabbit.

In contrast to the Easterners, the Northwestern peoples are traditionally hunter-gatherers, primarily. The generally mild climate led to the development of an economy based on year-round abundant food supplies, rather than having to rely upon seasonal agriculture.

In what is now California, acorns can be ground into a flour that has at times served as the principal foodstuff for about 75 percent of the population, and dried meats can be prepared during the dry season.

Southwestern Indigenous cuisine

Ancestral Puebloans of the present-day Four Corners region of the United States, comprising Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah, initially practiced subsistence agriculture by cultivating maize, beans, squash, sunflower seeds, and pine nuts from the pinyon pine, and game meat including venison and cuniculture, and freshwater fish such as Rio Grande cutthroat trout and rainbow trout are also traditional foods in the region.

Ancestral Puebloans are also known for their basketry and pottery, indicating both an agricultural surplus that needed to be carried and stored, and clay pot cooking. Grinding stones have been used to grind maize into meal for cooking. Archaeological digs indicate a very early domestication of turkeys for food.

New Mexican cuisine is heavily rooted in both Pueblo and Hispano food traditions, and is a prevalent cuisine in the American Southwest, especially in New Mexico.

The 2002 ''Foods of the Southwest Indian Nations'' won a James Beard Award, the first Native American cookbook so honored. Publishers had told the author, Lois Ellen Frank, that there was no such thing as Native American cuisine.

Alaska Native cuisine

Alaska Native cuisine consists of nutrient-dense foods such as seal, fish (salmon), and moose. Along with these, berries (huckleberries) and bird eggs are traditionally consumed by Alaska Natives.

Seal, walruses, and polar bear are the large game that Alaska Natives hunt. Smaller game includes whitefish, Arctic char, Arctic hare, and ptarmigan.

Due to weather, edible plants like berries are only available to be consumed in the summer, so the people have a diet very high in fat and protein, but low in carbohydrates.

The game that is hunted is also used for clothing. The intestines of large mammals are used to make waterproof clothing and caribou fur is used to make warm clothing.

Dishes

*Acorn bread
* Acorn mush, from the Miwok people
*Akutaq, also called "Eskimo ice cream", made from caribou or moose tallow and meat, berries, seal oil, and sometimes fish, whipped together with snow or water
* Bannock, a bread of European origin, cooked over an open fire
* Bean bread, made with corn meal and beans, popular among the Cherokee
*Bird brain stew, from the Cree nation
*Black drink or ''asi'', a Southeastern ceremonial drink made from the yaupon holly
*Buffalo stew, from the Lakota and Cherokee people, also called ''tanka-me-a-lo''
* Chinook olives, a type of cured acorn eaten by the aboriginal people of the Columbia River Valley
*Cornbread and corn pone—the word ''pone'' derives from the word for 'bread' in some Eastern Algonquian languages, such as Powhatan ''apon'' and Lenape ''ahpòn''
*Dried meats like jerky and smoked salmon strips
* Filé powder, made from sassafras leaves, used by the Choctaw for flavoring and thickening soups and stews as well as for herbal medicine
* Frybread, a dish made from ingredients distributed to Native Americans living on reservations
* Green chili stew
* Hopi tea, an herbal tea made from ''Thelesperma megapotamicum''
*Mutton stew, from the Navajo people
*''Nokake'', Algonquian hoecakes, made of cornmeal
* Nut milk, from the Wabanaki
*Pemmican, a concentrated food consisting of dried pulverized meat, dried berries, and rendered fat.

* Piki bread, from the Hopi people
*''Psindamoakan'', a Lenape hunter's food made of parched cornmeal mixed with maple sugar
*Pueblo bread
* Salted salmon, an Inuit dish of brined salmon in a heavy concentration of salt water, left for months to soak up salts
*''Sapan'' (), cornmeal mush, a staple of Lenape cuisine
*Stink fish, an Inuit dish of dried fish, kept underground until ripe, for later consumption; also done with fish heads
*Succotash, a dish of beans and corn
*Sumac lemonade, a Native American beverage made from sumac berries
*'' Tiswin'', a term used for several fermented beverages in the Southwest, including a corn or fruit beer of the Apache and a saguaro fruit beer of the Tohono O'odham
*Walrus flipper soup, an Inuit dish made from walrus flippers
*'' Wojapi'', a Plains Indian pudding of mashed, cooked berries

Restaurants

File:Albuquerque -- Indian Pueblo Kitchen.jpg, Indian Pueblo Kitchen (Albuquerque, NM)
Indian Fry Bread Taco.jpg, Tocabe (Denver, CO)
File:National Museum of the American Indian cafe 5.jpg, Mitsitam Native Foods Café (Washington, D.C.)
You Are On Native Land neon sign at Owamni by The Sioux Chef in Minneapolis, Minnesota.jpg, Owamni (Minneapolis, MN)
Three Sisters Saute at Thirty Nine Restaurant at First Americans Museum Oklahoma City.jpg, Thirty Nine Restaurant (Oklahoma City, OK)
Vincent Medina at Cafe Ohlone in Berkeley, 2020.jpg, Cafe Ohlone (Berkeley, CA)
File:Matsunaga-2017-red-ink-bison-6820 (27121055349).jpg, Café Gozhóó (Whiteriver, Navajo County, AZ)

Indigenous cuisine of the Circum-Caribbean

This region comprises the cultures of the Arawaks, the Caribs, and the Ciboney. The Taíno of the Greater Antilles were the first New World people to encounter Columbus. Prior to European contact, these groups foraged, hunted, and fished. The Taíno cultivated cassava, sweet potato, maize, beans, squash, pineapple, peanut, and peppers. Today these cultural groups have mostly assimilated into the surrounding population, but their culinary legacy lives on.

*''Ajiaco'', same as pepperpot, a soup believed to have originated in Cuba before Columbus' arrival. The soup mixes a variety of meats, tubers, and peppers.
*''Barbacoa'', the origin of the English word barbecue, a method of slow-grilling meat over a fire pit.
* Jerk, a style of cooking meat that originated with the Taíno of Jamaica. Meat was applied with a dry rub of allspice, Scotch bonnet pepper, and perhaps additional spices, before being smoked over fire or wood charcoal.
*'' Casabe'', a crispy, thin flatbread made from cassava root widespread in the Pre-Columbian Caribbean and Amazonia.
*Bammy, a Jamaican bread made from cassava and water, today this bread is fried and made with coconut milk.
*''Guanime'', a Puerto Rican food similar to the tamale; made with cornmeal or cornmeal and mashed cassave together.
*''Pasteles'', a dish that may have also been called ''hallaca'' and originated from Puerto Rico. ''Pasteles'' were once made with cassava and taro mashed into a ''masa'' onto a taro leaf. They are then stuffed with meat and wrapped.
*'' Funche'' or ''fungi'', a cornmeal mush.
*''Cassareep'', a sauce, condiment, or thickening agent made by boiling down the extracted juices of bitter cassava root.
* Mama Juana, a tea made in Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti).
* Pepperpot, a spicy stew of Taíno origin based on meat, vegetables, chili peppers, and boiled-down cassava juice, with a legacy stretching from Cuba, Colombia coast and to Guyana.
*Bush teas, popular as herbal remedies in the Virgin Islands and other parts of the Caribbean, often derived from indigenous sources, such as ginger thomas, soursop, inflammation bush, ''Spanish lime, kenip,'' wormgrass, worry wine, and many other leaves, barks, and herbs.
*''Ouicou'', a fermented, cassava-based beer brewed by the Caribs of the Lesser Antilles.
*Tomalley, Taumali or taumalin, a Carib sauce made from the green liver meat of lobsters, chile pepper, and lime juice.

Indigenous cuisine of Mesoamerica

The pre-Spanish colonization of the Americas, conquest cuisine of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica made a major contribution to shaping modern-day Mexican cuisine, Salvadoran cuisine, Honduran cuisine, Guatemalan cuisine. The cultures involved included the Aztec, Maya civilization, Maya, Olmec, Pipil people, Pipil and many more (see the List of pre-Columbian civilizations).

Some known dishes

*''Amaranth, Alegría'', a candy made from puffed amaranth and boiled-down honey or Agave americana, maguey sap, in ancient times formed into the shapes of Aztec gods
*''Balché'', Mayan fermented honey drink
*''Champurrado'', a chocolate drink
*Chili pepper, Chili
*Corn tortillas
*Guacamole
*''Huarache (food), Huarache''
*''Mezcal''
*''Mole (sauce), Mole''
*''Pejelagarto'', a fish with an alligator-like head seasoned with amashito chile and lime
*Pozole
*''Pulque'' or ''octli'', an alcoholic beverage of fermented Agave americana, maguey juice
*Pupusas, thick cornmeal flatbread from the Pipil people, Pipil culture of El Salvador
*Salsa (sauce), Salsa
*Tacos
*Tamales
*''Tepache'', pineapple beer
*''Tlacoyos'' (''gordita'')
*''Words of Nahuatl origin#Words from Nahuatl, Xocolātl''

Indigenous cuisine of South America

Andean cultures

This currently includes recipes known from the Quechua people, Quechua, Aymara people, Aymara and Nazca culture, Nazca of the Andes.

*guinea pig, Grilled guinea pig, a native to most of the Andes region, this small rodent has been cultivated for at least 4000 years.
*Fried green tomatoes (food), Fried green tomatoes, a nightshade relative native to Peru.
*Chicha, ''Saraiaka'', a corn liquor.
*''Chicha'', a generic name for any number of Indigenous beers found in South America. Though ''chichas'' made from various types of corn are the most common in the Andes, ''chicha'' in the Amazon Basin frequently use manioc. Variations found throughout the continent can be based on amaranth, quinoa, peanut, potato, coca, and many other ingredients.
*''Chicha morada'', a Peruvian, sweet, unfermented drink made from purple corn, fruits, and spices.
*''Colada morada'', a thickened, spiced fruit drink based on the Rubus glaucus, Andean blackberry, traditional to the Day of the Dead ceremonies held in Ecuador, it is typically served with ''guagua de pan'', a bread shaped like a swaddled infant (formerly made from cornmeal in Pre-Columbian times), though other shapes can be found in various regions.
*Quinoa porridge.
*Charqui, ''Ch'arki'', a type of dried meat.
*Humita, ''Humitas'', similar to modern-day ''tamales'', a thick mixture of corn, herbs and onion, cooked in a corn-leaf wrapping. The name is modern, meaning bow-tie, because of the shape in which it's wrapped.
*''Locro'' (from the Quechua ''ruqru'') is a hearty thick stew popular along the Andes mountain range. It one of the national dishes of Argentina and Bolivia.
*''Mazamorra morada'', a thick, sweet pudding made from ground purple corn and fruit. Sold in mix form in Peru.
*''Mate de coca'', a Peruvian tea made from steeped coca leaves. It is commonly sipped by Indigenous people living at high altitudes in the Andes to prevent elevation illnesses.
*''Pachamanca'', stew cooked in a ''hautía'' oven.
*Papa a la huancaína, ''Papa a la Huancaína'', Peruvian potatoes covered in a spicy, peanut-based sauce called ''Huancaína'' (Wan-ka-EE-na) sauce.
*''Patasca'', spicy stew made from boiled maize, potatoes, and dried meat.
*''Ceviche'', raw fish marinated in lime juice. One of Peru's national dishes.
*''Cancha'' or Tostada (tortilla), ''tostada'', fried golden hominy.
*''Llajwa'', Salsa (sauce), salsa of Bolivia.
*Llapingacho, ''Llapingachos'', mashed-potato cakes from Ecuador.
*''Tocosh'' (''togosh''), a traditional Quechua food prepared from fermented potato pulp.

Other South American cultures

*Polenta, ''Angu'', an Indigenous Brazilian type of corn mush.
*''Arepa'', a maize-based bread originating from the Indigenous peoples of Colombia and Venezuela.
*''Vori vori'', a Paraguayan soup with cornmeal dumplings.
*''Cauim'', a fermented beverage based on maize or manioc broken down by the enzymes of human saliva, traditional to the Tupinambá people, Tupinambá and other iIdigenous peoples of Brazil.
*''Chipa'', a wide variety of corn flour or manioc-based breads traditional to Paraguay.
*''Curanto'', a Chilean cuisine, Chilean stew cooked in an earthen oven originally from the Chono people, Chono people of Chiloé Island.
*Mazamorra, ''Kaguyjy'', a Guarani-derived ''locro'' corn mush that become part of the national Paraguayan cuisine.
*''Kiveve'', a sweet or savory dish from Paraguay consisting of puréed pumpkin and other ingredients cooked over a fire.
*''Lampreado'' or ''payaguá mascada'', a starchy, manioc-based fried cake from Paraguay and the northeast of Argentina.
*''Lapacho'' or ''taheebo'', a medicinal tree-bark infusion.
*''Maniçoba'', dish of boiled manioc leaves and smoked meat indigenous to the Brazilian Amazon Basin, Amazon.
*Mate (beverage), ''Mate'' (beverage).
*''Mbeju'', a pan-cooked cake utilizing manioc starch.
*''Merken'', an ''ají'' powder from the Mapuche of Patagonia.
*''Mocotó'', a Brazilian cuisine, Brazilian stew with cow's feet, beans, and vegetables.
*''Moqueca'', a Brazilian seafood stew.
*''Paçoca'', from the Tupi "to crumble," describes two different dishes of pulverized ingredients: one with peanuts and sugar, and the other with dried meat, ground manioc, and onion.
*''Pamonha'', a Brazilian ''tamale''.
*''Pira caldo'', Paraguayan fish soup.
*''Sopa paraguaya'', a corn-flour casserole esteemed as the national dish of Paraguay, related to ''chipa guasu.''
*''Soyo'', shortened from the Guarani name ''so’o josopy'', a Paraguayan soup based on meat crushed in a mortar.
*''Tacacá'', a Brazilian stew of ''tucupi'', paracress, ''jambu'' leaves, and shrimp, typically served in a dried gourd.
*''Tereré'' or ''ka'ay'', a cold-brewed version of ''yerba mate''.
*''Tucupi'', manioc-based broth used in Brazilian dishes such as ''pato no tucupi'' and ''tacacá''.
*''Yerba mate'', a tea made from the holly of the same name, derived from Guarani language, Guaraní.

Cooking utensils

The earliest utensils, including bowls, knives, spoons, grinders, and griddles, were made from all kinds of materials, such as rock and animal bone. Gourds were also initially cultivated, hollowed, and dried to be used as bowls, spoons, ladles, and storage containers.

Many Indigenous cultures also developed elaborate ceramics for making bowls and cooking pots, and basketry for making containers. Nobility in the Andean and Mesoamerican civilizations were even known to have utensils and vessels smelted from gold, silver, copper, or other minerals.

*Batan (stone), ''Batan'', an Andean grinding slab used in conjunction with a small stone ''uña''
*''Burén'', a clay griddle used by the Taíno.
*Comal (cookware), ''Comal'', a griddle used since Pre-Columbian times in Mexico and Central America for a variety of purposes, especially to cook tortillas.
*''Cuia'', a gourd used for drinking mate in South America.
*''Metate'', a stone grinding slab used with a stone ''mano'' or ''metlapil'' to process meal in Mesoamerica and one of the most notable Pre-Columbian artifacts in Costa Rica.
*molinillo (whisk), ''Molinillo'', a device used by Mesoamerican royalty for frothing cacao drinks.
*''Molcajete'', a basalt stone bowl, used with a ''tejolote'' to grind ingredients as a Mesoamerican form of mortar and pestle.
*''Paila'', an Andean earthenware bowl.
*Cooking baskets were woven from a variety of local fibers and sometimes coated with clay to improve durability. The notable thing about basket cooking and some native clay pot cooking is that the heat source, i.e. hot stones or charcoal, is used inside the utensil rather than outside. (Also see Cookware and bakeware.)

Crops and ingredients

Non-animal foods

*Acorn—used to make flour and fertilizers for plants
*Canna indica, ''Achira''—edible tubercule
*''Achiote''—annatto seed, a seasoning
*''Acuyo''—a seasoning
*''Agarita''—berries
*Agave nectar—a sweetener
*Allspice—a seasoning
*Amaranth
*American chestnut
*''Eugenia stipitata, Arazá''
*Nelumbo lutea, American lotus—seeds & root, leaves for baking coverings
*''Amole'' - can include Chlorogalum and Agave schottii
*Aspen—inner bark and sap (both used as sweetener)
*Avocado
*Barbados cherry or acerola
*Beans—throughout the Americas
*Bear grass
*Callicarpa, Beautyberry
*Beech, Beech nuts
*Birch bark
*Birch syrup—sweetener
*Bitterroot
*Blackberry, Blackberries
*Achyrachaena, Blow wife seeds
*Blueberry, Blueberries
*Maclura pomifera, Bodark seeds—also called Osage orange, hedge apple, monkeybrain
*Andromeda polifolia, Bog rosemary—poisonous, but leaves can be brewed into tea regardless
*Acer negundo, Box elder—inner bark (used as sweetener)
*Aesculus flava, Buckeye—(same rules apply as acorn)
*Butia odorata, Butia—palm fruits from South America
*Cucurbita foetidissima, Buffalo gourd—(wild ancestor of all squash/ pumpkin)
*Sicyos angulatus, Bur cucumber
*Cocoa mass, Cacao
*Cactus (various species)—fruits and young pads (see nopales)
*Eschscholzia californica, California poppy seeds—(There are eastern American poppies also, but they are believed to have always been so rare, inclusion in the human diet is highly unlikely)
*Camassia, Camas root
*Canellaceae, Canella winterana—white cinnamon (used as a seasoning before cinnamon)
*Cashew nuts
*Cassava—primarily South America
*Cattails—rootstocks
*Century plant (Agave parryi, mescal or agave)—crowns (tuberous base portion) and shoots
*Chia seed
*Chicle—chewing gum
*Chili peppers (including bell peppers)—seasoning
*Cherimoya
*Chokecherry, Chokecherries
*Cylindropuntia, Cholla fruits
*Coca—South and Central America
*Heracleum maximum, Cow parsnip root
*Cranberry, Cranberries
*Empetrum nigrum, Crowberry
*Culantro—used as a seasoning before cilantro
*Ribes, Currants
*Custard-apple
*Taraxacum, Dandelion
*Datil pepper, Datil—fruit and flowers
*Proboscidea (plant), Devil's claw
*Dewberry
*Dropseed grasses (various varieties)—seeds
*Plantago, Dwarf plantain
*Cercis canadensis, Eastern redbud—flowers as spice, fruit
*Aquilegia canadensis, Eastern red columbine—nectar only
*Elderberry, Elderberries
*Emory oak—acorns
*Epazote—a seasoning
*Feijoa—fruit from South America
* Ferns (various edible species, such as Fiddlehead fern, fiddleheads)
*Gaylussacia baccata, Gaylussacias or black huckleberry—grows near wild blueberries, tastes similar, but unrelated
*Goji or wolf berry
*Goldenberry
*Gooseberry, Gooseberries
*Physalis virginiana, Groundcherry—multiple species from North and South America
*Guarana
*Guava
*Myrcianthes pungens, ''Guaviyú''
*Celtis, Hackberries
*Crataegus, Hawthorn—fruit
*Hazelnut or filbert
*Aloysia citrodora, ''Hierba Luisa''
*Cymbopetalum penduliflorum, ''Hueinacaztli'', or ear-flower
*Hickory nuts
*Amphicarpaea bracteata, Hogpeanut
*Holly
*Hops
*Monarda, Horsemint
*Chenopodium berlandieri, ''Huazontle''
*Huckleberry, Huckleberries
*Medeola, Indian cucumber
*Apios americana, Indian potato or ''hopniss'', ''openowag'', cinnamon vine, groundnut (cultivated in Japan as ''hodoimo'', edible root bulbs and beans, dried flowers as spice)
*Amorpha, Indigo bush—sources disagree whether edible, but presumably fruit?
*Arisaema triphyllum, Jack in the pulpit root
*Paracress, ''Jambú''
*Jerusalem artichoke
*Jicama
*Juniper berry, Juniper berries
*Kaniwa
*Kentucky coffeetree
*Amaranthus caudatus, Kiwicha
*Chenopodium, Lamb's-quarters—leaves and seeds
*Lapacho
*Brachygastra lecheguana, ''Lechehuana'' honey
*Lemon-verbena—lemon-flavoring herb
*Lichen (certain species)
*Nymphaeaceae, Lilypad root
*Honey locust, Locust—blossoms and pods
*''Lúcuma''
*''Maca''
*Maize—throughout the Americas, probably domesticated in or near Mexico, including the blue corn variety
*Pouteria sapota, ''Mamey''
*Manzanita
*Maple syrup and sugar, used as the primary sweetener and seasoning in Northern America
*Mesquite—bean pods, flour/meal
*Mexican oregano
*Asclepias, Milkweed
* Mint, various species—Mentha arvensis, American mint is best known in eastern woodlands region
*Highbush cranberry, Mooseberry—called highbush cranberry in Eastern US—actually a type of ''Viburnum''
*Mulberry, Mulberries
*Nopales—cactus
*Okra
*Onions
*Mahonia aquifolium, Oregon grape—(not a real grape)
*Sabal palmetto, Palmetto
*Surinam cherry
*Papaya
*Passionfruit
*Carica papaya, Pawpaw
*Peanuts (thought to be native to West Africa)
*Pecans
*Hedeoma pulegioides, Pennyroyal—American false variety
*Persimmon
*Amaranthus palmeri, Pigweed —seeds
*Pine (including western white pine and ''Pinus ponderosa'')—inner bark (used as sweetener), sap as chewing gum ingredient, tips for jelly, cuttings for tea, and Pine nut, pinenuts
*Pineapples—South America
*Pinyon pine, Pinyon—nuts
*Piñonero—nuts
*Chimaphila umbellata, ''Pipsissewa''
*Prunus hortulana, Plum
*Popcorn flower—herb
*Potatoes—North and South America
*opuntia, Prickly pears
*Prairie turnips
*Pumpkins
*Portulaca oleracea, Purslane—leaves
*Quinoa—South America, Central America, and Eastern North America
*Allium tricoccum, Ramps—wild onion
*Raspberry, Raspberries
*Rice—imported by the Spanish
*Boechera laevigata, rock cress
*Rose pepper
*Leucophyllum, Sage
*Saguaro cactus—fruits and seeds
*Salt
*''Croton lechleri, Sangre de drago''
*''Sapote''
*Sassafras
*Prosopis pubescens, Screwbean—fruit
*Cyperaceae, Sedge—tubers
*Coccoloba uvifera, Sea grape or ''uva de playa''
*Amelanchier, Serviceberry—also juneberry, saskatoon
*Shepherd's purse—leaves
*Polygonatum biflorum, Solomon's seal
*Sotol—crowns
*Soursop or ''guanábana''
*Yucca schidigera, Spanish bayonet—fruit
*Spanish lime or ''mamoncillo''
*Common spicebush—a seasoning
*Aralia nudicaulis, Spikenard—berries and roots for tea, some tribes ate roots (this is a select species, of which there are many in the America's and not all species are edible, though Natives had wide medicinal and practical uses)
*Squash—throughout the Americas
*Stevia—sweetener
*Strawberry, Strawberries
*Sumac—berries
*Sunflower seeds
*Osmorhiza longistylis, Sweet anise
*Sweet potato—South America (misleading name: not a potato)
*Sweetsop or sugar-apple
*Tamarillo
*Eastern teaberry, Teaberry or wintergreen
*Tobacco
*Tomatillo
*Tomato
*Diospyros texana, Texas persimmons or sugar plum
*Peltandra virginica, Tuckahoe
*Tulip poplar—syrup made from bark
*Tule—rhizomes
*Tumbleweed—seeds
*Banana passionfruit, ''Tumbo'' or ''taxo''
*Vanilla—a seasoning
*Vetch—pods
*Sagittaria latifolia, Wapato root
*White evening primrose—fruit
*Juglans cinerea, White walnuts or butternuts
* Wild Erigenia, carrot—also harbinger of spring, salt and pepper
*Wild celery
*Wild cherries
*Vitis, Wild grapes—fruit
*Honey, Wild honey
*Allium, Wild onion
*Wild pea—pods
*Rosa acicularis, Wild roses
*Ipomoea pandurata, Wild sweet potato—(misleading name: not a potato)
*Wood sorrel—leaves
*''Yacón''—nectar
*Yaupon holly—leaves
*''Yerba buena''
*''Yerba mate''
*Yucca—blossoms, fruit, and stalks
*''Zamia''—nuts

Hunted or livestock

*Pronghorn, Antelope
*Armadillo
*Badger
*Bear
*Beaver
*Bighorn sheep
*American bison, Bison—originally found throughout most of the North American plains
*Burro—European import
*Camel—extinct in the Americas
*Capybara
*Cattle—European import
*Chipmunk
*Deer
*Dove
*Duck
*Elk
*Ants
*Geese
*Ground hog
*Grouse
*''Guanaco''—hunted in South America by hunter-gatherer societies, for ex. in Patagonia until the 19th century
*Guinea pig—domesticated in the Andes
*Hog (swine), Hog—important European import
*Mexican honey wasp, Honey wasp—''Brachygastra mellifica'', ''Brachygastra lecheguana'', and ''Polybia occidentalis'', a source of honey found from the Southwestern United States to Argentina
*Horse—although imported by Europeans, the horse was still very important to Indigenous cultures throughout the Americas (famously on the North American Plains) in the historic era
*''Hutia''
*Iguana
*Livestock
*Llama—domesticated in the Andes
*Locust (cicada)
*Manatee
*Mastodon—extinct
*Moose
*Mourning dove
*Mule—European import
*Muscovy duck—domesticated in Mesoamerica
*Opossum
*Otter
*Passenger pigeon—extinct
*Peccary, Peccaries
*Pheasant
*Porcupine
*Prairie dog
*Pronghorn (antelope)
*New World quail, Quail
*Rabbit
*Raccoon
*Sheep—important European import
*Skunk
*Sloth
*Stingless bee—''Melipona beecheii'' and ''M. yucatanica'', Mayan source of honey
*Squirrel
*Turkey (bird), Turkey
*Turtle
*Yacare caiman
*Wood rat
*Woolly mammoth—extinct

Notable chefs and food writers

* Lois Ellen Frank
* Sean Sherman

See also

*
* House dish
* Hunter gatherer
* Locavores
* Tlingit cuisine
* Wild onion festival
* Inuit diet
* List of First Nations peoples
* Aboriginal food security in Canada
* Peasant food
* Staple food
* Soul food
* Bush meat (Africa)
* Bushfood (Australia)
* Game (food)

References

Bibliography

*
*
*

External links

Traditional Chiricahua recipes

American Indian Health and Diet Project

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indigenous Cuisine of the Americas
Indigenous cuisine of the Americas,
Indigenous culture of the Americas, Cuisine
Native American culture, Cuisine
Native American cuisine,
Latin American cuisine
North American cuisine
First Nations culture